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Background: In knee osteoarthritis (OA), medial meniscus extrudes both medially and anteriorly. We reported that full-length width of medial tibial osteophyte, which comprises cartilage and bone parts, is directly associated with medial meniscus extrusion in early-stage knee OA and hypothesized that anterior tibial osteophyte (ATO) is also associated with anterior meniscus extrusion (AME). Thus, we aimed to examine their prevalence and relationship. Methods: Elderly subjects (638 females and 507 males; average 72.9 years old) in the Bunkyo Health Study cohort were enrolled. MRI-detected OA changes were evaluated according to the Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score. ATO was evaluated using the method which can assess both cartilage and bone parts of osteophyte by pseudo-coloring images of proton density-weighted fat-suppressed MRI. Results: Most subjects showed the Kellgren-Lawrence grade 1/2 of the medial knee OA (88.1%), AME (94.3%, 3.7 â€‹± â€‹2.2 â€‹mm), and ATO (99.6%, 4.2 â€‹± â€‹1.5 â€‹mm). Among the OA changes, AME was most closely associated with full-length width of ATO (multivariable ߠ​= â€‹0.877, p â€‹< â€‹0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for determining the presence of AME as evaluated by ATO width was 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.60-0.84, p â€‹< â€‹0.001). The odds ratio for the presence of AME as evaluated by ATO width at 2.9 â€‹mm was 7.16 (4.23-12.15, p â€‹< â€‹0.001, age, gender, BMI, and K-L adjusted). Conclusions: AME and ATO were inevitably observed in the elderly subjects and AME was closely associated with full-length width of ATO. Our study provides the first evidence on the close relationship between AME and ATO in knee OA.

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Background Some pediatric endocrinologists recommend that girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) have cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed only if they are younger than 6 years of age. However, no practice guidelines exist. The objective of this review was to assess the frequency of intracranial lesions in girls with CPP. Content We searched six electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, SCOPUS, ProQuest, and Dissertation & Theses) from 1990 through December 2015. We included studies on girls with CPP and MRI data. Case reports, case series, studies from the same author/group with the same patient population, and studies with conditions predisposing to CPP were excluded. Two physicians independently reviewed the search results and extracted data. A random-effects model was used to obtain pooled prevalence of positive MRI's across studies. Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated with the Q-statistic. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots and Egger's test. Pooled prevalence was computed by age group. A linear regression assessed the relationship between intracranial lesion prevalence and healthcare availability. We included 15 studies with a total of 1853 girls <8 year old evaluated for CPP. Summary The pooled prevalence from all studies was 0.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06-0.12]. There was a significant heterogeneity, indicating the appropriateness of a random effects model in computing pooled prevalence. In the few studies stratified by age group, pooled prevalence was 25% in girls <6 years vs. 3% in girls 6-8 of age. Outlook Our results support that the benefit of routine MRIs in girls with CPP older than 6 years of age without any neurological concerns is not clear-cut.

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This paper presents a review of the literature concerning radio-visualization of non-specific postmortem changes in the cardiovascular system during computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The peculiar radiological characteristics of postmortem blood clots and cadaveric hypostases in the internal organs are described. It is emphasized that postmortem CT and MRI can not replace the pathological anatomical studies and forensic medical autopsy. Roentgenologists engaged in the postmortem examination of the bodies must have relevant knowledge of pathological anatomy and forensic medicine (namely, they must be aware of the non-specific postmortem changes) to be able to adequately interpret the tomograms obtained and correctly establish the diagnosis. It is recommended that the postmortem CT and MRI images should be used as an additional material for the traditional autopsy, e.g. as a preliminary 'guide' preceding the postmortem examination.