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Social support is vital for mental and physical health and is linked to lower rates of disease and early mortality. Conversely, anti-social behavior can increase mortality risks, both for the initiator and target of the behavior. Chronic stress, which also can increase mortality, may serve as an important link between social behavior and healthy lifespan. There is a growing body of literature in both humans, and model organisms, that chronic social stress can result in more rapid telomere shortening, a measure of biological aging. Here we examine the role of anti-social behavior and social support on physiological markers of stress and aging in the social Japanese quail, Coturnix Japonica. Birds were maintained in groups for their entire lifespan, and longitudinal measures of antisocial behavior (aggressive agonistic behavior), social support (affiliative behavior), baseline corticosterone, change in telomere length, and lifespan were measured. We found quail in affiliative relationships both committed less and were the targets of less aggression compared to birds who were not in these relationships. In addition, birds displaying affiliative behavior had longer telomeres, and longer lifespans. Our work suggests a novel pathway by which social support may buffer against damage at the cellular level resulting in telomere protection and subsequent longer lifespans.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine if there are longer-term effects on symptoms, health status, mood, and behavior 10 years after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Community-based, civilian sample. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged ≥16 years at follow-up who experienced an mTBI 10 years ago, and an age and sex-matched non-injured control group. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: mTBI cases and controls were asked to complete self-report assessments of functioning (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule Version 2), symptoms (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire), health status (100-point scale), alcohol (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) and substance use (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test), and whether they had engaged in any anti-social behaviors over the past 12 months. RESULTS: Data were analyzed for 368 participants (184 mTBI cases and 184 age-sex matched controls). Just over a third of mTBI cases (64, 34.8%) reported that they were still affected by their index mTBI 10 years later. After adjusting for education and ethnicity, the mTBI group had statistically higher overall symptom burden (F=22.32, P<.001, ηp2=0.07) compared with controls. This difference remained after excluding those who experienced a recurrent TBI. The mTBI group were more than 3 times as likely to have engaged in anti-social behavior during the previous 12 months (F=5.89, P=.02). There were no group differences in health status, functioning, or problematic alcohol or substance use 10 years post-injury. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of potential longer-term associations between mTBI, post-concussion symptoms, and anti-social behavior which warrants further evaluation. Future research should also examine if longer-term effects may be preventable with access to early rehabilitation post-injury.

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This study aimed to investigate the interaction between positive psychotic experiences and psychopathic traits on the theory of mind in a non-clinical sample. The results showed that distinct constructs of psychopathy can lead to distinct theory of mind profiles when interacting with psychotic proneness.

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A growing body of literature suggests that testosterone (T) rapidly modulates behavior in a context-specific manner. However, the timescales in which T can rapidly mediate distinct types of behavior, such as pro- vs. anti- social responses, has not been studied. Thus, here we examined acute T influences on social behavior in male and female Mongolian gerbils in nonreproductive contexts. Females and males received an injection of either saline or T and were first tested in a social interaction test with a same-sex, familiar peer. 5 min after the peer interaction, subjects then underwent a resident-intruder test with a novel, same-sex conspecific. After another 5 min, gerbils were tested in a novel object task to test context-specificity (i.e., social vs. nonsocial) of T effects on behavior. Within 1 h, males and females injected with T exhibited more huddling with a peer but more active avoidance of and less time spent in proximity of an intruder than did animals injected with saline. T effects on behavior were specific to social contexts, such that T did not influence investigation of the novel object. Together these findings show that T rapidly promotes pro-social responses to a familiar peer and anti-social responses to an intruder in the same individuals within 5 min of experiencing these disparate social contexts. This demonstrates that T rapidly facilitates behavior in a context-appropriate manner outside the context of reproduction and reveals that rapid effects of T on behavior are not restricted to males.

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The amygdala is involved in fear perception and aggression regulation, and smaller volumes have been associated with psychotic and non-psychotic violence. We explored the relationship between amygdala nuclei volumes in violent offenders with and without psychosis, and the association to psychopathy traits. 3T MRI scans (n = 204, males, 18-66 years) were obtained from psychotic violent offenders (PSY-V, n = 29), non-psychotic violent offenders (NPV, n = 19), non-violent psychosis patients (PSY-NV, n = 67), and healthy controls (HC, n = 89). Total amygdala and 9 amygdala nuclei volumes were obtained with FreeSurfer. Psychopathy traits were measured with the Psychopathy Checklist-revised (PCL-R). Multivariate analyses explored diagnostic differences in amygdala nuclei volumes and associations to psychosis, violence, and psychopathy traits. PSY-V had a smaller basal nucleus, anterior amygdaloid area, and cortical amygdalar transition area (CATA), whereas PSY-NV had a smaller CATA than HC. Volumes in NPV did not differ from HC, and there were no associations between PCL-R total or factor scores and any of the nuclei or whole amygdala volumes. The lower volumes of amygdala nuclei involved in fear modulation, stress responses, and social interpretation may point towards some mechanisms of relevance to violence in psychosis, but the results warrant replication in larger subject samples.

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Insanity defense is sometimes invoked in criminal cases, and its demonstration is usually based on a multifactorial contribution of behavioural, clinical, and neurological elements. Neuroradiological evidence of structural alterations in cerebral areas that involve decision-making and moral reasoning is often accepted as a useful tool in these evaluations. On the other hand, the genetic predisposition to anti-social behavior is still controversial. In this paper, we describe two cases of violent crimes committed by young carriers of genetic variants associated with personality disorder; both the defendants claimed to be insane at the time of the crime. We discuss these cases and review the scientific literature regarding the relationship between legal incapacity/predisposition to criminal behavior and genetic mutations. In conclusion, despite some genetic variants being able to influence several cognitive processes (like moral judgement and impulse control), there is currently no evidence that carriers of these mutations are, per se, incapable of intentionally committing crimes.

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BACKGROUND: Despite increasing evidence of a link between early life brain injury and anti-social behavior, very few studies have assessed factors that explain this association in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). One hypothesis suggests that childhood TBI elevates risk for anti-social behavior via disruption to anatomically distributed neural networks implicated in executive functioning (EF). In this longitudinal prospective study, we employed high-resolution structural neuroimaging to (a) evaluate the impact of childhood TBI on regional morphometry of the central executive network (CEN) and (b) evaluate the prediction that lower EF mediates the prospective relationship between structural differences within the CEN and postinjury anti-social behaviors. METHODS: This study involved 155 children, including 112 consecutively recruited, hospital-confirmed cases of mild-severe TBI and 43 typically developing control (TDC) children. T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences were acquired sub-acutely in a subset of 137 children [TBI: n = 103; TDC: n = 34]. All participants were evaluated using direct assessment of EF 6 months postinjury, and parents provided ratings of anti-social behavior 12 months postinjury. RESULTS: Severe TBI was associated with postinjury volumetric differences within the CEN and its putative hub regions. When compared with TD controls, the TBI group had significantly worse EF, which was associated with more frequent anti-social behaviors and abnormal CEN morphometry. Mediation analysis indicated that reduced EF mediated the prospective association between postinjury volumetric differences within the CEN and more frequent anti-social behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Our longitudinal prospective findings suggest that detection of neurostructural abnormalities within the CEN may aid in the early identification of children at elevated risk for postinjury executive dysfunction, which may in turn contribute to chronic anti-social behaviors after early life brain injury. Findings underscore the potential value of early surveillance and preventive measures for children presenting with neurostructural and/or neurocognitive risk factors.

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Resumen El propósito del estudio que se expone es analizar las características del diseño y gestión de proyectos de intervención psicosocial implementados por entidades ejecutoras en las secciones juveniles de centros penitenciarios en el sur de Chile, proponiendo, a partir de la experiencia de los equipos que participan en estos programas, mecanismos para mejorar la intervención realizada con jóvenes infractores de ley. Participaron en el estudio 32 profesionales de cuatro equipos. Se emplearon, como técnicas de producción de datos, la entrevista grupal y la revisión documental (fichas de registro de intervenciones, proyectos, planificaciones, entre otros). Los resultados muestran la utilización de modelos, teorías y enfoques que son pertinentes según las directrices de gendarmería y la evidencia nacional e internacional. Sin embargo, se reconocen condiciones de operación de los proyectos que tensionan y limitan el alcance del trabajo desarrollado con los jóvenes, entre estas limitaciones se destaca la falta de continuidad del trabajo dado el financiamiento sujeto a licitaciones que ocurren anualmente y que impiden la estabilidad laboral de los equipos. Las personas entrevistadas, plantean un conjunto de propuestas para mejorar la intervención con los jóvenes entre ellas se cuenta: la formación especializada del equipo psicosocial interventor incluyendo al personal de gendarmería que tiene contacto permanente con los jóvenes; Mejorar el trabajo directo con los jóvenes incorporando el enfoque psicoeducativo de origen canadiense para estructurar coherentemente intervenciones en el cotidiano de las secciones juveniles; Incorporar un enfoque de intervención diferenciada considerando las trayectorias delictivas de los jóvenes; y finalmente se subraya la necesidad de profundizar el componente de inclusión sociocomunitaria en las intervenciones.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the design and management characteristics of psychosocial intervention projects which are conducted by executing entities in juvenile sections of prisons in the Southern Chile, stating mechanisms to improve the intervention developed with young lawbreakers starting from the experience of the programs participating teams. 32 professionals of four teams took part in this study. Data production, group interviews and documents review techniques were implemented (intervention record files, projects, planning, among others). The results show models, theories and approaches utilization that are relevant according to gendarmerie directions and national and international evidence. However, projects operation conditions are recognized, which tense and limit the work scope developed with young people. The lack of continuity in the work is highlighted as one of these limitations, since the financing conditioned on tenders that happen yearly and that obstruct the teams' job stability. The interviewees state a set of proposals for improving interventions with young people; among those interventions are: a specialized training of the intervener psychosocial team, including the gendarmerie staff which are in permanent touch with young people; to improve the direct work with young people by incorporating the Canadian original psychological-educational approach to structure in a coherent way interventions of the juvenile sections on daily basis, incorporating a differentiated intervention focus, considering young people crime trajectories, and finally, it underlines the necessity of deepening the social-communitary inclusion component in the interventions.

Resumo O propósito do estudo que se expõe é analisar as características do desenho e da gestão de projetos de intervenção psicossocial implementados por entidades executoras nas secções juvenis de centros penitenciários no sul do Chile, propondo, a partir da experiência das equipes que participam nesses programas, mecanismos para melhorar a intervenção feita com jovens infratores da lei. No estudo participaram 32 profissionais de quatro equipes. Se utilizaram, como técnicas de geração de dados, a entrevista grupal e a revisão documental (fichas de registro de intervenções, projetos, planejamentos, entre outros). Os resultados mostram a utilização de modelos, teorias e abordagens que são pertinentes, segundo as diretrizes de gendarmaria e a evidencia nacional e internacional. Não obstante, se reconhecem condições de operação dos projetos que tensionam e limitam o alcance do trabalho desenvolvido com os jovens, dentre dessas limitantes se destaca a falta de continuidade do trabalho, dado o financiamento sujeito a licitações que ocorrem anualmente e que impedem a estabilidade laboral das equipes. As pessoas entrevistadas levantam um conjunto de propostas para melhorar a intervenção com os jovens; dentre dessas contam-se: a formação especializada da equipe psicossocial interventora, incluindo o pessoal da gendarmaria que tem contato permanente com os jovens, melhorar o trabalho direto com os jovens, incorporando a abordagem psicoeducativa de origem canadense para estruturar de forma coerente intervenções no cotidiano das secções juvenis; incorporar a abordagem de intervenção diferenciada, considerando as trajetórias delitivas dos jovens, e finalmente, se sublinha a necessidade de aprofundar no componente de inclusão sociocomunitária nas intervenções.

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Objective To verify the mediating effect of the moral identity on the relationship between sport moral disengagement and pro-social and anti-social behaviors in competition.Methods Two hundreds and sixty-seven athletes of group events(including 173 males,94 females,with an average age of 22.40,SD=2.75)were selected and investigated using the sport moral disengagement scale,moral identity scale and the scale of pro-social and anti-social behavior in competition.Results (1) The sport moral disengagement had significant influence on the athletes'pro-social and anti-social behaviors in competition.(2)The moral identity has significant positive influence on the athletes' pro-social behavior in competition,but significant negative influence on the athletes' anti-social behavior in competition.(3)The moral identity has significant mediating effect on the relationship between sport moral disengagement and pro-social behavior in competition.Conclusion The moral disengagement in sport has important influence on the athletes' pro-social and anti-social behavior in competition.The moral identity has a significant mediating effect on the relationship between sport moral disengagement and pro-social behaviors in competition.

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Trust and cooperation constitute cornerstones of common-pool resource theory, showing that "prosocial" strategies among resource users can overcome collective action problems and lead to sustainable resource governance. Yet, antisocial behavior and especially the coexistence of prosocial and antisocial behaviors have received less attention. We broaden the analysis to include the effects of both "prosocial" and "antisocial" interactions. We do so in the context of marine protected areas (MPAs), the most prominent form of biodiversity conservation intervention worldwide. Our multimethod approach relied on lab-in-the-field economic experiments (n = 127) in two MPA and two non-MPA communities in Baja California, Mexico. In addition, we deployed a standardized fishers' survey (n = 544) to verify the external validity of our findings and expert informant interviews (n = 77) to develop potential explanatory mechanisms. In MPA sites, prosocial and antisocial behavior is significantly higher, and the presence of antisocial behavior does not seem to have a negative effect on prosocial behavior. We suggest that market integration, economic diversification, and strengthened group identity in MPAs are the main potential mechanisms for the simultaneity of prosocial and antisocial behavior we observed. This study constitutes a first step in better understanding the interaction between prosociality and antisociality as related to natural resources governance and conservation science, integrating literatures from social psychology, evolutionary anthropology, behavioral economics, and ecology.

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Resumen: INTRODUCCIÓN: La supervisión parental comprende: cuidado de los hijos, conocimiento de su paradero y actividades y adaptación. Para que ésta se dé es necesario que exista comunicación y apoyo entre padres e hijos, de manera que el ambiente familiar sea agradable. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado que la inconsistencia o ausencia de ésta es un factor de riesgo de la conducta antisocial y, en casos más graves, de delincuencia en los hijos. OBJETIVO: Conocer cuál es la relación que existe entre el ambiente familiar, la supervisión parental y la gravedad de la conducta antisocial en menores infractores. MÉTODO: La población estuvo conformada por menores infractores de un Centro Tutelar del Estado de Morelos. El instrumento se aplicó a 86 hombres. RESULTADOS: La comunicación del hijo fue un predictor de: 1. el manejo de reglas y conocimiento de pares, y 2. el conocimiento de las actividades del hijo. Esto último es lo que predice de manera significativa la gravedad de la conducta antisocial. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: De acuerdo con los hallazgos, es importante que exista un ambiente familiar basado en la comunicación y el apoyo, que fomente una comunicación más libre de los adolescentes con sus padres, de manera que la supervisión parental se consiga más fácilmente. Esto ayudará para que los jóvenes no se involucren en comportamientos que los puedan llevar a delinquir.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Parental supervision is constituted by a series of correlated parental behaviors involving children care, knowing their where abouts, which activities they are performing, and the situation of their adaptive processes. In order for parental supervision to take place, it is necessary that communication and mutual support exist between mother and father, as well as between parents and children so that the family environment becomes pleasant. Supervision is one of the most studied factors related to anti-social behavior, and it has been observed that its absence or inconsistency allows for the occurrence of anti-social behavior, which in the more serious cases leads to delinquency. OBJECTIVE: To know the relationship between family environment, supervision and the seriousness of anti-social behavior in juvenile offenders confined in a state penitentiary from Morelos. METHOD: A survey was used to collect data from a population of 86 juvenile male offenders from a state penitentiary located in Morelos. RESULTS: Parent-children communication and support are interrelated and form the familiar environment. Thus, children's communication predicts proper supervision and monitoring, specifically in the area of knowing children's activities, which, at the same time, predict less serious anti-social behavior. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is important that families have an environment based on communication and support. It is also relevant to encourage adolescents to freely communicate with their parents so supervision and monitoring become common elements that help adolescents to stay away from behaviors that could lead them to crime.

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BACKGROUND: Adolescent violence is now regarded as a major public health concern. Despite growing interest in psychographic risk factors for violent behavior, few studies have explored the role of strategies to regulate cognitive emotion in adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of adolescent violence behaviors and to identify the relationship between specific strategies to regulate cognitive emotion and forms of violent behavior.Adolescent violence is now regarded as a major public health concern. Despite growing interest in psychographic risk factors for violent behavior, few studies have explored the role of strategies to regulate cognitive emotion in adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of adolescent violence behaviors and to identify the relationship between specific strategies to regulate cognitive emotion and forms of violent behavior. METHODS: We cross-sectionally surveyed 3315 students in grades 7 to 10 using anonymous, self-reporting questionnaires to examine strategies to regulate cognitive emotion and violence-related behaviors in young adolescents. A logistic regression model was used to identify the relationship between specific violent behaviors and strategies to regulate cognitive emotion. RESULTS: The most commonly reported type of violent behavior was verbal attack (48.6%), while 7.1% of students were involved in fights and 2.4% had been injured in fights. Boys were involved in all forms of violent behavior studied, and did so significantly more often than girls (P<0.05). Logistic regression revealed that six cognitive emotion strategies (self-blame, rumination, planning, reappraisal, catastrophisizing, and blaming others) were associated with violent behaviors, of which catastrophisizing was the most significant factor of all violent behaviors examined that were influenced by this strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Violence-related behaviors, especially verbal attacks, were common among adolescents. Several cognitive emotion regulation strategies were positively associated with specific violent behaviors, but catastrophisizing was strongly related to all forms of violent behavior. Thus, programs targeting adolescent violence must address this and other maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

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OBJECTIVE: High plasma testosterone levels have been associated with aggression, sexual behaviour and social status. The aim of this paper was to study the correlation between basal plasma testosterone levels and personality variables in healthy participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four participants were randomly enrolled into this study. Basal plasma testosterone levels were measured between 8:30 am and 10 am. After 24 hours of blood drawing, each subject completed personality questionnaires. RESULTS: Positive correlation between basal plasma testosterone levels and anti-social personality traits in both genders was observed (r = 0.336 and P < 0.018). Also, a positive correlation was observed between basal plasmatestosterone levels and criminal thinking traits (r = 0. 376, P < 0.05) and Millon compulsive (r = 0.386, P < 0.010) in both genders. In female participants, a positive correlation between basal plasmatestosterone levels and psychoticism (r = 0. 25, P < 0.019) and Cloninger AUTO TCI (r = 0.507, P < 0.004) was observed. In males participants positive correlation between baseline plasmatic Testosterone levels and Millon Antisocial trait (r = 0. 544, P < 0.19) and Millon Hypomania trait (r = 0. 485, P < 0.41) and Millon Drug Abuse trait (r = 0.632, P < 0.05) was reported. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest gender differences in clinical and personality variables related with basal plasma testosterone level. In men, high plasma testosterone levels were associated with clinical traits, substance abuse and hypomania. Women with higher basal testosterone levels showed higher scores on personality self-direction traits.

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The effect of sanctions on cooperation depends on social and cultural norms. While free riding is kept at bay by altruistic punishment in certain cultures, antisocial punishment carried out by free riders pushes back cooperation in others. In this paper we analyze sanctions in both a standard public goods game with a linear production function and an otherwise identical social dilemma in which the minimum contribution determines the group outcome. Experiments were run in a culture with traditionally high antisocial punishment (Southern Europe). We replicate the detrimental effect of antisocial sanctions on cooperation in the linear case. However, we find that punishment is still widely effective when actions are complementary: the provision of the public good significantly and substantially increases with sanctions, participants punish significantly less and sanctions radically transform conditional cooperation patterns to generate significant welfare gains.

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Este artigo de revisão de literatura examinou o construto da psicopatia associado ao desenvolvimento da personalidade em crianças e adolescentes, privilegiando as questões diagnósticas incipientes. Observou-se que a busca de uma terminologia mais apropriada para descrever as manifestações desviantes precoces, a construção e utilização de instrumentos de avaliação dirigidos à psicopatia em jovens, bem como a estabilidade dos sintomas ao longo do desenvolvimento, têm sido preocupações recorrentes nas pesquisas atuais. Pode-se afirmar que a presença de traços de psicopatia na infância e adolescência ainda suscita questionamentos, demandando por estudos empíricos que explorem aspectos evolutivos e a etiologia multifatorial do construto, preferencialmente, dentro da concepção geral dos transtornos de personalidade.

This literature review article examined the psychopathy construct associated to the development of personality in children and adolescents focusing on the incipient diagnostic issues. It was observed that the search for a more appropriate terminology for describing the early deviant manifestations, the building and using of instruments of evaluation directed to psychopathy in youngsters as well as the stability of the symptoms during growth have been recurrent issues in current researches. It can be affirmed that the presence of psychopathy traits in childhood and adolescence still raises doubts, requiring empirical studies which explore the evolutive aspects and the multifactorial etiology, preferentially within the general conception of personality disorders.

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Este artigo de revisão de literatura examinou o construto da psicopatia associado ao desenvolvimento da personalidade em crianças e adolescentes, privilegiando as questões diagnósticas incipientes. Observou-se que a busca de uma terminologia mais apropriada para descrever as manifestações desviantes precoces, a construção e utilização de instrumentos de avaliação dirigidos à psicopatia em jovens, bem como a estabilidade dos sintomas ao longo do desenvolvimento, têm sido preocupações recorrentes nas pesquisas atuais. Pode-se afirmar que a presença de traços de psicopatia na infância e adolescência ainda suscita questionamentos, demandando por estudos empíricos que explorem aspectos evolutivos e a etiologia multifatorial do construto, preferencialmente, dentro da concepção geral dos transtornos de personalidade.(AU)

This literature review article examined the psychopathy construct associated to the development of personality in children and adolescents focusing on the incipient diagnostic issues. It was observed that the search for a more appropriate terminology for describing the early deviant manifestations, the building and using of instruments of evaluation directed to psychopathy in youngsters as well as the stability of the symptoms during growth have been recurrent issues in current researches. It can be affirmed that the presence of psychopathy traits in childhood and adolescence still raises doubts, requiring empirical studies which explore the evolutive aspects and the multifactorial etiology, preferentially within the general conception of personality disorders.(AU)

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Considerando que a preferência musical é pouco estudada para compreensão do comportamento anti-social, pretenderam-se conhecer as relações que esse construto guarda com os comportamentos desviantes, tendo em conta também as atitudes frente ao uso de maconha. Contou-se com uma amostra de 548 estudantes do ensino médio de escolas públicas (46,4 por cento) e privadas (53,6 por cento), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (54,9 por cento). Os participantes responderam à Escala de Preferência Musical, Escala de Atitudes frente ao Uso de Maconha e Escala de Condutas Anti-sociais e Delitivas, além de perguntas de caráter sociodemográfico. Os resultados indicaram que a preferência por estilos musicais anticonvencionais (heavy metal e rap) se correlacionou diretamente com as atitudes favoráveis frente ao uso de maconha e com os comportamentos anti-sociais e delitivos. Por outro lado, a preferência pelos estilos convencionais (pop music e música religiosa) apresentou um padrão de correlação inverso com essas variáveis. Foram observadas diferenças na preferência musical, nas atitudes frente ao uso de maconha e nos comportamentos anti-sociais e delitivos em função do sexo, tendo as mulheres se ajustado mais aos padrões convencionais vigentes. Esses resultados são consistentes com os previamente publicados. Conclui-se, todavia, que existe ainda um longo caminho a se explorar para que se possa oferecer uma explicação definitiva sobre a influência das preferências musicais.

As there are not many studies about musical preferences as an antisocial behavior understanding method , this study aimed to raise possible relation among this construct and deviant behaviors, considering also the attitudes toward marijuana use. This sample was composed by 548 high school students from public (46.4 percent) and private (53.6 percent) schools, most of them female (54.9 percent). They had answered the Musical Preference Scale, Attitudes toward Marijuana Use Scale and Antisocial and Deviant Behaviors Scale, besides demographic questions Results have indicated that the preference for unconventional musical styles (heavy metal, rap) was directly correlated to attitudes favorable toward marijuana use and antisocial and deviant behaviors. On the other hand, the conventional styles preference (pop music, gospel music) showed an inverse correlation pattern with these variables. Differences were observed in the musical preference, attitudes toward marijuana use, and antisocial and deviant behaviors according to sex, in which women are more adjusted to the conventional patterns. These findings are consistent, compared to the previous published ones. Nevertheless, there is a long path to follow for a definitive explanation about musical preference influence.

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