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Carboxylates generation from banana (peel and pulp), coffee, and cacao fermentation agro-waste, upon uncontrolled and controlled pHs of 6.6 (heat-driven methanogens inactivation) and 5.2 (pH inactivation), was studied. Regarding volatile fatty acids (VFAs), acetic was the highest for cocoa (96.2 g kg-1TVS) at pH 4.5. However, butyric was relevant for banana pulp (90.7 g kg-1TVS), at controlled pH 6.6. The highest medium chain fatty acid (MCFAs) level was hexanoic (cocoa, 3.5 g kg-1TVS), while octanoic reached a maximum of 2.8 g kg-1TVS for coffee at pH 6.6. At pH 5.2 MCFAs yield was relatively low. Uncontrolled pH conditions, using banana resulted in superior VFAs production compared to controlled conditions. Thus, pH became a determining variable when deciding the time and kind of carboxylic acid to be recovered. The bacterial community at the end of the chain elongation process was dominated by phyla Firmicutes, and Clostridium as the most common genera.

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Lignin, a biological resource with great potential, can be as high as ∼16% of the total organics in the waste activated sludge (WAS). This work therefore aims to fill the knowledge gap about the effect of lignin on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production from anaerobic fermentation of sludge. Experimental results showed that lignin promoted rather than inhibited SCFAs production. Specifically, the presence of 15% lignin promoted the SCFAs production from 129.1 ± 6.5 to 223.14 ± 7.8 mg COD/g VSS compared with the control, and the proportion of acetic increased by 61.8%, while that of propionic decreased by 44.9%. Mechanism exploration revealed that lignin improved the solubilization of biodegradable substrates due to its hydrophobic characteristics. In addition, lignin enhanced the acidogenesis process, possibly by perfecting the electron transfer chain in the fermentation system, and the quinone structure in lignin may compete electrons with methanogens to inhibit the consumption of SCFAs. Microbiological analysis showed that the abundance of microorganisms related to acidogenesi, especially the acetogenesis, including Proteiniclasticum sp., Acetoanaerobium sp., in the fermenter with lignin increased, which caused the community to shift towards specialized and diverse SCFAs production.

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Selected yeasts for coffee fermentation are correlated with changes in chemical compounds and beverage sensory characteristics. This work aimed to evaluate the chemical and sensory modifications of coffee fermented with one yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543, Candida parapsilosis CCMA 0544, or Torulaspora delbrueckii CCMA 0684) and in co-inoculation (from two to two and the three together) by dry processing. Real-time PCR analyzes, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), liquid and gas chromatography, and sensory analysis were performed. Caparaó coffees showed a higher C. parapsilosis (6.14 Log cell.g-1) population followed by S. cerevisiae (5.85 Log cell.g-1) and T. delbrueckii (4.64 Log cell.g-1). The total phenolic content has a strong and positive correlation with the fermentation time and the roasted beans and a moderate and positive correlation with DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS. Coffee inoculated with T. delbrueckii reduced caffeine concentration during the fermentation process. In co-cultivation, the trigonelline concentration showed the most significant decrease (around 4 mg.g-1) when inoculated with S. cerevisiae and T. delbrueckii. Detection of some organic acids and volatile compounds during fermentation may indicate that the starter cultures used different metabolic routes. All co-inoculation treatments presented the best sensory scores (>86 points). In the inoculated fermentation, fruity, citric, molasses, freshness, and wine notes appeared. The co-inoculated treatment with S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543, C. parapsilosis CCMA 0544, and T. delbrueckii CCMA 0684 was the best, considering the diversity of sensory notes descriptors and the final concentration of organic acids.

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Resumen El contenido proteico de harinas de cereales se incrementa con proteínas microbianas mediante procesos de fermentación utilizando levaduras. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la inclusión de granza de arroz sometida a fermentación liquida con Saccharomyces cerevisiae por fermentación anaeróbica como fuente de proteína unicelular (PUC) para cerdos en crecimiento. Se realizó prueba piloto en laboratorio para producción de PUC de S. cerevisiae con granza de arroz para estandarizar y encontrar las mejores condiciones en el proceso, para su posterior producción en fermentador de 600 l. Se evalúo la granza obtenida por fermentación con S. cerevisiae por un tiempo de 30 días, en 24 cerdos de 21.72 ± 3.31 kg, distribuidos en un diseño en bloques completos al azar con cuatro tratamientos, tres bloques y seis animales por tratamiento. El ensayo consistió en cuatro niveles de inclusión: T1: 0%, T2: 10%, T3: 20% y T4: 25%, de granza de arroz post-fermentada con S. cerevisiae. Las variables evaluadas fueron peso final (kg), ganancia de peso (g/día), consumo final (kg), conversión alimenticia. El alimento pasó de 8.23% a 13.97% de PC. Se presentaron diferencias (p<0.05) en ganancia diaria de peso T1: 625.81 y T2: 618.77 respecto T3: 526.38 y T4: 542.77 g/día, y en la conversión alimenticia entre T1: 2.20 y T2: 2.16 respecto a los tratamientos T3: 2.54 y T4: 2.45. No hubo diferencias (p>0.05) para el peso final ni el consumo final. El costo de las dietas fue menor para T2, T3 y T4. En conclusión, con la fermentación anaerobia de la granza se mejoró el nivel proteico del alimento por crecimiento de la levadura S. cerevisiae y puede ser incluido en dietas para cerdos en crecimiento, presentándose buena palatabilidad y hasta un nivel de inclusión del 10% obtener buen rendimiento, con una dieta de menor costo.

Abstract Cereal flour protein content can be increased by microbial protein action through yeast-driven fermentation. This research was aimed at evaluating the anaerobic fermentation of liquid rice bran with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a single cell protein (SCP) source for raising pigs. A pilot test for S. cerevisiae SCP production was carried out in the laboratory using rice bran to standardise and find the best process conditions regarding SCP production in a 600 L fermenter tank. The rice bran obtained by fermentation with S. cerevisiae was evaluated for 30 days using twenty-four 21.72±3.31 kg pigs; a randomised complete block design (RCBD) was used, involving four treatments, three blocks and six animals per treatment. The trial had four rice bran post-fermented with S. cerevisiae inclusion levels: T1 0% bran inclusion, T2 10%, T3 20% and T4 25%. Final weight (kg), average daily gain (g/day), final consumption (kg) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were the variables evaluated here. SCP inclusion in food rose from 8.23% to 13.97%. There were significant statistical differences (p<0.05) regarding average daily gain for T1 (625.81 g/day) and T2 (618.77) compared to T3 (526.38) and T4 (542.77) and FCR for T1 (2.20) and T2 (2.16) compared to T3 (2.54) and T4 (2.45). There were no differences (p>0.05) regarding final weight or final consumption. Diet costs were lower for T2, T3 and T4. The anaerobic fermentation of rice bran improved feed protein content through S. cerevisiae growth and can be included in diets for raising pigs; it has good palatability and up to 10% SCP inclusion level, obtaining good yield and a lower cost diet.

Resumo O conteúdo protéico das farinhas de cereais é aumentado com proteínas microbianas através de processos de fermentação utilizando leveduras. O objectivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a inclusão de quirera de arroz submetido a fermentação líquida com Saccharomyces cerevisiae por fermentação anaeróbia como fonte de proteína unicelular (PUC) para porcos em crescimento. Teste-piloto foi realizado no laboratório para a produção PUC de S. cerevisiae com quirera de arroz, a fim de padronizar e encontrar as melhores condições do processo para a produção subsequente fermentador de 600 l. Foram avaliadas a quirera de arroz obtido por fermentação com S. cerevisiae foi avaliado por um período de 30 dias, em 24 porcos 21.72 ± 3.31 kg, distribuídos em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, três blocos e seis animais por tratamento. O julgamento consistiu em quatro níveis de inclusão: T1: 0%, T2: 10%, T3: 20% e T4: 25%, de quirera de arroz pós-fermentado com S. cerevisiae. As variáveis ​​estudadas foram o ganho diário de peso (g/dia), peso final (kg), consumo final (kg) e conversão de feed. A comida passou de 8.23% para 13.97% de PC. Houve diferenças (p<0,05) no ganho de peso diário T1: 625.81 e T2: 618.77 em relação a T3: 526.38 e T4: 542.77 g/dia, e na conversão alimentar entre T1: 2.20 e T2: 2.16 com relação aos tratamentos T3: 2.54 e T4: 2.45. Não houve diferenças (p>0.05) para o peso final ou consumo final. O custo das dietas foi menor para T2, T3 e T4. Em conclusão, com a fermentação anaeróbia do quirera de arroz, o nível protéico da ração foi melhorado pelo crescimento da levedura S. cerevisiae e pode ser incluído em rações para suínos em crescimento, apresentando boa palatabilidade e até um nível de inclusão de 10% obtendo boa desempenho, com uma dieta de menor custo.

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BACKGROUND: This work studied how the exposure to an unusual substrate forced a change in microbial populations during anaerobic fermentation of crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, with freshwater sediment used as an inoculum. RESULTS: The microbial associations almost completely (99.9%) utilized the glycerol contained in crude glycerol 6 g L 1 within four days, releasing gases, organic acids (acetic, butyric) and alcohols (ethanol, n-butanol) under anaerobic conditions. In comparison with control medium without glycerol, adding crude glycerol to the medium increased the amount of ethanol and n-butanol production and it was not significantly affected by incubation temperature (28 C or 37 C), nor incubation time (4 or 8 d), but it resulted in reduced amount of butyric acid. Higher volume of gas was produced at 37 C despite the fact that the overall bacterial count was smaller than the one measured at 20 C. Main microbial phyla of the inoculum were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. During fermentation, significant changes were observed and Firmicutes, especially Clostridium spp., began to dominate, and the number of Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria decreased accordingly. Concentration of Archaea decreased, especially in medium with crude glycerol. These changes were confirmed both by culturing and culture-independent (concentration of 16S rDNA) methods. CONCLUSIONS: Crude glycerol led to the adaptation of freshwater sediment microbial populations to this substrate. Changes of microbial community were a result of a community adaptation to a new source of carbon.

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Plants are permanently facing challenges imposed by the environment which, in the context of the current scenario of global climate change, implies a constant process of adaptation to survive and even, in the case of crops, at least maintain yield. O2 deficiency at the rhizosphere level, i.e., root hypoxia, is one of the factors with the greatest impact at whole-plant level. At cellular level, this O2 deficiency provokes a disturbance in the energy metabolism which has notable consequences on the yield of plant crops. In this sense, although several physiological studies describe processes involved in plant adaptation to root hypoxia in woody fruit trees, with emphasis on the negative impacts on photosynthetic rate, there are very few studies that include -omics strategies for specifically understanding these processes in the roots of such species. Through a de novo assembly approach, a comparative transcriptome study of waterlogged Prunus spp. genotypes contrasting in their tolerance to root hypoxia was revisited in order to gain a deeper insight into the reconfiguration of pivotal pathways involved in energy metabolism. This re-analysis describes the classically altered pathways seen in the roots of woody fruit trees under hypoxia, but also routes that link them to pathways involved with nitrogen assimilation and the maintenance of cytoplasmic pH and glycolytic flow. In addition, the effects of root hypoxia on the transcription of genes related to the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, responsible for providing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the cell, are discussed in terms of their roles in the energy balance, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and aerenchyma formation. This review compiles key findings that help to explain the trait of tolerance to root hypoxia in woody fruit species, giving special attention to their strategies for managing the energy crisis. Finally, research challenges addressing less-explored topics in recovery and stress memory in woody fruit trees are pointed out.

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Fermentation is one of the post-harvest steps that influence coffee quality. This work evaluated the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CCMA 0543) and Torulaspora delbrueckii (CCMA 0684) inoculation on the quality of natural and pulped natural processed coffee in different producing regions. Yeast populations were assessed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Volatile and nonvolatile compounds were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. S. cerevisiae was predominant during spontaneous (average of 4 log cells/g) and inoculated (average of 7 log cells/g) fermentations in both processes. T. delbrueckii showed a similar population (3.79 log cells/g) in all assays. Glucose and fructose were the most detected sugars in coffee beans. Succinic acid was found at the end of the fermentative process. The lactic acid concentration was inversely proportional to ethanol concentration. Pyrrole and furan, which are volatile groups, allowed to differentiate the coffee processing methods. Yeast inoculation modified the sensorial profile and increased the coffee beverage scores by up to 5 points. S. cerevisiae inoculation was most suitable for pulped natural coffee, and T. delbrueckii inoculation showed the best performance in natural coffee.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of silage in the upper third of cassava levels of inclusion of cassava peel, 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 g/kg out based on natural matter (NM) with 60 days of storage on fermentative profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition and protein and carbohydrate fractionation. The material was ensiled in 15 experimental silos, the experimental design adopted was completely randomised, with five treatments and three repetitions. The inclusion of cassava peel in silage from the aerial part of the cassava promoted an increasing linear effect for dry matter content. The contents of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre decreased linearly (P 0.05) with the inclusion of cassava peel in the silage. The inclusion of the bark promoted an increase in carbohydrate levels. Protein and carbohydrate fractions were influenced by the addition of cassava peel, decreasing the unavailable and/or indigestible fraction (Fraction C) of proteins and carbohydrates. The inclusion of cassava peel up to the level of 400 g/kg NM in silage from the aerial part of the cassava improves the fermentation process, aerobic stability and the chemical composition of the silage, and reduces the indigestible fractions of carbohydrates and proteins.

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de silagens do terço superior da mandioca acrescida de níveis de inclusão da casca da mandioca, 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 g/kg com base na materia natural (MN) com 60 dias de armazenamento sobre o padrão fermentativo, a estabilidade aeróbia, a composição bromatológica e o fracionamento de proteínas e de carboidratos. O material foi ensilado em 15 silos experimentais, o delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. A inclusão da casca da mandioca na silagem da parte aérea da mandioca promoveu efeito linear crescente para os teores de matéria seca. Os teores da proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido diminuíram linearmente (P 0,05) com a inclusão da casca de mandioca na silagem. A inclusão da casca promoveu aumento dos teores de carboidratos. As frações das proteínas e dos carboidratos foram influenciadas pela adição da casca da mandioca na silagem, diminuindo a fração indisponível e/ou indigestível (fração C) das proteínas e dos carboidratos. A inclusão da casca da mandioca até o nível de 400 g/kg MN na ensilagem da parte aérea da mandioca melhora o processo fermentativo, a estabilidade aeróbia e a composição bromatológica das silagens e reduz as frações indigestíveis de carboidratos e de proteínas das silagens.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of silage in the upper third of cassava levels of inclusion of cassava peel, 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 g/kg out based on natural matter (NM) with 60 days of storage on fermentative profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition and protein and carbohydrate fractionation. The material was ensiled in 15 experimental silos, the experimental design adopted was completely randomised, with five treatments and three repetitions. The inclusion of cassava peel in silage from the aerial part of the cassava promoted an increasing linear effect for dry matter content. The contents of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre decreased linearly (P 0.05) with the inclusion of cassava peel in the silage. The inclusion of the bark promoted an increase in carbohydrate levels. Protein and carbohydrate fractions were influenced by the addition of cassava peel, decreasing the unavailable and/or indigestible fraction (Fraction C) of proteins and carbohydrates. The inclusion of cassava peel up to the level of 400 g/kg NM in silage from the aerial part of the cassava improves the fermentation process, aerobic stability and the chemical composition of the silage, and reduces the indigestible fractions of carbohydrates and proteins.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de silagens do terço superior da mandioca acrescida de níveis de inclusão da casca da mandioca, 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 g/kg com base na materia natural (MN) com 60 dias de armazenamento sobre o padrão fermentativo, a estabilidade aeróbia, a composição bromatológica e o fracionamento de proteínas e de carboidratos. O material foi ensilado em 15 silos experimentais, o delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. A inclusão da casca da mandioca na silagem da parte aérea da mandioca promoveu efeito linear crescente para os teores de matéria seca. Os teores da proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido diminuíram linearmente (P 0,05) com a inclusão da casca de mandioca na silagem. A inclusão da casca promoveu aumento dos teores de carboidratos. As frações das proteínas e dos carboidratos foram influenciadas pela adição da casca da mandioca na silagem, diminuindo a fração indisponível e/ou indigestível (fração C) das proteínas e dos carboidratos. A inclusão da casca da mandioca até o nível de 400 g/kg MN na ensilagem da parte aérea da mandioca melhora o processo fermentativo, a estabilidade aeróbia e a composição bromatológica das silagens e reduz as frações indigestíveis de carboidratos e de proteínas das silagens.(AU)

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Background: fruit by-products represent a feed resource for ruminants. However, preservation is needed to increase its life span. Objectives: to evaluate the fermentative characteristics, intake, digestibility and aerobic stability of fruit by-products. Methods: pineapple and citrus residues were fermented for 0, 4, 7, 11, 29 and 65 days (d). Samples from each by-product and fermentation period were analyzed for pH, microbial succession, chemical composition, and fermentation products. Crossbred rams were used to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intake and digestibility. Dietary treatments consisted of 100% tropical grass hay (TGH) and 20% substitution of TGH with pineapple (PS) or citrus silage (CS). Aerobic stability of PS and CS after 29 or 65 d of fermentation was determined during 5 d. Results: final pH at 65 d was 3.21 and 3.32 for PS and CS, respectively. During the entire fermentation for both silages, population of enterobacteriaceae was not detected, while lactic acid producing bacteria, yeast and molds showed typical microbial growth. After 65 d fermentation, lactic acid was the main product associated with the fermentation process (1.0 and 1.7 g/kg for PS and CS respectively). Concentrations of acetic acid were 0.38 in PS and 0.36 g/kg in CS. Rams consumed 98 and 85% of the DM offered as PS or CS, respectively. The DM and CP intakes and digestibility were similar among treatments. Both fermented fruit by-products were unstable upon aerobic exposure, PS after 1 d when fermented 29 d and CS after 3 d when fermented 65 d. Conclusions: results indicate that pineapple and citrus by-products could be preserved as silage and included in sheep diets at 20% substitution of TGH without adverse results; however, they are susceptible to aerobic deterioration.

Antecedentes: los subproductos de fruta representan una fuente de alimento para los rumiantes, sin embargo su preservación es necesaria para aumentar su vida útil. Objetivos: evaluar las características fermentativas, consumo, digestibilidad y estabilidad aeróbica de subproductos de frutas. Métodos: residuos de piña y cítricos se fermentaron durante 0, 4, 7, 11, 29 y 65 días (d). Muestras de cada subproducto y período de fermentación se analizaron para determinar pH, sucesión microbiana, composición química, y productos de fermentación. Carneros mestizos se utilizaron para determinar el consumo y digestibilidad de materia seca (MS) y proteína bruta (PB). Los tratamientos consistieron en: 100% heno de gramínea tropical (HGT); 20% sustitución de HGT con ensilaje de piña (EP) o ensilaje de cítricos (EC). La estabilidad aeróbica del EP y EC después de 29 o 65 días de fermentación se determinó durante 5 d. Resultados: el pH final al día 65 fue de 3,21 y 3,32 para EP y EC, respectivamente. Durante toda la fermentación y para ambos ensilajes, no se detectaron poblaciones de enterobacteriaceae, mientras que las bacterias productoras de ácido láctico, levaduras y hongos mostraron un crecimiento microbiano típico. Después de 65 d de fermentación, el ácido láctico era el producto principal asociado con el proceso de fermentación (1,0 y 1,7 g/kg para EP y EC, respectivamente). Las concentraciones de ácido acético fueron 0,38 g/kg en EP y 0,36 g/kg en EC. Los carneros consumieron 98 y 85% de la MS ofrecida como EP o EC, respectivamente. El consumo y la digestibilidad de MS y PB fueron similares entre los tratamientos. Ambos subproductos de fruta fermentados fueron inestables a la exposición aeróbica, el EP después del primer día cuando se fermenta 29 d y el EC después de 3 d cuando se fermenta 65 d. Conclusiones: los resultados indican que los subproductos de piña y cítricos podrían ser preservados como ensilaje y que podrían ser incluidos en las dietas de ovejas a 20% de sustitución de HGT sin resultados adversos, sin embargo, son susceptibles al deterioro aeróbico.

Antecedentes: os subprodutos da agroindústria de frutas são uma fonte de alimento para os ruminantes, mas sua preservação é necessária para aumentar a vida útil. Objetivos: avaliar as características fermentativas, consumo, digestibilidade e estabilidade aeróbia dos subprodutos de frutas. Métodos: resíduos de abacaxi e frutas cítricas foram fermentados durante 0, 4, 7, 11, 29 e 65 dias (d). Amostras de cada subproduto e os períodos de fermentação foram analisadas para: pH, sucessão microbiana, composição química, e produtos de fermentação. Um quadrado latino 3 x 3, com nove carneiros mestiços foi usado para determinação de consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB). Os tratamentos dietéticos utilizados foram: 100% feno de capim tropical (FCT) e 20% de substituição do FCT com silagem de abacaxi (SA) ou silagem de cítricos (SC). A estabilidade aeróbia de SA e SC depois de 29 ou 65 d de fermentação foi determinada durante 5 d. Resultados: o pH final (65 d) foi de 3,21 e 3,32 para o SA e SC, respectivamente. Durante a fermentação para as duas silagens, a população de enterobactérias não foi detectada. Enquanto a bactérias produtoras de ácido láctico, leveduras e fungos as silagens mostraram um crescimento microbiano típico. Depois de 65 d de fermentação, o ácido láctico era o produto principal associado com o processo de fermentação (1,0 e 1,7 g / kg para SA e SC, respectivamente). As concentrações de ácido acético foram 0,38 g / kg em SA e 0,36 g / kg em SC. Os carneiros consumiram 98 e 85% da MS oferecida como SA ou SC, respectivamente. O consumo e a digestibilidade da MS e PB foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. Os dois subprodutos de frutas fermentados foram instáveis após a exposição aeróbia, a SA depois de 1 d, quando foi fermentada 29 d e a SC depois de 3 d, quando foi fermentada 65 d. Conclusões: os resultados indicam que os subprodutos de abacaxi e cítricos poderiam ser preservados como silagem e serem incluídos em dietas de ovinos em 20% de substituição do FCT sem resultados adversos, ainda que, tem que ter cuidado porque as silagens são susceptíveis à deterioração aeróbia.

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O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a composição química e o perfil de fermentação do resíduo úmido de fécula de mandioca ensilado in natura ou após pré secagem ao sol por três horas, durante 0, 28 e 56 dias. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições. Estudou-se as concentrações de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose, celulose, lignina, cinzas, sílica, extrato etéreo, matéria orgânica e matéria seca no resíduo úmido de fécula de mandioca antes da ensilagem e após os períodos de fermentação. Nas mesmas ocasiões determinou-se a temperatura, pH, e as populações de enterobactérias, bactérias ácido láticas, Clostridium spp., fungos e leveduras e a população total de microrganismos. Apenas a sílica não foi alterada pelos tratamentos estudados. O processo de ensilagem reduziu as concentrações de FDN e hemicelulose e elevou as concentrações de FDA, lignina e hemicelulose dos resíduos, enquanto o pH e as populações de microrganismos foram reduzidas com o processo de ensilagem. A pré secagem ao sol por três horas do resíduo úmido de fécula de mandioca permitiu a ensilagem de um material com menor umidade, não promoveu alterações no perfil fermentativo e população microbiológica das silagens aos 28 e 56 dias de fermentação e reduziu a fibra em detergente neutro e hemicelulose das silagens obtidas. A silagem de resíduo úmido de fécula apresenta redução no conteúdo de proteína bruta com o decorrer do período de fermentação.

The work aimed to study the chemical composition and fermentation profile of the cassava starch by-products ensiled in nature or after pre-drying in the sun for three hours, for zero, 28 and 56 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with split plot in time, with four replications. We studied the concentrations of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, ashes, silica, ether extract, dry matter and organic matter in cassava starch by-products before to ensiling and after the fermentation periods. In these instances were determined temperature, pH, and the populations of enterobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Clostridium spp., fungi and yeasts and the total population of microorganisms. Only the silica was not altered by treatments. The ensiling process reduced the concentrations of NDF and hemicellulose and increased concentrations of ADF, hemicellulose and lignin waste, while the pH and microbial populations were reduced as silage fermentation. Pre drying in the sun for three hours of wet waste cassava starch allowed ensiling of a material with lower humidity did not change in fermentative profile and microbiological population of silages at 28 and 56 days and reduced neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose of silages. The wet waste residue silage starch showed a reduction in crude protein content in the course of the fermentation period.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho e os parâmetros sanguíneos de bezerros que consumiram colostro bovino fermentado sob condições anaeróbias. Após o nascimento, 18 bezerros da raça Holandês foram alojados em abrigos individuais e passaram a receber 4L da dieta líquida, sucedâneo lácteo ou silagem de colostro, divididos em duas refeições. O consumo de concentrado inicial e o escore fecal foram registrados diariamente, enquanto a pesagem e as colheitas de amostras de sangue para a determinação das concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, nitrogênio ureico, ácidos graxos livres, β-hidroxibutirato e proteínas totais séricas foram realizadas semanalmente. Os animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentaram menores consumo de concentrado, ganho de peso diário e peso vivo. Todos os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados foram afetados pelos tratamentos, exceto a concentração plasmática de proteínas totais. O escore fecal foi afetado pelos tratamentos durante a segunda semana de vida, com animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentando fezes anormais e secas. O fornecimento de silagem de colostro como dieta líquida exclusiva não resultou em desempenho animal adequado, não sendo uma boa alternativa de substituto de leite.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and plasma metabolites of calves fed colostrum fermented under anaerobic conditions as an exclusive liquid feed during the whole milk-feeding period. After birth, eighteen Holstein male calves were housed in individual hutches and fed four liters of liquid diet, milk replacer or colostrum silage, divided into two meals. The starter feed intake and fecal scores were recorded daily, and body weight and blood samples for the determination of plasma glucose, urea nitrogen, free fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate and serum total protein were taken weekly. Animals fed colostrum silage had lower intake of starter feed during the experimental period. Significant effects were also observed for average daily gain and body weight. All blood parameters measured were affected by the treatments, except the total protein plasma concentration. The fecal score was affected by treatments during the second week of life, with animals fed colostrum silage presenting abnormal and very dry feces. Feeding colostrum silage as exclusive liquid diet during the whole milk-feeding period resulted in inadequate animal performance, being considered a bad alternative as milk replacer.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho e os parâmetros sanguíneos de bezerros que consumiram colostro bovino fermentado sob condições anaeróbias. Após o nascimento, 18 bezerros da raça Holandês foram alojados em abrigos individuais e passaram a receber 4L da dieta líquida, sucedâneo lácteo ou silagem de colostro, divididos em duas refeições. O consumo de concentrado inicial e o escore fecal foram registrados diariamente, enquanto a pesagem e as colheitas de amostras de sangue para a determinação das concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, nitrogênio ureico, ácidos graxos livres, β-hidroxibutirato e proteínas totais séricas foram realizadas semanalmente. Os animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentaram menores consumo de concentrado, ganho de peso diário e peso vivo. Todos os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados foram afetados pelos tratamentos, exceto a concentração plasmática de proteínas totais. O escore fecal foi afetado pelos tratamentos durante a segunda semana de vida, com animais alimentados com silagem de colostro apresentando fezes anormais e secas. O fornecimento de silagem de colostro como dieta líquida exclusiva não resultou em desempenho animal adequado, não sendo uma boa alternativa de substituto de leite.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and plasma metabolites of calves fed colostrum fermented under anaerobic conditions as an exclusive liquid feed during the whole milk-feeding period. After birth, eighteen Holstein male calves were housed in individual hutches and fed four liters of liquid diet, milk replacer or colostrum silage, divided into two meals. The starter feed intake and fecal scores were recorded daily, and body weight and blood samples for the determination of plasma glucose, urea nitrogen, free fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate and serum total protein were taken weekly. Animals fed colostrum silage had lower intake of starter feed during the experimental period. Significant effects were also observed for average daily gain and body weight. All blood parameters measured were affected by the treatments, except the total protein plasma concentration. The fecal score was affected by treatments during the second week of life, with animals fed colostrum silage presenting abnormal and very dry feces. Feeding colostrum silage as exclusive liquid diet during the whole milk-feeding period resulted in inadequate animal performance, being considered a bad alternative as milk replacer.(AU)

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Background: The ability for hydrogen production of 13 native strains of Clostridium spp. strains isolated from Colombian soil was evaluated using glycerol substrate. Glycerol to hydrogen conversion was investigated using a batch fermentation reactor and industrial glycerol source (50 g.l-1, pH 7.00). Results: The results were quantified regarding acids, hydrogen, biomass and solvent production. The selected strain gave good hydrogen over production output at 14.4 mmol H2.l-1, productivity 0.3167 mg H2.h-1 l-1 culture mediumand yield 0.1962 mol H2.mol-1 glycerol. A further fermentation assay a 4.0 liter batch reactor let to being 0.26 mg.l-1.h-1 after 18 hrs of fermentation. Logistic model, Luedeking-Piret model and Luedeking-Piret modified models were used for modeling changes in cell growth, hydrogen production and substrate consumption (Correlation coefficients R² = 0.95 for biomass substrate, R² = 0.77 hydrogen production). Conclusions: Our results indicate that hydrogen production through glycerol bioconversion by native strains is possible.

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Bioconverting glycerol into various valuable products is one of glycerol's promising applications due to its high availability at low cost and the existence of many glycerol-utilizing microorganisms. Bioethanol and biohydrogen, which are types of renewable fuels, are two examples of bioconverted products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate ethanol production from different media by local microorganism isolates and compare the ethanol fermentation profile of the selected strains to use of glucose or glycerol as sole carbon sources. The ethanol fermentations by six isolates were evaluated after a preliminary screening process. Strain named SS1 produced the highest ethanol yield of 1.0 mol: 1.0 mol glycerol and was identified as Escherichia coli SS1 Also, this isolated strain showed a higher affinity to glycerol than glucose for bioethanol production.

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Bioconverting glycerol into various valuable products is one of glycerol's promising applications due to its high availability at low cost and the existence of many glycerol-utilizing microorganisms. Bioethanol and biohydrogen, which are types of renewable fuels, are two examples of bioconverted products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate ethanol production from different media by local microorganism isolates and compare the ethanol fermentation profile of the selected strains to use of glucose or glycerol as sole carbon sources. The ethanol fermentations by six isolates were evaluated after a preliminary screening process. Strain named SS1 produced the highest ethanol yield of 1.0 mol: 1.0 mol glycerol and was identified as Escherichia coli SS1 Also, this isolated strain showed a higher affinity to glycerol than glucose for bioethanol production.

RESUMEN

Bioconverting glycerol into various valuable products is one of glycerol's promising applications due to its high availability at low cost and the existence of many glycerol-utilizing microorganisms. Bioethanol and biohydrogen, which are types of renewable fuels, are two examples of bioconverted products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate ethanol production from different media by local microorganism isolates and compare the ethanol fermentation profile of the selected strains to use of glucose or glycerol as sole carbon sources. The ethanol fermentations by six isolates were evaluated after a preliminary screening process. Strain named SS1 produced the highest ethanol yield of 1.0 mol: 1.0 mol glycerol and was identified as Escherichia coli SS1 Also, this isolated strain showed a higher affinity to glycerol than glucose for bioethanol production.