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BACKGROUND: Embryonic hepatic artery anatomy simplifies its identification during liver transplantation. Injuries to the donor hepatic artery can cause complications in this process. The hepatic artery's complex anatomy in adults makes this step challenging; however, during embryonic development, the artery and its branches have a simpler relationship. By restoring the embryonic hepatic artery anatomy, surgeons can reduce the risk of damage and increase the procedure's success rate. This approach can lead to improved patient outcomes and lower complication rates. CASE SUMMARY: In this study, we report a case of donor liver preparation using a donor hepatic artery preparation based on human embryology. During the preparation of the hepatic artery, we restored the anatomy of the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and their branches to the state of the embryo at 5 wk. This allowed us to dissect the variant hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery and left gastric artery during the operation. After implanting the donor liver into the recipient, we observed normal blood flow in the donor hepatic artery, main hepatic artery, and variant hepatic artery, without any leakage. CONCLUSION: Donor hepatic artery preparation based on human embryology can help reduce the incidence of donor hepatic artery injuries during liver transplantation.

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The transmural ultrasound allows for the definition of the normal appearance of the hoof tissues and internal structures. Determining such measurements and proportions could contribute to evaluations of the normal spatial distal phalanx-hoof relationship. The objective was to describe the hoof's dermis and epidermis measurements using the transmural technique, in comparison with DR and anatomical sections. Sixty-two healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of 30 anatomical pieces (phase 1) and 32 alive horse hooves (phase 2), and 16 sagittal sections of the first ones were used. The proximal and distal planes were compared, defining the following measurements: coronary band-extensor process, distal phalanx apex-hoof wall, sole dermis, middle stratum, parietal dermis, lamellar layer, the sublamellar dermis, and ratios between them. Most of the measurements were consistent among methods. Some showed measurement differences and a minority was impossible to determine. The transmural technique allowed for the observation and replication of measurements of the hoof structures, described with other diagnostic aids. It also allowed for the implementation of new measurements that would help to determine the spatial location of the distal phalanx. Additionally, it contributes to the visualization of normal findings, which will be useful to compare variations in the different phases of laminitis.

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BACKGROUND: To evaluate the root anatomy, root canal morphology and the anatomical relationship between the roots and maxillary sinus of maxillary second premolars by CBCT in a western Chinese population. METHODS: A total of 1118 CBCT scans of the maxillary second premolars were collected from West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University. Information below were measured on axial, coronal and sagittal sections, recorded and evaluated properly: the number of roots and canals, the morphology of canal system classified by Vertucci standard, the inter-orifice distance of canal orifices, the curvature of each canal and the distance from root tip to maxillary sinus floor. RESULTS: Among the 1118 teeth, 94.2% (1053) are single-rooted and 55.1% (616) have one canal. Type I (55.1%) is the commonest root canal morphology followed by Type II (31.9%). The mean inter-orifice distance (IOD) for multi-canal teeth ranging from 2.72 ± 0.32 to 3.41 ± 0.11 mm. Of 1622 canals, 38.8% (630) curvature are mesiodistal and 30.9% (501) are straight canals. The distance from root tip to maxillary sinus floor increased with age and the mean distance of single-rooted ones is 2.47 ± 3.45 mm. CONCLUSIONS: All kinds of canal morphology category can be detected in maxillary second premolars. The IOD might be a predictable factor for root canal morphology. Roots of maxillary second premolars are related to maxillary sinus which should be treated carefully.

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According to the basic assumption of pain research, the activity of pain matrix shows an increase in functional neuroimaging studies during nociceptive stimulation whose extent is correlated with the intensity of the stimulus and that of the emerged experience of pain. Research conducted over the past decade has questioned this assumption. In order to understand the controversial findings I have reviewed new results of pain research. In order to get to know more about "hardware", I reviewed the direct relationships between members of the pain network. With a view to understand the mechanism of the development of pain perception, the "software", I give a brief description of the functioning of the salient as well as attention and executive control network. To have a better understanding of "hardware", I examined the behavior of the pain network of patients incapable of feeling pain in aversive situations. In the review I introduced the thought-provoking knowledge of the pain for all experts, regardless of this specialty by presenting the results of pain research.

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Objective To study the anatomical characteristics of sectional clivus region and to provide anatomical data for the operation of the clivus regoin.Methods Continuous thin sections(transverse position and coronal position)from two head specimens were performed with freezing milling technique.Observed the anatomical relationship and anatomical characteristics of the clivus region,and finished the three dimensional reconstruction based on the data of sections.Results Totally obtained 320 transverse sections and 232 coronary sections.The related structures were described in 4 typical sections,and three dimensional reconstruction of the clivus region were produced.Conclusion Combinationof section anatomy and three dimensional reconstruction can stereoscopically display the anatomical characters of the clivus re -gion.The three dimensional models could continuously and dynamically display the anatomic structures.

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AIM: The study aimed to investigate the proximity of maxillary posterior teeth roots to maxillary sinus and measure the distance of maxillary posterior teeth roots and the sinus floor as well as the thickness of bone between the roots and alveolar cortical bone using Denta scan®. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study samples include Denta scan® images of fifty patients with normally erupted bilateral maxillary first premolar to maxillary second molar. The vertical relationship of each tooth root with maxillary sinus is classified into four types of Denta scan® images (based on the classification by Jung in 2009). The distance between the sinus floor and root, and the bone thickness between the root and alveolar cortical plate will be measured and analyzed. CONCLUSION: The buccal root of the maxillary molars was more commonly protruded into the maxillary sinus. Among the roots of maxillary posterior teeth, mesiobuccal root of first molar and palatal root of second premolar were found in close proximity to the floor of maxillary sinus. The bone thickness on the buccal aspect to the root was significantly thinner in the maxillary first premolar and maxillary first molar as compared to other maxillary posterior teeth roots. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Knowledge of anatomical relationship between the maxillary posterior teeth and maxillary sinus guides us not only in proper preoperative treatment planning but also avoids the possible complications encounter while performing the minor oral surgical procedures involving maxillary posterior teeth, which are close to the maxillary sinus.

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AIM: To evaluate the anatomical relationship between the roots of mandibular second molars and the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in relation to the risk of potential nerve injury during root canal treatment. METHODOLOGY: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from the patient record database at a dental hospital were selected. The anonymized CBCT images were reconstructed and examined in three planes (coronal, axial and sagittal) using 3D viewing software. The relationship between each root apex of mandibular second molars and the IAN was evaluated by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances from coronal CBCT sections, and the actual distance was then calculated mathematically using Pythagoras' theorem. RESULTS: In 55% of the 272 mandibular second molar roots evaluated, from a total of 134 scans, the distance between the anatomical root apex and the IAN was ≤3 mm. CONCLUSIONS: In over 50% of the cases evaluated, there was an intimate relationship between the roots of mandibular second molars and the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Therefore, root canal treatment of mandibular second molars may pose a more significant potential risk of IAN injury; necessary precautions should be exercised, and the prudent use of CBCT should be considered if an intimate relationship is suspected.

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BACKGROUND: It is important to understand the anatomical relationship of the internal jugular vein (IJV) to the common carotid arteries (CCAs) to avoid inadvertent arterial injury. This study used computed tomography (CT) to evaluate this relationship and the changes associated with simulated 30o body rotation (SR30) in Korean subjects. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 81 healthy adult subjects was performed using CT during physical checkups between November 2012 and September 2013. Data on both the left and right side IJV and CCA were recorded at the level of the cricoid cartilage and analyzed. The CCA was used as a reference for estimating the IJV location; this was recorded as lateral, anterior, medial, or posterior, using a segmented grid. The degree of overlap was calculated as a percentage, and changes to the anatomic relationship and overlap percentage caused by SR30 were derived. RESULTS: Prior to simulating rotation, the IJV was lateral (54.3%), posterolateral (27.2%), anterolateral (17.9%), or anterior (0.6%) to the CCA. After SR30, their position moved significantly in the anterolateral direction (P = 0.000). The degree of overlap significantly increased from 42.0 to 91.4% after SR30 (P = 0.000). No significant difference was observed between results obtained on the right and left sides before or after SR30. CONCLUSIONS: Special attention should be paid to possible CCA puncture during IJV catheterization because head or body rotation may induce anterior shifting of the IJV location relative to the CCA as well as an increased degree of overlap.

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STUDY DESIGN: The relationships between aorta and thoracic vertebrae were analyzed by using MR images. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to provide information upon the thoracic aortic passage to prevent vascular compli-cations during anterior and posterior instrumentations for various spinal disorders and traumas. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: A number of morphometric investigations have been performed on the thoracic vertebrae, but the anatomical relationship between aorta and the thoracic vertebral body has not been analyzed. METHODS: The MR images of 32 patients with normal thoracic vertebral column were obtained. The angle between the transverse axis of the thoracic vertebral body and the thoracic aorta, the diameter of the thoracic aorta and the closest distance between the thoracic vertebral body and the thoracic aorta from T2 to T12 were measured on axial MR images. RESULTS: The smallest angle between the transverse axis of the thoracic vertebral body and the line connecting the centers of the vertebral body and aorta was 6.8 degrees/3.7 degrees(male/female) in the T5-6 region and highest angle observed was 56.3 degrees/55 degrees in the T12 region. The angle decreased between T2 and T5-6 and then increased after T6. The mean external diameter of the thoracic aorta was 32.8 mm, and the largest diameter of the thoracic aorta was 24.7/25.4 mm (M/F) in the T4-5 region. The aortic arch was first seen in the T2 region and it formed an arch in the T3-4 region. The shortest distance between the thoracic vertebral body and the thoracic aorta wall was 0.8/0.7 mm in the T12 region and the greatest distance between the vertebral body and the aorta was 11.84/6.75 mm in the T2-3 region. CONCLUSION: From T4 to T8, the aorta is located just left lateral to the vertebral body. In this area, the aorta is jeopardized by a screw penetrating the vertebral body during anterior instrumentation, if the screw protrudes beyond the pedicle during posterior instrumentation. The surgeon should be familiar with the anatomical relationship between aorta and the vertebral column when planning a surgical procedure or the use of instrumentation in this region.

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