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BACKGROUND: Our previous clinical trial demonstrated that antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with methylene blue (MB) and potassium iodide (KI) effectively killed Candida albicans (C. albicans) in adult AIDS patients with oral candidiasis, regardless of biofilm formation or 25S rDNA genotype. This study evaluated changes in antifungal susceptibility and virulence gene expression in C. albicans before and after aPDT, and explored factors related to clinical aPDT efficacy. METHODS: Twenty-one adult AIDS patients with C. albicans oral candidiasis were divided into Group a (400 µM MB, N = 11) and Group b (600 µM MB, N = 10). Both groups received two aPDT treatments, where MB was applied for 5 min, followed by 300 mM KI, and illuminated for 30 min (37.29 J/cm²). C. albicans isolates were collected before and after treatment to assess antifungal susceptibility (fluconazole, itraconazole, flucytosine, amphotericin B) and gene expression (CAT1, HWP1). Peripheral blood tests were analyzed for correlations with aPDT efficacy. RESULTS: aPDT reduced minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for amphotericin B, fluconazole, and flucytosine, with significant reductions primarily after the first treatment. MIC reductions differed between groups, with Group a showing greater decreases in flucytosine and fluconazole MICs, and Group b in amphotericin B MICs. No significant changes in CAT1 or HWP1 expression were observed. Clinical efficacy of aPDT negatively correlated with leukocyte and neutrophil levels. CONCLUSIONS: aPDT effectively reduces MICs of antifungal drugs against C. albicans isolated from treated patients, particularly after the first treatment. The concentration of MB required to reduce MICs varies among different antifungal drugs. aPDT does not alter CAT1 or HWP1 expression, and its clinical efficacy in eradicating C. albicans is negatively associated with leukocyte and neutrophil levels.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physico-mechanical, anti-bacterial, and anti-demineralization properties of orthodontic resin composite containing photoactivated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm around ceramic and metal brackets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Following the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for ZnONPs, shear bond strength (SBS) was tested for composites containing different concentrations of ZnONPs. The chosen concentration was used to evaluate the microleakage, anti-bacterial, and anti-demineralization properties. RESULTS: Adding 50µg/mL of ZnONPs to the orthodontic composite did not negatively affect its physico-mechanical properties. ZnONPs (50µg/mL)-mediated aPDT and 0.2% chlorhexidine significantly (P=0.000) reduced S. mutans biofilms compared to the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) groups (metal/PBS=7.47±0.7×106, and ceramic/PBS=7.47±0.7×106), with the lowest colony count observed in these groups (metal/chlorhexidine=1.06±0.4×105, ceramic/chlorhexidine=1±0.2×105, metal/ZnONPs-mediated aPDT=1.33±0.3×105, and ceramic/ZnONPs-mediated aPDT=1.2±0.3×105). Sodium fluoride varnish and ZnONPs-mediated aPDT showed the highest efficacy in anti-demineralization and significantly improving the enamel surface microhardness compared to the artificial saliva, especially in ceramic bracket groups (524.17±42.78N and 441.00±29.48N, 394.17±46.83N, P=0.000, and P=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: ZnONPs (50µg/mL)-mediated aPDT effectively inhibited S. mutans biofilm and promoted anti-demineralization without adverse effects on the physico-mechanical properties of the composite resin. These results suggest the potential of this method in preventing white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment.
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Antibacterial resistance causes around 1.27 million deaths annually around the globe and has been recognized as a top 3 priority health threat. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is considered a promising alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments. Algal lipid extracts have shown antibacterial effects when used as photosensitizers (PSs) in aPDT. In this work we assessed the photodynamic efficiency of lipidic extracts of microalgae belonging to different phyla (Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria, Haptophyta, Ochrophyta and Rhodophyta). All the extracts (at 1 mg mL-1) demonstrated a reduction of Staphylococcus aureus >3 log10 (CFU mL-1), exhibiting bactericidal activity. Bacillariophyta and Haptophyta extracts were the top-performing phyla against S. aureus, achieving a reduction >6 log10 (CFU mL-1) with light doses of 60 J cm-2 (Bacillariophyta) and 90 J cm-2 (Haptophyta). The photodynamic properties of the Bacillariophyta Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the Haptophyta Tisochrysis lutea, the best effective microalgae lipid extracts, were also assessed at lower concentrations (75 µg mL-1, 7.5 µg mL-1, and 3.75 µg mL-1), reaching, in general, inactivation rates higher than those obtained with the widely used PSs, such as Methylene Blue and Chlorine e6, at lower concentration and light dose. The presence of chlorophyll c, which can absorb a greater amount of energy than chlorophylls a and b; rich content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and fucoxanthin, which can also produce ROS, e.g. singlet oxygen (1O2), when photo-energized; a lack of photoprotective carotenoids such as ß-carotene, and low content of tocopherol, were associated with the algal extracts with higher antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. The bactericidal activity exhibited by the extracts seems to result from the photooxidation of microalgae PUFAs by the 1O2 and/or other ROS produced by irradiated chlorophylls/carotenoids, which eventually led to bacterial lipid peroxidation and cell death, but further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. These results revealed the potential of an unexplored source of natural photosensitizers (microalgae lipid extracts) that can be used as PSs in aPDT as an alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments, and even to conventional PSs, to combat antibacterial resistance.
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Lípidos , Microalgas , Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Microalgas/química , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/química , Lípidos/química , Xantófilas/farmacología , Xantófilas/química , Luz , Clorofila/química , Clorofila/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Diatomeas/química , Haptophyta/química , Oxígeno Singlete/metabolismo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Rhodophyta/químicaRESUMEN
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach to combat antibiotic resistance in endodontic infections. It eliminates residual bacteria from the root canal space and reduces the need for antibiotics. To enhance its effectiveness, an in silico and in vitro study was performed to investigate the potential of targeted aPDT using natural photosensitizers, Kojic acid and Parietin. This approach aims to inhibit the biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis, a frequent cause of endodontic infections, by targeting the Ace and Esp proteins. After determining the physicochemical characteristics of Ace and Esp proteins and model quality assessment, the molecular dynamic simulation was performed to recognize the structural variations. The stability and physical movement of the protein-ligand complexes were evaluated. In silico molecular docking was conducted, followed by ADME/Tox profiling, pharmacokinetics characteristics, and assessment of drug-likeness properties of the natural photosensitizers. The study also investigated the changes in the expression of genes (esp and ace) involved in E. faecalis biofilm formation. The results showed that both Kojic acid and Parietin complied with Lipinski's rule of five and exhibited drug-like properties. In silico analysis indicated stable complexes between Ace and Esp proteins and the natural photosensitizers. The molecular docking studies demonstrated good binding affinity. Additionally, the expression of the ace and esp genes was significantly downregulated in aPDT using Kojic acid and Parietin with blue light compared to the control group. This investigation concluded that Kojic acid and Parietin with drug-likeness could efficiently interact with Ace and Esp proteins with a strong binding affinity. Hence, natural photosensitizers-mediated aPDT can be considered a promising adjunctive treatment against endodontic infections.
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Due to antimicrobial drug resistance, there is a growing interest in the development of light based alternative antibacterial therapies. This research work is focused on the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) by exploiting the absorption bands 405, 505, 542, 580 and 631 nm of its indigenously produced Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) excited by three LEDs with broad emission bands at 418, 522 and 630 nm and two laser diodes with narrow emission bands at 405 and 635 nm. Fluorescence spectroscopy and plate count method have been employed for studying the inactivation rate of E. coli strain in autoclaved water suspension. It has been found that LEDs at 418, 522 and 630 nm produced pronounced antimicrobial photodynamic effect on E. coli strain comparing laser diodes at 405 and 635 nm, which might be attributed to the overlapping of broad emission bands of LEDs with the absorption bands of PpIX than narrow emission bands of laser diodes. Particular effect of LED at 522 nm has been noticed because its broad emission band overlaps three absorption bands 505, 542 and 580 nm of PpIX. The gold standard plate count method strongly correlates with Fluorescence spectroscopy, making it an innovative tool to administer bacterial inactivation. The experimental results suggested the development of a light source that entirely overlap absorption bands of PpIx to produce a pronounced antimicrobial photodynamic effect, which might become an effective modality for in vivo disinfection of antibiotic resistant microbes in wounds and lesions.
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Escherichia coli , Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Protoporfirinas , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Láseres de Semiconductores/uso terapéutico , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the effect of phycocyanin (PC) and toluidine blue (TBO) along with sodium fluoride varnish (FV) or titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) under the conditions of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) on a dual-species cariogenic biofilm and on remineralization process. DESIGN: After the development of Streptococcus mutansStreptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus dual-species biofilms on the human enamel disks, they were divided into 11 groups (n = 9): Control (0.9 % saline), PC, TBO, FV, and TiF4 alone, PC and TBO in combination with a 635 nm diode laser (PDT treatment), PC-PDT+ (PC + FV or TiF4 + 635 nm diode laser), and TBO-PDT+ (TBO + FV or TiF4 + 635 nm diode laser). After the treatment, crystal violet assay was performed to determine the reduction of cariogenic biofilms. Enamel remineralization changes were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for the calcium and phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio. RESULTS: Only TBO-PDT+ showed superior antibiofilm activity when TiF4 was applied. Furthermore, the highest Ca/P ratio was found after treatment of enamel surfaces with TiF4-TBO-PDT+. The FESEM images showed that the enamel disks treated with TiF4 plus TBO-mediated PDT exhibited surface coating. However, TiF4 plus PC-mediated PDT cannot repair demineralized enamel. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that TBO-PDT along with TiF4 can effectively reduce cariogenic biofilms and significantly remineralize enamel disks, opening new avenues in caries prevention.
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Aim: The study aims to assess the efficacy of rose bengal (RB)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the management of chronic periodontitis patients in terms of clinical parameters like gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and microbiological parameters like total microbial count, total red complex organism count, Porphyromonas gingivalis count, Treponema denticola count, and Tannerella forsythia count. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, a total of 30 patients were recruited who met the inclusion criteria. The participants were randomly allocated into group A with scaling and root planning (SRP) alone and group B with SRP + a-PDT. The clinical and microbiological parameters were measured at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed using independent t test and paired t test, respectively. Value of p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: At 3-month follow-up, group B treated with SRP + a-PDT showed statistically significant reduction in GI (0.58 ± 0.20) and PPD (1.81 ± 0.32 mm), gain in CAL (0.73 ± 0.04 mm), and reduction in total microbial count [2.80 ± 0.08 × 104 colony forming unit (CFU)], total red complex count (0.29 ± 0.14 × 102 CFU), P. gingivalis count (0.43 ± 0.13 × 102 CFU), T. denticola count (0.61 ± 0.04 × 102 CFU), and T. forsythia count (0.59 ± 0.04 × 102 CFU) as compared with group A (p < 0.05). Conclusion: RB-mediated a-PDT as an adjunct to SRP was significantly more effective in improving GI, PPD, and CAL and in reducing microbial count as compared with SRP alone in the management of chronic periodontitis.
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Periodontitis Crónica , Raspado Dental , Fotoquimioterapia , Aplanamiento de la Raíz , Rosa Bengala , Humanos , Periodontitis Crónica/terapia , Periodontitis Crónica/microbiología , Periodontitis Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Masculino , Rosa Bengala/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Adulto , Método Simple Ciego , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/uso terapéutico , Terapia Combinada , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Índice Periodontal , Resultado del Tratamiento , Treponema denticolaRESUMEN
Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) offers an alternative option for combating microbial pathogens, and in this way, addressing the challenges of growing antimicrobial resistance. In this promising and effective approach, cationic porphyrins and related macrocycles have emerged as leading photosensitizers (PS) for aPDT. In general, their preparation occurs via N-alkylation of nitrogen-based moieties with alkyl halides, which limits the ability to fine-tune the features of porphyrin-based PS. Herein, is reported that the conjugation of porphyrin macrocycles with triphenylphosphonium units created a series of effective cationic porphyrin-based PS for aPDT. The presence of positive charges at both the porphyrin macrocycle and triphenylphosphonium moieties significantly enhances the photodynamic activity of porphyrin-based PS against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Moreover, bacterial photoinactivation is achieved with a notable reduction in irradiation time, exceeding 50%, compared to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP), used as the reference and known as good PS. The improved capability of the porphyrin macrocycle to generate singlet oxygen combined with the enhanced membrane interaction promoted by the presence of triphenylphosphonium moieties represents a promising approach to developing porphyrin-based PS with enhanced photosensitizing activity.
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Antibacterianos , Ensayo de Materiales , Compuestos Organofosforados , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Porfirinas , Porfirinas/química , Porfirinas/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Compuestos Organofosforados/química , Compuestos Organofosforados/farmacología , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fotoquimioterapia , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) is an innovative and promising method for combating infections, reducing the risk of antimicrobial resistance compared to traditional antibiotics. Squaraine (SQ) dyes can be considered promising photosensitizers (PSs) but are generally hydrophobic molecules that can self-aggregate under physiological conditions. To overcome these drawbacks, a possible solution is to incorporate SQs inside nanoparticles (NPs). The present work deals with the design and development of innovative nanophotosensitizers based on poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs incorporating a brominated squaraine (BrSQ) with potential application in aPDT. Two designs of experiments (DoEs) based on the single emulsion and nanoprecipitation methods were set up to investigate how different variables (type of solvent, solvent ratio, concentration of PLGA, stabilizer and dye, sonication power and time) can affect the size, zeta (ζ)-potential, yield, entrapment efficiency, and drug loading capacity of the SQ-PLGA NPs. SQ-PLGA NPs were characterized by NTA, FE-SEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated, proving that ROS generation ability is preserved in SQ-PLGA. In vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria in planktonic state using Staphylococcus aureus was conducted in different conditions and pH to evaluate the potential of these nanophotosensitizers for aPDT in the local treatment of infections.
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Bacterial infections pose a substantial threat to human health, particularly with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Therefore, it is essential to develop novel approaches for the efficient treatment of bacterial diseases. This study presents a therapeutic approach involving BBR@MMT nanosheets (NSs), wherein montmorillonite (MMT) was loaded with berberine (BBR) through an ion intercalation reaction to sterilize and promote wound healing. BBR@MMT exhibits nano-enzymatic-like catalytic activity, is easy to synthesize, and requires low reaction conditions. This nanocomplex showed photodynamic properties and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The in vitro experiments indicated that BBR@MMT was able to effectively inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) through the production of ROS when exposed to white light. Meanwhile, BBR@MMT inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and scavenged free radicals via its SOD-like activity. In vivo results showed that BBR@MMT NSs were capable of effectively promoting the wound-healing process in infected mice under white light irradiation. Hence, it can be concluded that photodynamic therapy based on BBR@MMT NSs with nano-enzymatic activity has the potential to be used in treating infections and tissue repair associated with drug-resistant microorganisms.
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Antibacterianos , Bentonita , Berberina , Escherichia coli , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Staphylococcus aureus , Cicatrización de Heridas , Bentonita/química , Bentonita/farmacología , Berberina/farmacología , Berberina/química , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Animales , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Fotoquimioterapia , Nanoestructuras/química , Tamaño de la Partícula , Propiedades de Superficie , Humanos , Luz , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment showing promise against cancer and microbial infections. PDT targets tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue, reducing side effects. It induces immunogenic cell death, potentially stimulating antitumor immune responses and reducing cancer recurrence. In microbial treatment, PDT effectively combats bacteria, fungi and viruses. Combining PDT with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy enhances its efficacy. However, challenges such as tumor hypoxia, limited tissue penetration and phototoxicity necessitate ongoing research efforts to optimize PDT protocols and overcome limitations. Overall, PDT is versatile and continually advancing with refined protocols to improve its clinical utility against cancer and microbial infections.
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Neoplasias , Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as a primary causative agent of dental caries and one of its important virulence properties is an ability to form biofilm on tooth surfaces. Thus, strategies to prevent and control S. mutans biofilms are requested. The present study aimed to examine the eradication of S. mutans planktonic and biofilm cells using riboflavin (Rib)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) enhanced by postbiotic mediators derived from Lactobacillus species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Rib and postbiotic mediators were determined. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of Rib-mediated aPDT (Rib plus blue light), Rib-mediated aPDT in combination with postbiotic mediators derived from Lactobacillus casei (LC) (aPDT+ LC), and Rib-mediated aPDT in combination with postbiotic mediators derived from Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) (aPDT+ LP) were evaluated. The anti-virulence potential of Rib-mediated aPDT, aPDT+ LC, and aPDT+ LP were assessed by measuring the expression of the gtfB gene using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at the highest concentrations of Rib, LC, and LP, at which the S. mutans had proliferation as the same as in the control (non-treated) group. RESULTS: According to the results, the MIC doses of LC, LP, and Rib were 64 µg/mL, 128 µg/mL, and 128 µg/mL, respectively, while the MBC values of LC, LP, and Rib were 128 µg/mL, 256 µg/mL, and 256 µg/mL, respectively. Rib-mediated aPDT, aPDT+ LP, and aPDT+ LC showed a significant reduction in Log10 CFU/mL of S. mutans compared to the control group (4.2, 4.9, and 5.2 Log10 CFU/mL, respectively; all P < 0.05). The most destruction of S. mutans biofilms was observed after treatment with aPDT+ LC followed by aPDT+ LP and Rib-mediated aPDT (77.5%, 73.3%, and 67.6%, respectively; all P < 0.05). The concentrations of 31.2 µg/mL, 62.5 µg/mL, and 62.5 µg/mL were considered as the highest concentrations of LC, LP, and Rib, respectively, at which S. mutans replicates as same as the control group and were used for gtfB gene expression assay using qRT-PCR during Rib-mediated aPDT, aPDT+ LP, and aPDT+ LC treatments. Gene expression results revealed that aPDT+ LP and aPDT+ LC could decrease the gene expression level of gtfB by 6.3- and 5.7-fold, respectively (P < 0.05), while only 5.1-fold reduction was observed after Rib-mediated aPDT (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that aPDT+ LP and aPDT+ LC hold promise for use as a treatment to combat S. mutans planktonic and biofilms growth as well as anti-virulence as a preventive strategy to inhibit biofilms development via reduction of gtfB gene expression.
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Biopelículas , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fotoquimioterapia , Riboflavina , Streptococcus mutans , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Streptococcus mutans/efectos de los fármacos , Riboflavina/farmacología , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Lactobacillus/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Plancton/efectos de los fármacos , Lacticaseibacillus casei/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Curcumin serves as a photosensitizer (PS) in the context of microbial inactivation when subjected to light exposure, to produce reactive oxygen species, which exhibit efficacy in eradicating microorganisms. This remarkable property underscores the growing potential of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the ongoing fight against bacterial infections. Considering this, we investigate the efficacy of various in vitro curcumin formulations within a PDT protocol designed to target Staphylococcus aureus. Specifically, we conduct a comparative analysis involving synthetic curcumin (Cur-Syn) and curcumin derivatives modified with chlorine (Cl), selenium (Se), and iodine (I) (Cur-Cl, Cur-Se, Cur-I). To assess the impact of aPDT, we subject S. aureus to incubation with curcumin, followed by irradiation at 450 nm with energy doses of 3.75, 7.5, and 15 J/cm2. Our investigation encompasses an evaluation of PS uptake and photobleaching across the various curcumin variants. Notably, all three modifications (Cur-Cl, Cur-Se, Cur-I) induce a significant reduction in bacterial viability, approximately achieving a 3-log reduction. Interestingly, the uptake kinetics of Cur-Syn and Cur-Se exhibit similarities, reaching saturation after 20 min. Our findings suggest that modifications to curcumin have a discernible impact on the photodynamic properties of the PS molecule.
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BACKGROUND: Chromoblastomycosis (CMB) is a chronic granulomatous fungal infection that affect the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is clinically problematic due to limited treatment options, low cure rates, and high rates of relapse. This underscores the necessity for innovative treatment approaches. In this study, potassium iodide (KI) combined with Methylene Blue (MB) mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) were assessed in the treatment of Fonsecaea monophora (F. monophora) both in vitro and in vivo. And the underlying mechanism that contributes to the efficacy of this treatment approach was investigated. METHODS: In vitro experiments were conducted using different combinations and concentrations of MB, KI, and 660 nm light (60 mW/cm2) to inhibit F. monophora. The study was carried out using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The production of singlet oxygen (1O2), free iodine (I2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion during the KI combined MB-mediated antimicrobial PDT process was also detected. In vivo experiments were developed using a Balb/c mouse paw infection model with F. monophora and treated with PBS, 10 mM KI, 2 mM MB +100 J/cm² and 10 mM KI+2 mM MB +100 J/cm² respectively. Inflammatory swelling, fungal load and histopathological analyses of the mouse footpads were assessed. RESULTS: KI enhanced the killing effect of MB-mediated antimicrobial PDT on the conidial spores of F. monophora at the cell and infected animal model level. During the process, the main antimicrobial agents in KI combined with MB- mediated antimicrobial PDT could produce stronger toxic active species including free I2 and H2O2. CONCLUSION: KI combined with MB-mediated antimicrobial PDT could be an effective adjunct therapy for treating CBM.
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Azul de Metileno , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Yoduro de Potasio , Yoduro de Potasio/farmacología , Azul de Metileno/farmacología , Azul de Metileno/uso terapéutico , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Animales , Ratones , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Cromoblastomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Ascomicetos/efectos de los fármacos , Oxígeno Singlete/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Chronic periodontitis is a ubiquitous inflammatory disease in dental healthcare that is challenging to treat due to its impact on bone and tooth loss. Conventional mechanical debridement has been challenging in eliminating complex subgingival biofilms. Hence, adjunctive approaches like low-level laser antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (A-PDT) utilising methylene blue (MB) have been emerging approaches in recent times. This review evaluates the latest research on the use of MB-mediated A-PDT to decrease microbial count and enhance clinical results in chronic periodontitis. Studies have shown the interaction between laser light and MB generates a phototoxic effect thereby, eliminating pathogenic bacteria within periodontal pockets. Moreover, numerous clinical trials have shown that A-PDT using MB can reduce probing depths, improve clinical attachment levels, and decrease bleeding during probing in comparison to traditional treatment approaches. Notably, A-PDT shows superior antibiotic resistance compared to conventional antibiotic treatments. In conclusion, the A-PDT using MB shows promise as an adjunctive treatment for chronic periodontitis. Additional research is required to standardize treatment protocols and assess long-term outcomes of A-PDT with MB in the treatment of periodontitis.
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BACKGROUND: To compare photodynamic therapy and the use of probiotics in reducing halitosis assessed through gas chromatography and microbiome analysis. METHODS: Participants aged from 18 to 25 years showing sulfide (SH2) ≥ 112 ppb on gas chromatography were selected. They were divided into four treatment groups: Group 1-Tongue Scraping; Group 2-Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT); Group 3-Probiotics; and Group 4-Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) and Probiotics. The halimetry process was performed before, immediately after the treatments, and 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days after the initial collection. The collections for later microbiological analysis were made along with the halimetry for microbiome analysis. RESULTS: Treatment with aPDT or probiotics under these experimental conditions was not able to change the bacteria present in the biofilm of the tongue. CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed to know the behavior of the oral microbiome in the presence of halitosis and the effectiveness of new treatments.
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Curcumin is a natural compound that is considered safe and may have potential health benefits; however, its poor stability and water insolubility limit its therapeutic applications. Different strategies aim to increase its water solubility. Here, we tested the compound PVP-curcumin as a photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as well as its potential to act as an adjuvant in antibiotic drug therapy. Gram-negative E. coli K12 and Gram-positive S. capitis were subjected to aPDT using various PVP-curcumin concentrations (1-200 µg/mL) and 475 nm blue light (7.5-45 J/cm2). Additionally, results were compared to aPDT using 415 nm blue light. Gene expression of recA and umuC were analyzed via RT-qPCR to assess effects on the bacterial SOS response. Further, the potentiation of Ciprofloxacin by PVP-curcumin was investigated, as well as its potential to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Both bacterial strains were efficiently reduced when irradiated with 415 nm blue light (2.2 J/cm2) and 10 µg/mL curcumin. Using 475 nm blue light, bacterial reduction followed a biphasic effect with higher efficacy in S. capitis compared to E. coli K12. PVP-curcumin decreased recA expression but had limited effect regarding enhancing antibiotic treatment or impeding resistance development. PVP-curcumin demonstrated effectiveness as a photosensitizer against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but did not modulate the bacterial SOS response.
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Antibacterianos , Ciprofloxacina , Curcumina , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Rec A Recombinasas , Curcumina/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Rec A Recombinasas/metabolismo , Rec A Recombinasas/genética , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Respuesta SOS en Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli K12/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli K12/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Povidona/química , Povidona/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Luz , Proteínas de Unión al ADNRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to compare two types of light irradiation devices for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). A 660-nm light-emitting diode (LED) and a 665-nm laser diode (LD) were used for light irradiation, and 0.1 mg/L TONS 504, a cationic chlorin derivative, was used as the photosensitizer. We evaluated the light attenuation along the vertical and horizontal directions, temperature rise following light irradiation, and aPDT efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus under different conditions: TONS 504 only, light irradiation only, and TONS 504 with either LED (30 J/cm2) or LD light irradiation (continuous: 30 J/cm2; pulsed: 20 J/cm2 at 2/3 duty cycle, 10 J/cm2 at 1/3 duty cycle). Both LED and LD light intensities were inversely proportional to the square of the vertical distance from the irradiated area. Along the horizontal distance from the nadir of the light source, the LED light intensity attenuated according to the cosine quadrature law, while the LD light intensity did not attenuate within the measurable range. Following light irradiation, the temperature rise increased as the TONS 504 concentration increased in the order of pulsed LD < continuous LD < LED irradiation. aPDT with light irradiation only or TONS 504 only had no antimicrobial effect, while aPDT with TONS 504 under continuous or pulsed LD light irradiation provided approximately 3 log reduction at 30 J/cm2 and 20 J/cm2 and approximately 2 log reduction at 10 J/cm2. TONS 504-aPDT under pulsed LD light irradiation provided anti-microbial effect without significant temperature rise.
Asunto(s)
Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Staphylococcus aureus , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de la radiación , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Humanos , Láseres de Semiconductores/uso terapéutico , Porfirinas/farmacología , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) stands out as a noteworthy development as an alternative targeted treatment against skin ailments. While PDT has advanced significantly, research into photo-activatable "Green drugs" derived from plants which are less toxic than the synthetic drugs has not kept pace. This study investigates the potential of Fagopyrin F Containing Fraction (FCF) derived from Fagopyrum tataricum in mediating PDT against Staphylococcus aureus and skin cancer cells (A431). FCF was isolated from the plant extract using thin-layer chromatography, followed by identification of the compound through high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. FCF was tested to determine its antibacterial and anticancer efficacy. Results revealed that FCF-mediated PDT exhibited potent action against S. aureus, significantly reducing bacterial viability (MIC 19.5 µg/100 µL). Moreover, FCF-mediated PDT showed good efficacy against A431 cells, resulting in a notable reduction in cell viability (IC50 29.08 µg/mL). Given the known association between S. aureus and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), FCF shows the potential to effectively target and eradicate both SCC and the related S. aureus present within the lesions. In silico study reveals that Fagopyrin F effectively binds with the epidermal growth factor (EGFR), one among the highly expressed proteins in the A431 cells, with a binding energy of - 9.6 kcal/mol. The affinity of Fagopyrin F for EGFR on A431 cancer cells along with its cytotoxicity against skin cancer cells while safeguarding the normal cells (L929) plays a major part in the way it targets cancer cells. However, its safety, efficacy, and long-term advantages in treating skin conditions require more investigation, including in vivo investigations and clinical trials.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Fagopyrum , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Extractos Vegetales , Staphylococcus aureus , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Fagopyrum/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/química , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Objective: The proposed study aims to compare the effectiveness of conventional endodontic treatment (ET) with that of ET associated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in patients with apical lesion. Methods: Controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial (RCT); superiority study with three parallel arms. Randomization will be conducted in exchange blocks of six, with allocation 1:1:1. The control group will receive conventional ET, while experimental group 1 (EG1) will receive conventional ET + aPDT with laser at 660 nm, fluence of 600 J/cm2; EG2 will receive conventional ET + aPDT with laser at 660 nm, fluence of 1200 J/cm2. The primary outcome will be canal disinfection before treatment, measured by analysis of colony formation (CFU/mL) and the success rate measured after 6 months on the clinical and radiographic evaluations. The mean and standard deviation will be calculated for continuous outcomes, and the CFU/mL mean between groups will be evaluated by ANOVA test. The Chi-squared test will be calculated for binary outcomes. A logistic regression analysis will be performed to assess differences in the success rate between groups, adjusted for the covariates. The Stata 18 software will be used, with a significance threshold of 5%. Conclusions: Few RCTs have evaluated the effectiveness of aPDT in root canal disinfection in patients with permanent dentition presenting apical lesion. New RCTs with larger numbers of participants are needed to support using aPDT as an adjuvant to conventional ET in root canal disinfection for routine use in clinical practice. The trial was registered prospectively in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05916859).