RESUMEN
The year 2023 marked the 60th anniversary of screening newborns in the United States for diseases that benefit from early identification and intervention. All around the world, the goal of NBS is to facilitate timely diagnosis and management to improve individual health outcomes in all newborns regardless of their place of birth, economic circumstances, ability to pay for treatment, and access to healthcare. Advances in technology to screen and treat disease have led to a rapid increase in the number of screened conditions, and innovations in genomics are expected to exponentially expand this number further. A system where all newborns are screened, coupled with rapid technological innovation, provides a unique opportunity to improve pediatric health outcomes and advance children's rights, including the unique rights of sick and disabled children. This is especially timely as we approach the 100th anniversary of the 1924 Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child, which includes children's right to healthcare, and the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child that expanded upon this aspect and affirmed each child's right to the highest attainable standard of health. In this manuscript, we provide background on the evolving recognition of the rights of children and the foundational rights to healthcare and non-discrimination, provide two examples that highlight issues to access and equity in newborn screening that may limit a child's right to healthcare and best possible outcomes, detail ways the current approach to newborn screening advances the rights of the child, and finally, propose that the incorporation of genomics into newborn screening presents a useful case study to recognize and uphold the rights of every child.
RESUMEN
In this article, we apply the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to the private equity (PE) business model. PE firms often adopt a controversial, 'value extractive', business model based on high debt and extreme cost-cutting to generate investor returns. PE firms own large numbers of companies, including in many rights-related sectors. The model is linked to increased human rights risks to workers, housing tenants, and in privatized health and social care. We map these risks and analyse the human rights responsibilities of PE firms. Our analysis has major implications for understandings of human rights responsibility. We argue that value extractive methods are the root cause of eventual harm to human rights, even though they may not harm rights directly. To respect human rights, PE firms must mitigate the risks of these value extractive methods. We define how human rights due diligence (HRDD) could achieve this and argue that given the extent of harm and the lack of a business case for adopting such a view of human rights responsibility, business strategy level HRDD should be a core component of forthcoming HRDD laws.
RESUMEN
Public pressure is essential for providing multinational enterprises (MNEs) with motivation to follow the standards of human rights conduct set in soft-law instruments, such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. But how does the public judge MNE involvement in human rights violations? We empirically answer this question drawing on an original survey of American adults. We asked respondents to judge over 12,000 randomly generated scenarios in which MNEs may be considered to have been involved in human rights violations. Our findings reveal substantial gaps between public judgments and the standards set in soft law and the normative literature. We identify the attributes of episodes of human rights violations involving MNEs that influence public judgments, including the relationship between the MNE and the perpetrator, the practice of due diligence, and the type of abuse. These results provide insights as to when we might expect public pressure to drive MNE compliance with soft-law instruments, and they direct attention to specific standards that will likely require stronger, 'hard' law approaches or broader efforts to shift the public's view.
RESUMEN
Introduction This research, through the analysis of the case-law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR), seeks to shed light on the nexus between families of the missing' claims, their agency and State compliance with reparations. The IACtHR has a unique follow-up system in the area of reparations, where victims can directly address the judges during hearings. This paper suggests that victims' participation - before and after the judgment- pervades the legal rigidity of international jurisdictions and contributes to a better understanding of reparations. INTRODUCTION: The number of forcibly displaced immigrants seeking asylum in the United States continues to rapidly increase. Movement from Latin America to the United States was the third-largest migration worldwide in 2017 (Leyva-Flores et al., 2019). As migration patterns change, understanding the background and trauma profile of newly displaced populations is essential to meet their health needs and aid successful resettlement. University-affiliated student-run asylum clinics conduct a growing number of forensic medical evaluations of asylum seekers and provide a vital lens to study changes in this population's profile over time. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of the first 102 asylum seekers receiving forensic medical evaluations between 2019 and 2021 at a university-affiliated student- run clinic, reporting demographics; trauma, medical, and mental health histories; referral patterns; and legal outcomes. Bivariate statistics were used to investigate the relationship between past trauma and mental health outcomes. RESULTS: Clients reported an average of 4.4 different types of physical, psychological, and sexual ill-treatment per person. The current mental health burden was extensive with 86.9 percent of clients reporting symptoms of PTSD and/or depression. Clinician-student teams evaluated clients within a clinic structure deploying a continuous improvement model to reduce common barriers to forensic evaluations and promote longitudinal follow- up and referrals. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates the complexity of trauma exposure reported by asylum seekers, contributes to the evidence on how trauma results in mental health outcomes, and describes trauma-centred clinic adaptations that reduce barriers to forensic evaluations known to improve the rates of legal protection.
Asunto(s)
Refugiados , Clínica Administrada por Estudiantes , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Refugiados/psicología , Derechos Humanos , Salud Mental , EstudiantesRESUMEN
During the 2021 mass protests in Colombia, and while international calls for the Colombian government to respect human rights were intensifying, Canada's position remained somewhat ambiguous. Part of Canada's ambiguity can be explained by a simplistic characterization of Colombia as a "weak state." This article assesses Canada's bilateral relationship by historizing the development of Colombia's governance in the key overlapping sectors of security, human rights, and natural resources. From extensive fieldwork, we distinguish two competing rationalities based on the articulation of the notions of "conflict" and "dissent" with the notion of the "rule of law." We believe that Canada's bilateral relation with Colombia in the last decades has overlooked the contradictions that exist between democratizing rationalities and antipolitical rationalities. As a result, Canada's foreign policy has been based on an overly simplistic conception of the relationship between development, security, and the rule of law.
RESUMEN
The relationship between health and human rights has gained growing importance, whether in activist agendas or in governments strategies to face the challenging scenarios of global public health. However, there are important gaps to be filled so that the articulation between these two fields develops its full potential, and the question of knowledge plays a key role in this regard. This study aims at examining the possibilities and challenges of integrating a human rights perspective into the construction and validation of health knowledge, based on the contribution of authors from various theoretical traditions that have discussed the so-called 'hermeneutic turn' in contemporary philosophy and science. The thesis developed is that recognizing the place of hermeneutics in human rationality and its consequences for understanding various forms of knowledge and their respective practical meanings is a fundamental step towards an effective articulation between the fields of health and human rights. I argue that the hermeneutic rescue of the value of practical reason can enhance emancipatory reconstructions in the exercise of cognitive-instrumental rationality in the field of health.
Asunto(s)
Derechos Humanos , Filosofía , Humanos , HermenéuticaRESUMEN
Since the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) were adopted by the UN Human Rights Council in 2011, they have diffused into policy frameworks, laws, and regulations across the globe. This special issue seeks to advance the interdisciplinary field of human rights research by examining key elements of the emerging transnational regime for the regulation of business and human rights. In seven original contributions, scholars from political science, law, accounting, and philosophy critically reflect on the theoretical foundations of the UNGPs, they analyze the effectiveness of implementation mechanisms and current regulatory practice, and they advance proposals for the future development of the business and human rights regime. In this introduction, we prepare the ground for these analyses, proceeding in three steps. Firstly, we argue that the adoption of the UNGPs has triggered a norm cascade which requires a distinctive, empirically oriented research agenda focusing on the scope, governance, and effectiveness of corporate human rights accountability norms and instruments. Secondly, we explain how the articles in this special issue contribute to that research agenda by addressing these themes. Thirdly, we provide an overview of the individual contributions and point out avenues for future research.
RESUMEN
After the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) were adopted in 2011, an international treaty has been being negotiated since 2014. The two instruments reveal similarities and also conflicts regarding the adequate organization of the global economy based on human rights. The focus in this article will be on the processes leading to these instruments, because they themselves mirror different understandings of governance in the field of business and human rights as well as the struggle over the power of definition and legitimacy. The UNGPs were developed on the basis of global multi-stakeholder consultations, underlining legitimacy through broad inclusion. There are varying judgements as to the success of this approach. The process towards the treaty follows the traditional path of negotiations at UN level. These negotiations reveal a struggle for recognition of the legitimacy of the process itself. Both procedures have shortcomings with regard to legitimacy and show the need for a revision concerning the inclusion of stakeholders. The complementarity of a soft and hard law instrument may enhance the creation of a level playing field in the global economy, thereby strengthening human rights.
RESUMEN
Resumen Este texto pretende identificar y comprender las representaciones sociales de mujeres desplazadas por causa del conflicto armado colombiano de la vereda Granizal y el municipio de Turbo (Antioquia) en torno a procesos transicionales en escenarios de posacuerdo en Colombia. La metodología se construyó a partir del enfoque fenomenológico-hermenéutico a través de entrevistas en profundidad y semiestructuradas. Los resultados de esta investigación demuestran que, ante el impacto y consecuencias del desplazamiento forzado, las mujeres han construido formas individuales y colectivas de afrontamiento y resistencia para la reconstrucción de sus vidas, siendo los procesos y acciones transicionales del Estado ineficientes para garantizar el acceso a sus derechos, por lo que diariamente afrontan condiciones de exclusión, pobreza y violencia, que les permite afirmar que el discurso transicional del Estado Colombiano puede ser banal y mentiroso.
Abstract This text aims to identify and to understand the social representations of women displaced by the Colombian armed conflict in the village of Granizal and the Municipality of Turbo, Antioquia, regarding transitional processes in post-agreement scenarios in Colombia. The methodology was based on the phenomenological-hermeneutic approach through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The results of this research show that faced with the impact and consequences of forced displacement, women have built individual and collective forms of coping and resistance for the reconstruction of their lives, being the transitional processes and actions of the State inefficient to guarantee access to their rights. Hence, they daily face conditions of exclusion, poverty, and violence, which allows them to affirm that the transitional discourse of the Colombian State can be banal and deceiving.
RESUMEN
Resumen Hay que recordar que durante la época colonial la esclavitud no era un simple asunto de racismo como podría entenderse, en el que a alguien excluye a otro por el color de su piel. La esclavitud era una institución, esto es, que en términos políticos hacía parte de la oferta y demanda de bienes y servicios y por lo tanto los esclavos eran una mercancía más, no es nuevo mencionarlo, pero ello significa que en el marco de las políticas económicas el esclavo hacía parte de las estadísticas y de las leyes de comercio, reforzado esto por algunas justificaciones ideológicas y filosóficas. Hay que tener en cuenta que la esclavitud y su dinámica de reconfiguración, fue una realidad en toda América Latina y el Caribe hasta mediados del siglo XX
Abstract It must be remembered that during the colonial era, slavery was not a simple matter of racism as it could be understood, in which someone excludes another because of the color of his skin. Slavery was an institution, that is, in political terms, it was part of the supply and demand of goods and services, and, therefore, slaves were just another commodity. It is not new to mention it, but this means that in the framework of economic policies, the slave was part of the statistics and trade laws, reinforced by some ideological and philosophical justifications. It should be noted that slavery, and its dynamic reconfiguration, were a reality throughout Latin America and the Caribbean until the middle of the twentieth century.
RESUMEN
Mental health problems are almost ignored in Bangladesh, one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The lack of overall health literacy and human resources due to an ineffectively updated legal and regulatory framework, coupled with very limited but misused budget allocation, are some of the factors responsible for this. The country's Constitution recognises the importance of public health and stipulates the improvement of public health as an important primary duty of the state. Nevertheless, it is often compromised or neglected in favour of other socioeconomic development priorities. The Lunacy Act 1912 was recently repealed and substituted by the Mental Health Act 2018 to fill in various gaps in mental health law. This is a welcome development, but there remain limitations and scope for further improvement. We highlight some important provisions of this newly enacted law, identify some limitations and propose some issues for consideration in future policy reform.
RESUMEN
Statelessness not only triggers crises within the boundaries of a state, but these crises often spread along borders. The Rohingya refugee crisis, resulting from systematic state atrocities towards a stateless community, has resulted in a massive wave of forced migration to neighbouring Bangladesh. Subsequently, the large number of refugees is exerting enormous pressure on the economy of this developing nation. The crisis can be understood from the perspectives of both human concerns and Bangladesh's traditional security concerns. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic is bringing additional challenges. This study investigates and examines the nature of the dilemma faced by the Bangladesh government in its foreign policy strategy over the Rohingya refugee crisis. It is argued that Bangladesh is facing dual challenges from the national and human security perspectives, and that the regional interests of major players, such as India, China, Russia and Japan, are determining the country's policy stance. It is also argued that the plight of the Rohingya people through their statelessness has become less decisive in the major powers' diplomatic calculations. The findings suggest that Bangladesh should accentuate its efforts to internationalise the issue and engage in a vigilant balancing between the major players for the repatriation of refugees, while, at the same time, exerting bilateral pressure on Myanmar.
RESUMEN
O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o direito de acesso aos benefícios do desenvolvimento científico-tecnológico, tendo as vacinas contra aCOVID-19 como referência de estudo. O texto se sustenta metodologicamente em artigos da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos da UNESCO(DUBDH) que tem relação direta com a situação proposta. O estudo inicia com a apresentação da DUBDH e breve histórico de seus pressupostos básicos. Com base nos Artigos 21 e 24 que tratam respectivamente das Práticas Transnacionais e Cooperação Internacional, a reflexão indica mudanças significativas recentes com relação à universalidade do acesso à saúde, substituída nas instâncias da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e Banco Mundial pela proposta de cobertura universal à saúde, com significado e alcance bastante diversos. A partir do Artigo 13 da DUBDH, que trata da Solidariedade e Cooperação, o texto defende o conceito de solidariedade cooperativa, fundamentado na concepção clássica bilateral de solidariedade como ajuda de países poderosos a outros mais necessitados, embora essa possibilidade seja com frequência substituída por situações da chamada solidariedade exploratória. Finalmente, com base no Artigo 15, que trata do Compartilhamento de Benefícios central para o presente estudo é apresentada uma análise comparativa entre: a) fatos históricos relacionados com a permissão para quebra de patentes no âmbito da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) que possibilitaram acesso amplo às terapias antirretrovirais para controle do HIV/AIDS; e b) fatos que passaram acontecer a partir de 2020 com a pandemia de COVID-19 com relação ao direito do acesso às vacinas.
This paper aims to analyze the right to access the benefits of scientific and technological development, using the vaccines against COVID-19 as a study case. The text is methodologically supported by articles in the UNESCOUniversal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (DBHR) that have a direct relationship with the proposed situation. The study begins with the presentation of the DUBDH and a brief history of its basic assumptions. Based on Articles 21 and 24, which deal respectively with TransnationalPractices and International Cooperation, the reflection indicates recent significant changes in relation to the universality of access to health, replaced in the instances of the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank for the proposal of universalhealth coverage, with a very different meaning and scope. Based on Article 13 of the DUBDH, which deals with Solidarity and Cooperation, the text defends the concept of cooperative solidarity, based on the classic bilateral conception of solidarity as help from rich countries to others most in need, although this possibility is with frequency replaced by situations of the so-called exploratory solidarity. Finally, based on Article 15, which deals with Sharing of Benefits central to the present study a comparative analysis is presented between: a) historical facts related to the permission to break patents within the scope of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that enabled broad access to antiretroviral therapies to control HIV/AIDS; and b) facts that have happened since 2020 with the COVID-19 pandemic regarding the right of access to vaccines.
El objetivo del trabajo es analizar el derecho de acceso a los beneficios del desarrollo científico y tecnológico, utilizando vacunas contra COVID-19 como referencia del estudio. El texto se apoya metodológicamente en artículos de la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos de la UNESCO(DUBDH) que tienen una relación directa con la situación propuesta. El estudio comienza con la presentación de la DUBDH y un breve histórico de sus supuestos básicos. Con base en los artículos 21 y 24, que tratan respectivamente de Prácticas Transnacionales y Cooperación Internacional, la reflexión señala cambios significativos recientes en relación a la universalidad de acceso a la salud, reemplazada en las instancias de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y Banco Mundial por la propuesta de cobertura universal de salud, con un significado y alcance muy diferente. Con base en el artículo 13 de la DUBDH, que trata de Solidaridad y Cooperación, el texto defiende el concepto de solidaridad cooperativa, partiendo de la clásica concepción bilateral de la solidaridad como ayuda de los países ricos a otros más necesitados, aunque esta posibilidad es sustituidacon frecuencia por situaciones de la llamada solidaridad exploratoria. Finalmente, conbase en el artículo 15, que trata del Aprovechamiento Compartido de los Beneficios fundamental para el presente estudiose presenta un análisis comparativo entre: a) hechos históricos relacionados con el permiso para romper patentes en el ámbito de laOrganización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) que permitió un amplio acceso a terapias antirretrovirales para controlar el VIH/SIDA; y b) hechos ocurridos desde 2020 con la pandemia de COVID-19 en relación al derecho de acceso a las vacunas.
RESUMEN
In the articulation between research and health intervention, we see the need to situate comprehensive sexuality education in the triangle formed by the salutogenic approach, the mainstreaming of gender and human rights, and the development of competencies in health promotion. For this purpose, we present a set of investigations carried out in Ecuador and Spain through a qualitative methodology with the respective health interventions that seek to obtain significant results of the teaching-learning process on sexuality. The field work contemplates situations of violence as a health problem, orienting the intervention in health empowerment toward pleasure. The health education experiences implemented allow us to conclude that comprehensive sexuality education reinforces the competencies of health personnel to attend to diversity. These findings, and the results expected in ongoing research, allow us to form a competency framework aimed at specifically improving medical education so that medical professionals can generate health processes with a cross-cutting approach to gender and human rights.
Asunto(s)
Derechos Humanos , Sexualidad , Ecuador , Promoción de la Salud , Humanos , EspañaRESUMEN
The article is devoted to voluntary informed consent. It considers the historical issues of the formation of this concept in modern health care and medical science. The article highlights a historical role of the Nuremberg Code which was taken as the basis for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the World Medical Association (WMA) Code of Ethics, the Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, i.e. documents that defined the world order after the end of World War II.
Asunto(s)
Bioética , Consentimiento Informado , Humanos , Consentimiento Informado/historiaRESUMEN
Health care needs of menopausal women and availability of corresponding services through health systems are under-researched. This two-stage observational study examined the prevalence of menopausal symptoms among middle-aged women in four rural and semi-urban communities in Kavrepalanchok, Nepal and explored sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care providers' readiness to provide menopausal health care. We recruited 252 women aged 40-59 years in the pre-, peri- and post-menopausal phases of the menopausal transition, and interviewed 20 SRH primary care providers. The cross-sectional survey provided data on the prevalence of menopausal symptoms, disaggregated by women's socioeconomic characteristics, health behaviours and biological features, while data on the knowledge, skills and willingness of SRH care providers to deliver menopausal care were derived from interviews. Most women (84.9%) reported experiencing one or more adverse menopausal symptoms. Socioeconomically and geographically marginalised women were more likely to report experiencing severe menopausal symptoms that would require medical assistance than their more privileged counterparts. Sexual and reproductive health service providers were willing, albeit with limited knowledge and skills, to assess menopausal women's needs and provide menopausal care. They recommended incorporating menopausal care in SRH policies and training and logistics to provide the services. Culturally, economically and geographically marginalised women experienced a higher prevalence of menopausal symptoms. Sexual and reproductive health policies and programmes of the government should expand beyond women of childbearing age or adolescents to include menopausal women's needs.
RESUMEN
The need to prioritise those furthest behind is well understood in global health circles, and how human rights norms and standards can help often touted. As rights concerns are particularly recognised in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programming, as part of a larger exercise, a review was conducted to identify documented barriers and facilitators to implementation. Given the role global guidance plays in implementing rights-based approaches to SRH, UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP) guidelines, tools, recommendations and guidance that include the explicit mention of human rights principles served as the basis for this exercise. This was followed by an extensive review of the literature. Sources reviewed confirmed barriers include not only broad structural, policy and health systems barriers but financial, staffing and time constraints, as well as lack of understanding of concretely how to include human rights in these efforts. Facilitators include the existence of human rights champions, leadership, strong civil society participation, training, and funding made available specifically for implementation. Investment in indicators and documentation sensitive to human rights is warranted in sexual and reproductive health, as well as other health topics, to best serve populations who need them most.
Asunto(s)
Salud Reproductiva , Salud Sexual , Derechos Humanos , Humanos , Reproducción , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos , Conducta SexualRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: People with SMI have often been excluded in advocacy efforts focused on physical health, health care and health and social policy. OBJECTIVE: Following a Photovoice project focused on barriers to healthy eating and physical activity in urban neighbourhoods, participant-researchers were invited to present their insights in community advocacy settings. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility and participant-researchers' experience of these community advocacy activities. DESIGN: We held four focus groups with the eight participant-researchers after each community advocacy activity to explore their experience with public speaking, presenting their experiences and advocating. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: People with serious mental illness who were overweight/obese living in supportive housing. ANALYSIS APPROACH: Qualitative analysis of the focus group transcripts, using a modified grounded theory approach followed by structured coding focused on empowerment, participation and non-discrimination. RESULTS: Participant-researchers gave three oral presentations of their photographs at a variety of community-based programmes and settings and participated in a rally to advocate for SNAP benefits. Two themes emerged from analysis: (a) Empowerment (the level of choice, influence and control that users of mental health services can exercise over events in their lives) and (b) Barriers to Empowerment (obstacles to participation and well-being). CONCLUSIONS: This evaluation strengthens the evidence that it is feasible for participant-researchers in Photovoice projects to engage in robust advocacy activities, such as presentations and discussions with local policymakers. During focus groups, participant-researchers demonstrated realistic optimism towards their roles as change agents and influencers in spite of acknowledged systemic barriers.
Asunto(s)
Personas con Discapacidad , Justicia Social , Ejercicio Físico , Grupos Focales , Humanos , ObesidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Compulsory admission procedures of patients with mental disorders vary between countries in Europe. The Ethics Committee of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) launched a survey on involuntary admission procedures of patients with mental disorders in 40 countries to gather information from all National Psychiatric Associations that are members of the EPA to develop recommendations for improving involuntary admission processes and promote voluntary care. METHODS: The survey focused on legislation of involuntary admissions and key actors involved in the admission procedure as well as most common reasons for involuntary admissions. RESULTS: We analyzed the survey categorical data in themes, which highlight that both medical and legal actors are involved in involuntary admission procedures. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that legal reasons for compulsory admission should be reworded in order to remove stigmatization of the patient, that raising awareness about involuntary admission procedures and patient rights with both patients and family advocacy groups is paramount, that communication about procedures should be widely available in lay-language for the general population, and that training sessions and guidance should be available for legal and medical practitioners. Finally, people working in the field need to be constantly aware about the ethical challenges surrounding compulsory admissions.
Asunto(s)
Coerción , Internamiento Obligatorio del Enfermo Mental/ética , Internamiento Obligatorio del Enfermo Mental/legislación & jurisprudencia , Hospitalización , Trastornos Mentales , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Stigma is one of the most important barriers to help-seeking and to personal recovery for people suffering from mental disorders. Stigmatizing attitudes are present among mental health professionals with negative effects on the quality of health care. METHODS: Network and moderator analysis were used to identify what path determines stigma, considering demographic and professional variables, personality traits, and burnout dimensions in a sample of mental health professionals (n = 318) from six Community Mental Health Services. The survey included the Attribution Questionnaire-9, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. RESULTS: The personality trait of openness to new experiences resulted to determine lower levels of stigma. Burnout (personal accomplishment) interacted with emotional stability in predicting stigma, and specifically, for subjects with lower emotional stability lower levels of personal accomplishment were associated with higher levels of stigma. CONCLUSIONS: Some personality traits may be accompanied by better empathic and communication skills, and may have a protective role against stigma. Moreover, burnout can increase stigma, in particular in subjects with specific personality traits. Assessing personality and burnout levels could help in identifying mental health professionals at higher risk of developing stigma. Future studies should determine whether targeted interventions in mental health professionals at risk of developing stigma may be effective in stigma prevention.