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PURPOSE: There is a tendency to use data generated for adults in the management of pediatric Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, neglecting the clinical peculiarities of this condition in childhood. This study aimed to assess and compare the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and their significance in the evolution of thyroid carcinoma diagnosed in childhood across different age groups. METHODS: Seventy-seven patients diagnosed with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (DTC) up to 21 years old were selected and divided into different age groups: up to 10 years, 11 to 18 years, and 19 to 21 years old. Clinical-epidemiological data and their influence in the disease progression were analyzed and compared across age groups. RESULTS: Patients diagnosed below 10 years of age were associated with tumors showing extrathyroidal extension, metastasis in regional lymph nodes, higher levels of stimulated thyroglobulin in the diagnostic iodine-131 whole-body scan (WBS), and under TSH suppression in the last assessment. Additionally, pulmonary metastasis were associated in both diagnostic and post-radioiodine dose WBSs in these younger patients. Analysis of findings in the post-radioiodine therapy WBS revealed significant differences between all age groups (p = 0.0029). The time of diagnosis was identified as a factor associated with an excellent response in subgroups up to 18 years and up to 21 years. No factors associated with dynamic responses over the 1st, 3rd and 5th years of follow-up and the persistence/recurrence of the disease were identified in the subgroup up to 18 years. In the subgroup up to 21 years, having an incomplete structural response in the 3rd year of follow-up increased the chances of recurrent or persistent response by 5.5 times, and by 32.6 times if found in the 5th year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Younger patients exhibited more aggressive tumor characteristics and underwent more rigorous treatment. However, treatment response and disease status in the last assessment, whether free or recurrent/persistence, were similar when comparing the age groups of 11 to 18 and 19 to 21 years. Nonetheless, responses obtained in the 3rd and 5th years post-treatment emerged as factors associated with the persistence/recurrence of the disease in the last assessment in the age group up to 21 years but not in patients diagnosed up to 18 years, a relevant distinction considering the tumor behavior in defining the pediatric age range in thyroid cancer.

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Abstract Objective: To estimate the incidence of dental caries and associated factors in the school period from six/seven to ten years of age. Material and Methods: A longitudinal study involving 168 children was followed up between 2015 and 2019 in the municipality of Palhoça, Brazil. The dependent variable was the caries incidence rate in the mixed dentition. The independent variables included information regarding demographic and socioeconomic status. Multivariate analyzes were carried out using Poisson Regression with a robust estimator. Variables with p <0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in the adjusted model. Relative risks were estimated, as well as 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 168 followed schoolchildren, 32 developed the disease, providing an incidence rate of 19.0%. Female children had a 10% higher risk [RR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.03; 1.18)] of developing caries than males. Also, children born from fathers with ≤ 8 years of schooling at baseline had a 9% higher risk [RR = 1.09 (95% CI 1.01; 1.16)] of developing dental caries compared to fathers with higher education. Conclusion: The incidence of dental caries in a four-year period was 19.0%. Females and children born from fathers with a lower level of education showed higher incidence rates.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Hospital readmission is a common way to assess the quality of care provided in an emergency service. In this context, the aim of this study is to quantify and stratify readmissions in a trauma reference emergency service. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted with patients readmitted, twice or more, in the emergency service within a maximum period of 30 days from the initial admission - hospitalized or not. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from electronic medical records. Results: The readmission rate for the service was 4.11% for all readmissions and 2.23% for avoidable readmissions. Within this group, 61.19% were likely avoidable, 19.47% possibly avoidable, and 19.34% eventually avoidable. Regarding time, 48.16% occurred within one week of the initial readmission. Furthermore, no statistically significant association was found in the analysis of biological sex, occupational accident, and comorbidities. A statistically significant association was found in the analysis of age and ambulance transport (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.17-1.59). Conclusion: The study highlighted that there are still readmissions in the emergency department that could be avoided. A significant relationship was observed between readmissions and patient ages, and ambulance transport.

RESUMO Introdução: A readmissão hospitalar é uma maneira comum de se avaliar a qualidade do atendimento prestado em um serviço de emergência. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar, estratificar e buscar possíveis fatores associados às readmissões de um serviço de emergência referência para atendimento ao trauma. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo com pacientes admitidos, duas vezes ou mais, no pronto-socorro em um período máximo de 30 dias da admissão inicial - tendo sido internados ou não. Dados clínicos e demográficos foram obtidos a partir de prontuários eletrônicos. Resultados: A taxa de readmissão do serviço foi de 4,11% para todas as readmissões e 2,23% para as readmissões evitáveis. Dentro desse grupo, 61,19% foram provavelmente evitáveis, 19,47% possivelmente evitáveis e 19,34% eventualmente evitáveis. Quanto ao tempo, 48,16% ocorreram em menos de uma semana da readmissão inicial. Além disso, não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa na análise do sexo biológico, dos acidentes de trabalho e das comorbidades. Foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa na análise da idade e do transporte por ambulância (OR 1,37; IC 95% 1,17-1,59). Conclusão: O estudo explicitou que há readmissões em pronto-socorro que poderiam ser evitadas, além de ter sido observada uma relação significativa entre as readmissões e a faixa etária, e o transporte por ambulância.

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Objetivo: analizar cuáles son las variables tecnológicas, derivadas del uso de dispositivo electrónico, predicen el estrés académico, y sus dimensiones en estudiantes de enfermería. Método: estudio transversal de tipo analítico, realizado en 796 estudiantes de seis universidades de Perú. Se empleó la escala SISCO y para el análisis se estimaron cuatro modelos de regresión logística, con selección de variables por pasos. Resultados: entre los participantes, 87,6% presentaron un nivel alto de estrés académico; el tiempo de uso del dispositivo electrónico, el brillo de la pantalla, la edad y el sexo, estuvieron asociados con el estrés académico y sus tres dimensiones; la posición de uso del dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y con las dimensiones estresores y reacciones. Finalmente, la distancia entre el rostro y el dispositivo electrónico estuvo asociada con la escala total y la dimensión reacciones. Conclusión: las variables tecnológicas y las características sociodemográficas predicen el estrés académico en estudiantes de enfermería. Se sugiere optimizar el tiempo de uso de las computadoras, regular el brillo de la pantalla, evitar sentarse en posiciones inadecuadas y vigilar la distancia, con la finalidad de reducir el estrés académico durante la enseñanza a distancia.

Objective: to analyze which technological variables, derived from the use of electronic devices, predict academic stress and its dimensions in Nursing students. Method: analytical cross-sectional study carried out with a total of 796 students from six universities in Peru. The SISCO scale was used and four logistic regression models were estimated for the analysis, with selection of variables in stages. Results: among the participants, 87.6% had a high level of academic stress; time using the electronic device, screen brightness, age and sex were associated with academic stress and its three dimensions; the position of using the electronic device was associated with the total scale and the stressors and reactions dimensions. Finally, the distance between the face and the electronic device was associated with the total scale and size of reactions. Conclusion: technological variables and sociodemographic characteristics predict academic stress in nursing students. It is suggested to optimize the time of use of computers, regulate the brightness of the screen, avoid sitting in inappropriate positions and pay attention to the distance, in order to reduce academic stress during distance learning.

Objetivo: analisar quais variáveis tecnológicas, derivadas do uso de dispositivos eletrônicos, predizem o estresse acadêmico e suas dimensões em estudantes de enfermagem. Método: estudo transversal do tipo analítico, realizado em 796 estudantes de seis universidades do Peru. Foi utilizada a escala SISCO e foram estimados quatro modelos de regressão logística para a análise, com seleção das variáveis por etapas. Resultados: entre os participantes, 87,6% apresentaram alto nível de estresse acadêmico; o tempo de uso do aparelho eletrônico, o brilho da tela, a idade e o sexo foram associados ao estresse acadêmico e suas três dimensões; a posição de uso do aparelho eletrônico foi associada à escala total e às dimensões estressores e reações. Por fim, a distância entre o rosto e o dispositivo eletrônico foi associada à escala total e à dimensão das reações. Conclusão: variáveis tecnológicas e características sociodemográficas predizem estresse acadêmico em estudantes de Enfermagem. Sugere-se otimizar o tempo de uso dos computadores, regular o brilho da tela, evitar sentar-se em posições inadequadas e atentar-se à distância da tela, a fim de diminuir o estresse acadêmico durante o ensino a distância.

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Introducción. A nivel mundial los niños, niñas y adolescentes lideran el consumo de productos ultraprocesados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la ingesta de energía según el grado de procesamiento de los alimentos por grupo etario, en la población urbana mayor de 2 años de la Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, con datos de la 2da Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19, en una muestra probabilística polietápica de localidades urbanas de Argentina. A partir de la información recopilada con el recordatorio de 24 horas, se analizó la ingesta diaria de energía, para cada grupo etario, de 1) alimentos sin procesar o mínimamente procesados; 2) ingredientes culinarios procesados; 3) alimentos procesados, y 4) productos ultraprocesados. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 15 444 individuos mayores de 2 años, los alimentos mínimamente procesados representaron el 34,5 % de la energía diaria; los productos ultraprocesados, el 26,0 %; los alimentos procesados, el 23,0 %, y los ingredientes culinarios, el 16,6 %. El porcentaje de energía aportada por ultraprocesados es mayor en niños, niñas y adolescentes que en los adultos (p <0,01), mientras que para alimentos procesados e ingredientes culinarios la tendencia es opuesta (p <0,01). Las galletitas, los amasados de pastelería, las bebidas azucaradas y las golosinas representaron dos tercios de la energía aportada por ultraprocesados. Conclusión. Los niños, niñas y adolescentes de entornos urbanos de la Argentina presentan la mayor ingesta de energía a partir de productos ultraprocesados. Las políticas alimentarias deben contemplar la situación de cada grupo etario para promover una alimentación más saludable.

Introduction. Worldwide, children and adolescents lead the consumption of ultra-processed foods. The objective of this study was to describe the energy intake by the degree of food processing by age group in the urban population over 2 years of age in Argentina. Population and methods. Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2nd National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018­2019 conducted using a multistage probability sample from urban areas of Argentina. Data were collected from a 24-hour recall and were analized, for each age group, the daily energy intake from 1) unprocessed or minimally processed foods; 2) processed culinary ingredients; 3) processed foods; and 4) ultra-processed foods. A descriptive, statistical analysis was performed. Results. In 15 444 individuals older than 2 years, minimally processed foods accounted for 34.5% of daily energy; ultra-processed foods, 26.0%; processed foods, 23.0%; and culinary ingredients, 16.6%. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods is higher in children and adolescents than in adults (p < 0.01), while the trend is the opposite from processed foods and culinary ingredients (p < 0.01). Cookies, pastries, sweetened beverage and confectionery accounted for two-thirds of the energy contributed by ultra-processed foods. Conclusion. Children and adolescents in urban areas in Argentina showed the highest energy intake from ultra-processed. Food policies should consider the characteristics of each age group to promote a healthier diet.

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BACKGROUND: Although the association between multimorbidity (MM) and hospitalisation is known, the different effects of MM patterns by age and sex in this outcome needs to be elucidated. Our study aimed to analyse the association of hospitalisations' variables (occurrence, readmission, length of stay) and patterns of multimorbidity (MM) according to sex and age. METHODS: Data from 8.807 participants aged ≥ 50 years sourced from the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSI-Brazil) were analysed. Multimorbidity was defined as ≥ 2 (MM2) and ≥ 3 (MM3) chronic conditions. Poisson regression was used to verify the association between the independent variables and hospitalisation according to sex and age group. Multiple linear regression models were constructed for the outcomes of readmission and length of stay. Ising models were used to estimate the networks of diseases and MM patterns. RESULTS: Regarding the risk of hospitalisation among those with MM2, we observed a positive association with male sex, age ≥ 75 years and women aged ≥ 75 years. For MM3, there was a positive association with hospitalisation among males. For the outcomes hospital readmission and length of stay, we observed a positive association with male sex and women aged ≥ 75 years. Network analysis identified two groups that are more strongly associated with occurrence of hospitalisation: the cardiovascular-cancer-glaucoma-cataract group stratified by sex and the neurodegenerative diseases-renal failure-haemorrhagic stroke group stratified by age group. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the association between hospitalisation, readmission, length of stay, and MM changes when sex and age group are considered. Differences were identified in the MM patterns associated with hospitalisation according to sex and age group.

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Amyloid-PET studies of neurodegenerative diseases may yield inconclusive findings due to lacking stratification according to genetic or demographic variants. APOEɛ4 alleles are the major variants to increase disease susceptibility and cause earlier onset and more behavioral features in patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease, but have no linear effects on cognitive or functional decline; thus, sample stratification according to APOEɛ4 carrier status may be the best option. Interactions among APOEɛ4 alleles, sex, and age on amyloid-ß deposition may reveal even more innovative findings with sufficiently large samples, suggesting variable genomic effects of cognitive reserve, sex differences, and cerebrovascular risk on neurodegeneration.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of the Berlin Questionnaire, the STOP-Bang Questionnaire, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in screening for the disease in adults of different age groups by comparing them with polysomnography. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with prospective patient allocation, in which individuals underwent a medical interview, completion of the three screening instruments, and polysomnography. Individuals were categorized into three age groups: 18-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years. The results of the screening instruments were compared to the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-third edition. Performance was assessed using 2×2 contingency tables, estimating sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio, and accuracy. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were also constructed and the area under the curve was estimated for each instrument by age group. RESULTS: We obtained a sample with 321 individuals suitable for analysis. The mean age was 50 years, with a predominance of females (56%). The prevalence of the disease in the overall sample was 79%, more prevalent in males in any age group and more frequent in the middle age group. The analyzes revealed that STOP-Bang performed better, both for the overall sample and for all age groups, followed by Berlin Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. CONCLUSION: In an outpatient setting with individuals with characteristics similar to those in this study, it seems sensible to choose the STOP-Bang as a screening tool for the disease, regardless of age group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE ACCORDING THE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS: level 2.

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La ambliopía es una de las alteraciones que causa mayor impacto y es frecuente en la pérdida de agudeza visual, principalmente en los niños; su prevalencia varía entre 2% y 7%. Por otro lado, es la primera causa de afectación en la visión de adultos. Objetivo. Analizar la prevalencia de la ambliopía no estrábica en distintos grupos etarios en Hispanoamérica. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios realizados dentro del período 2014 al 2021 en las bases de datos como: Redalyc, Scielo, Medilib, Dialnet y Google Académico. Se presenta el análisis de cinco estudios relevantes en Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Chile y Cuba. Conclusión. En el estudio de Cuba, se encontró ambliopía en el 1.39%; en Colombia, el 8.10%; en Ecuador, el 5.30%; en Nicaragua el 2.9%; en Chile la incidencia fue del 2.41%, 2.55% y 3.51%, respectivamente para los grupos etarios de 18-38 años, 39-59 años y 60-79 años. Así Colombia es el país en el que se halló la mayor incidencia de ambliopía (8.10%), y Cuba el menor con el 1.39%. Además, la ambliopía refractiva es la más común en los estudios y en cuanto al género, no existen diferencias. Los estudios sobre ambliopía no estrábica son escasos a nivel regional o mundial sobre este tema, por lo que el presente análisis es relevante en esta área de conocimiento. Además, la información presentada aporta a visibilizar la necesidad de promover la realización de exámenes que permitan un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuados y oportunos.

Amblyopia is one of the alterations that causes the greatest impact and is frequent in the loss of visual acuity, mainly in children; its prevalence varies between 2% and 7%. On the other hand, it is the first cause of vision impairment in adults. Objective. To analyze the prevalence of non-strabismic amblyopia in different age groups in Latin America. Methodology. A systematic review of studies conducted within the period 2014 to 2021 was performed in databases such as: Redalyc, Scielo, Medilib, Dialnet and Google Scholar. The analysis of five relevant studies in Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Chile and Cuba is presented. Conclusion. In the Cuban study, amblyopia was found in 1.39%; in Colombia, 8.10%; in Ecuador, 5.30%; in Nicaragua, 2.9%; in Chile the incidence was 2.41%, 2.55% and 3.51%, respectively for the age groups 18-38 years, 39-59 years and 60-79 years. Thus, Colombia is the country with the highest incidence of amblyopia (8.10%), and Cuba the lowest with 1.39%. In addition, refractive amblyopia is the most common in the studies and as for gender, there are no differences. Studies on non-strabismic amblyopia are scarce at regional or world level on this subject, so the present analysis is relevant in this area of knowledge. In addition, the information presented contributes to make visible the need to promote examinations that allow an adequate and timely diagnosis and treatment.

A ambliopia é um dos distúrbios que causa maior impacto e é frequente na perda da acuidade visual, principalmente em crianças; sua prevalência varia entre 2% e 7%. Por outro lado, é a principal causa de deficiência visual em adultos. Objetivo. Analisar a prevalência da ambliopia não-estrabismo em diferentes faixas etárias na América Latina. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de estudos realizados entre 2014 e 2021 em bancos de dados como: Redalyc, Scielo, Medilib, Dialnet e Google Scholar. É apresentada a análise de cinco estudos relevantes na Colômbia, Equador, Nicarágua, Chile e Cuba. Conclusões. No estudo cubano, a ambliopia foi encontrada em 1,39%; na Colômbia, em 8,10%; no Equador, em 5,30%; na Nicarágua, em 2,9%; no Chile, a incidência foi de 2,41%, 2,55% e 3,51%, respectivamente, nas faixas etárias de 18 a 38 anos, 39 a 59 anos e 60 a 79 anos. Assim, a Colômbia é o país onde foi encontrada a maior incidência de ambliopia (8,10%), e Cuba a menor, com 1,39%. Além disso, a ambliopia refrativa é a mais comum nos estudos e não há diferenças em termos de gênero. Estudos sobre ambliopia não-estrabismo são escassos em nível regional ou global sobre esse tópico, portanto, a presente análise é relevante nessa área de conhecimento. Além disso, as informações apresentadas ajudam a tornar visível a necessidade de promover exames que permitam o diagnóstico e o tratamento adequados e oportunos.

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Introduction. Worldwide, children and adolescents lead the consumption of ultra-processed foods. The objective of this study was to describe the energy intake by the degree of food processing by age group in the urban population over 2 years of age in Argentina. Population and methods. Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2nd National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018-2019 conducted using a multistage probability sample from urban areas of Argentina. Data were collected from a 24-hour recall and were analized, for each age group, the daily energy intake from 1) unprocessed or minimally processed foods; 2) processed culinary ingredients; 3) processed foods; and 4) ultra-processed foods. A descriptive, statistical analysis was performed. Results. In 15 444 individuals older than 2 years, minimally processed foods accounted for 34.5% of daily energy; ultra-processed foods, 26.0%; processed foods, 23.0%; and culinary ingredients, 16.6%. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods is higher in children and adolescents than in adults (p < 0.01), while the trend is the opposite from processed foods and culinary ingredients (p < 0.01). Cookies, pastries, sweetened beverage and confectionery accounted for two-thirds of the energy contributed by ultra-processed foods. Conclusion. Children and adolescents in urban areas in Argentina showed the highest energy intake from ultra-processed. Food policies should consider the characteristics of each age group to promote a healthier diet.

Introducción. A nivel mundial los niños, niñas y adolescentes lideran el consumo de productos ultraprocesados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la ingesta de energía según el grado de procesamiento de los alimentos por grupo etario, en la población urbana mayor de 2 años de la Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, con datos de la 2.a Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19, en una muestra probabilística polietápica de localidades urbanas de Argentina. A partir de la información recopilada con el recordatorio de 24 horas, se analizó la ingesta diaria de energía, para cada grupo etario, de 1) alimentos sin procesar o mínimamente procesados; 2) ingredientes culinarios procesados; 3) alimentos procesados, y 4) productos ultraprocesados. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 15 444 individuos mayores de 2 años, los alimentos mínimamente procesados representaron el 34,5 % de la energía diaria; los productos ultraprocesados, el 26,0 %; los alimentos procesados, el 23,0 %, y los ingredientes culinarios, el 16,6 %. El porcentaje de energía aportada por ultraprocesados es mayor en niños, niñas y adolescentes que en los adultos (p <0,01), mientras que para alimentos procesados e ingredientes culinarios la tendencia es opuesta (p <0,01). Las galletitas, los amasados de pastelería, las bebidas azucaradas y las golosinas representaron dos tercios de la energía aportada por ultraprocesados. Conclusión. Los niños, niñas y adolescentes de entornos urbanos de la Argentina presentan la mayor ingesta de energía a partir de productos ultraprocesados. Las políticas alimentarias deben contemplar la situación de cada grupo etario para promover una alimentación más saludable.

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BACKGROUND: There are developmental variations in the paranasal sinuses. Our objective was to determine their dimensions and volume stratified by age and sex and define the expected growth pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was performed including computed tomography (CT) of patients between 1 and 20 years of age. The volumes of the frontal, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses were obtained. RESULTS: A total of 210 CT were included with a mean age of 10 ± 6.1 years, 106 (50.5%) were female. Groups were categorised in ranges of 5 years. Spearman correlation coefficients between the right and left sides were 0.843, 0.711, 0.916 for the frontal, sphenoid and maxillary sinuses. Post-hoc for the categorical age groups demonstrated statistically significant differences with values of p < 0.01, except between age groups 11-15 against ≥ 16 years of age (p = 0.8). Gender-related differences were evident with a higher air volume in girls in the 5-10-year-old group, while boys predominated in the rest of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Computed tomography is ideal for pre-surgical sinus assessment. The maximum volume of paranasal sinuses is reached at the age of 15. There is a clear volumetric difference between age and gender groups. There is a direct relationship between a volume and its contralateral counterpart.

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Introducción: La cirrosis hepática alcohólica (CHA) es una etapa final de la enfermedad hepática por alcohol. Dada la falta de análisis epidemiológicos recientes en Chile, el objetivo de este estudio es comparar descriptivamente la tasa de mortalidad (TM) por CHA entre los años 2017-2021 en Chile. Metodología: Estudio observacional y transversal, sobre defunciones por CHA en Chile durante 2017-2021 según sexo y edad (n=2.551). Datos obtenidos del Departamento de Estadística e Información en Salud. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y cálculo de TM. No requirió aprobación del comité de ética. Resultados: Se obtuvo una TM para el período estudiado de 3,98/100.000 habitantes. El sexo masculino presenta la mayor TM con 7,05. El grupo etario de 65-79 años presenta la mayor TM con 9,08/100.000 habitantes. Para TM por región, lidera Los Lagos con 39,84/100.000 habitantes, la menor es Coquimbo con 10,03/100.000 habitantes. Discusión: La mayor TM por CHA se encuentra en hombres, lo cual puede deberse a un mayor consumo social. El grupo etario de 65-79 años presentó la mayor TM, coincidiendo con estadísticas internacionales. El porcentaje de ruralidad pudiera afectar el consumo de alcohol, aumentando la TM por CHA en aquellas más rurales. La prevención es vital para evitar el desarrollo de CHA, siendo crucial establecer programas de salud pública para evitar el consumo de alcohol en Chile. Se identificó una falta de datos epidemiológicos en Chile, por lo que se invita a la actualización de estos.

Introduction: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) is one of the final stages of alcoholic-related liver disease (ARLD). Due to the lack of recent epidemiological research in Chile, the main objective of this study is to descriptively compare the mortality rate (MR) due to ALC between the years 2017-2021 in Chile. Methodology: Observational and cross-sectional study, on the number of deaths owing to ALC in Chile during 20172021 according to sex and age (n=2,551). Data obtained from the department of statistics and health information. Descriptive statistics and MR calculation were used. Ethics committee approval was not required. Results: A MR was obtained for the studied period of 3.98/100,000 inhabitants. The male sex submitted the highest MR with 7.05. The age group of 65-79 years presents the highest MR with 9,08/100,000 inhabitants. The region with the highest MR is Los Lagos with 39,84/100.000 inhabitants and the one with the lowest is Coquimbo with 10,03/100.000 inhabitants. Discussion: The highest MR is found in men, which may be due the fact that, socially, men consume more alcohol than women. The age group of 65-79 years presented the highest MR, which coincides with the international statistics. The percentage of rurality impacts the alcohol consumption increasing the MR due to ALD in the most rural areas. Prevention is vital to avoid its development, so it's crucial to establish public health programs to avoid alcohol consumption in Chile. A lack of updated epidemiological information has been identified in our country, therefore it is invited to update the epidemiological data.

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Introducción: La torsión ovárica (TO) es la rotación completa o parcial del ovario por sobre su propio pedículo vascular. El objetivo es comparar descriptivamente las tasas de egreso hospitalario (TEH) por TO en el período 2018-2021 en Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Los datos de egresos hospitalarios por TO en Chile entre 20182021 (n=1.599) según grupo etario y días de estadía hospitalaria se obtuvieron del Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud. Se calculó la TEH. No se requirió comité de ética. Resultados: Se determinó una TEH por TO de 4,33/100.000 habitantes entre los años 2018 y 2021, siendo el año 2021 la mayor con 5,92. Los grupos etarios de 10-14 y 15-19 años registraron las mayores TEH de 8,5 y 7,55, respectivamente. El promedio de días de estadía hospitalaria por TO entre los años 2018-2021 fue de 2,15 días, siendo el año 2018 el mayor con 2,3 días. Pacientes de 80 años y más presentaron la mayor duración de estancia hospitalaria con 3,37 días. Discusión: La TEH por TO en Chile aumentó durante los últimos años. En 2020-2021 las mayores TEH por TO se encontraron entre los 10-19 años, probablemente por aumentos en la prevalencia de síndrome de ovario poliquístico en Chile. Los grupos de mayor edad registraron la mayor duración de estancia hospitalaria, pudiendo deberse a una mayor susceptibilidad a complicaciones postquirúrgicas. Considerando la escasa fuente de información al respecto, nuestro estudio permite dar a conocer un perfil epidemiológico nacional actualizado.

Introduction: Ovarian Torsion (OT) is complete or partial rotation of the ovary above its vascular pedicle. The objective is to descriptively compare the Hospital Discharge Rates (HDR) for OT in the period 2018-2021 in Chile. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. The data of hospital discharge for OT in Chile between 20182021 (n=1,599) according to age group and days of hospital stay were obtained from the Department of Health Information Statistics. HDR was calculated. No ethics committee was required. Results: An HDR for OT of 4.33/100.000 population was determined between the years 2018 and 2021, with 2021 being the highest with 5.92. The age groups of 10-14 and 15-19 years old registered the highest HDR of 8.5 and 7.55, respectively. The average number of days of hospital stay for OT between the years 2018-2021 was 2.15 days, with 2018 being the longest year with 2.3 days. Patients 80 years and older had the longest hospital length of stay with 3.37 days. Discussion: The HDR for OT in Chile has increased in recent years. In 2020-2021 the highest HDR for OT were found between 10-19 years old, probably due to increases in the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in Chile. The oldest age groups recorded the longest average hospital length of stay, which may be due to increased susceptibility to postoperative complications. Considering the limited source of information in this regard, our study allows us to present an updated national epidemiological profile.

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Breast cancer is associated with high frequency and mortality in Brazilian women. There have been limited studies portraying the characteristics of breast cancer cases in the countryside of the state of Minas Gerais for a long period of time, a fact that will allow us to better understand the epidemiology of these tumors. This descriptive study aims to analyze the epidemiology and clinical features of patients with breast cancer treated at a public health service facility in Lavras, MG. Methods: This is a transversal study with 299 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2002 and 2022, based on data collection from medical records and subsequent descriptive analysis. Results: There were a total of 317 cases, and 299 were eligible for the study. The mean age at diagnosis was 54.2 years, and 36.1% of the patients were under 50 years old at diagnosis. Positive family history was found in 17.0% of the patients. The diagnosis was made by clinical alteration detected on physical examination in 71.5% of cases, and lump was the most frequent type of lesion (89.0%). Invasive carcinoma was 93.1% of the cases, and the mean tumor size was 28.6 mm. The average time between first medical appointment and diagnosis was 63.2 days, and between diagnosis and beginning of treatment was 39.6 days. Conclusions: This study showed that a significant number of cases occurred in women outside the recommended age for screening in Brazil. Diagnosis was predominantly performed by clinical examination, with delays in obtaining the histological diagnosis, and the stage at diagnosis was high, and these facts were associated with the health system limitations (AU)

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Abstract Objective To evaluate the performance of the Berlin Questionnaire, the STOP-Bang Questionnaire, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in screening for the disease in adults of different age groups by comparing them with polysomnography. Methods Cross-sectional study with prospective patient allocation, in which individuals underwent a medical interview, completion of the three screening instruments, and polysomnography. Individuals were categorized into three age groups: 18-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years. The results of the screening instruments were compared to the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders—third edition. Performance was assessed using 2 × 2 contingency tables, estimating sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio, and accuracy. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were also constructed and the area under the curve was estimated for each instrument by age group. Results We obtained a sample with 321 individuals suitable for analysis. The mean age was 50 years, with a predominance of females (56%). The prevalence of the disease in the overall sample was 79%, more prevalent in males in any age group and more frequent in the middle age group. The analyzes revealed that STOP-Bang performed better, both for the overall sample and for all age groups, followed by Berlin Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Conclusion In an outpatient setting with individuals with characteristics similar to those in this study, it seems sensible to choose the STOP-Bang as a screening tool for the disease, regardless of age group. Level of evidence according the guide for authors: level 2.

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ABSTRACT Muscle strength is an essential part of the functional assessment of health professionals to select and analyze the effects of clinical interventions. This study aimed to determine the influence of gender and age on isometric strength of hip and knee muscle groups. A total of 127 subjects (50.4% men), aged from 20 to 49 years (stratified into three groups: 20-29 years; 30-39 years; and 40-49 years) participated in this study. A hand-held dynamometer was used to measure isometric normalized torque of the hip abductors, hip external rotators, knee extensors, and knee flexors muscles. Regressions and a two-way analysis of variance were used to identify the influence of age and gender on torque of each muscle group. Age and gender were included in the regression model for all groups. Generally, men aged 20-29 and 30-39 were stronger than age-paired women. For participants aged 40-49, torque was similar for men and women for all muscle groups. There was no difference among age groups for women. Generally, young men were stronger than older men. The association between age and gender in hip and knee strength was proved and liable of subgroup stratification after measurements with a hand-held isometric dynamometer.

RESUMEN La fuerza muscular es un componente básico de la evaluación funcional de los profesionales de la salud para seleccionar y analizar los efectos de las intervenciones clínicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia del sexo y de la edad en las mediciones de fuerza isométrica de los grupos musculares de la cadera y la rodilla. En el estudio participaron 127 sujetos (50,4% hombres), de entre 20 y 49 años de edad (estratificados en grupos: 20 a 29 años; 30 a 39 años; y 40 a 49 años). El torque isométrico normalizado de los abductores y rotadores externos de la cadera y de los extensores y flexores de la rodilla se midió con un dinamómetro manual. Se utilizaron regresiones y el análisis de varianza (Anova) para identificar la influencia de la edad y el sexo en el torque. Tanto la edad como el sexo se incluyeron en el modelo para todos los grupos musculares. En general, los hombres de entre 20 y 29 años y los de 30 a 39 mostraron tener más fuerza que las mujeres del mismo grupo de edad. Para los participantes de 40 a 49 años, el torque fue similar entre hombres y mujeres para todos los grupos musculares. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos de edad en el grupo de mujeres. En general, los hombres más jóvenes demostraron ser más fuertes que los hombres de mediana edad. La relación entre la edad y el sexo en la fuerza muscular de la cadera y la rodilla se probó y demostró ser susceptible a la estratificación después de las mediciones realizadas con el dinamómetro manual.

RESUMO A força muscular é um componente essencial da avaliação funcional de profissionais da saúde para selecionar e analisar efeitos de intervenções clínicas. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a influência do sexo e da idade sobre medidas de força isométrica de grupos musculares do quadril e do joelho. Participaram da pesquisa 127 sujeitos (50,4% homens), com idade de 20 a 49 anos (estratificados em grupos: 20 a 29 anos; 30 a 39 anos; e 40 a 49 anos). O torque isométrico normalizado de abdutores e rotadores externos de quadril e extensores e flexores de joelho foi medido com dinamômetro manual. Regressões e uma análise de variância (Anova) foram usados para identificar a influência da idade e do sexo sobre o torque. Tanto idade quanto sexo foram incluídos no modelo para todos os grupos musculares. Em geral, homens de 20 a 29 anos e de 30 a 39 anos demonstraram mais força do que mulheres da mesma faixa etária. Para participantes de 40 a 49 anos, o torque foi similar entre homens e mulheres para todos os grupos musculares. Não houve diferença entre as faixas etárias no grupo de mulheres. Em geral, homens mais jovens se mostraram mais fortes do que homens mais velhos. A relação entre idade e sexo na força muscular do quadril e do joelho foi provada e se mostrou passível de estratificação após as medições feitas com o dinamômetro manual.

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This research aims to analyze the formation and structure of career social representations (SR) for professionals of different ages who work in the business area. The Theory of Social Representations (TSR) guided the study carried out in a sample of 174 young professionals (between 18 and 29 years old) and 105 older professionals (from 45 years old). Methodologically, a questionnaire containing questions in free evocation format was applied, and the data were submitted to OpenEvoc and Iramuteq software. The results of the structure and dynamics of career SR for the groups indicated, at the same time, the presence of similar and distinct elements. Moreover, these results contradict, in part, the literature on career and generational characteristics, indicating the relevance of aspects related to the socio-historical context to explain career SR. The data contribute to the understanding of career SR, enabling new debates and (re)readings. (AU)

Esta pesquisa busca analisar a formação e a estrutura das representações sociais (RS) de carreira para profissionais de diferentes idades inseridos na área de negócios. O estudo realizado em uma amostra de 174 profissionais jovens (entre 18 e 29 anos) e de 105 profissionais mais velhos (a partir de 45 anos) teve como norteador a Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS). Metodologicamente, foi aplicado um questionário que continha questões em formato de evocação livre, sendo os dados submetidos aos softwares OpenEvoc e Iramuteq. Os resultados da estrutura e da dinâmica das RS de carreira para os grupos indicaram, ao mesmo tempo, a presença de elementos semelhantes e distintos. Também, esses resultados contradizem, em parte, a literatura sobre carreira e características geracionais, indicando a relevância de aspectos relacionados ao contexto sócio-histórico para explicar as RS de carreira. Os dados contribuem para o entendimento das RS de carreira, possibilitando novos debates e (re)leituras. (AU)

Esta investigación busca analizar la formación y la estructura de las representaciones sociales (RS) de carrera para profesionales de diferentes edades que actúan en el área empresarial. El estudio realizado con una muestra de 174 profesionales jóvenes (entre 18 y 29 años) y 105 profesionales mayores (a partir de 45 años) se orientó por la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS). Metodológicamente, se aplicó un cuestionario que contenía preguntas en un formato de evocación libre. Los datos se analizaron mediante el software OpenEvoc e Iramuteq. Los resultados de la estructura y la dinámica de las RS de carrera de los grupos indicaron, al mismo tiempo, la presencia de elementos similares y distintos. Además, estos resultados contradicen parcialmente la literatura sobre carrera y características generacionales, indicando la relevancia de aspectos relacionados con el contexto para explicar las RS de carrera. Los datos contribuyen a la comprensión de las RS de carrera, posibilitando nuevos debates y (re)lecturas. (AU)

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Cognitive deficits are common among post-stroke patients. Cognitive impairments of this sort are mediated by age and education. In Brazil, the only specific cognitive screening tool designed for post-stroke patients is the Cognitive Screening Test (Triagem Cognitiva - TRIACOG). The goal of this study was to investigate validity evidence related to external variables for the TRIACOG. Our sample included 153 adults and elderly people (M = 60.08, SD = 9.61) from Porto Alegre and metropolitan area, comprising 87 post-stroke patients and 66 healthy individuals. Three-way ANOVAs were used to assess main effects and interactions between the variables group (clinical/control), age and education. An influence of group and age on scores in the TRIACOG was found. We emphasize the relevance of these results to the selection of cut-off points for the tasks and cognitive functions assessed by the instrument, considering education and age, so as to allow more accurate identification of deficits in post-stroke patients. (AU)

Déficits cognitivos são comuns em pacientes após acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). O prejuízo cognitivo causado por esse evento é mediado por variáveis etárias e de escolaridade. No Brasil, o único instrumento de rastreio cognitivo específico para o pós-AVC é a Triagem Cognitiva (TRIACOG). O objetivo deste estudo é investigar evidências de validade relacionadas a variáveis externas da TRIACOG. Participaram do estudo 153 adultos e idosos (M = 60,08; DP = 9,61) de Porto Alegre e região metropolitana, sendo 87 pacientes pós-AVC e 66 saudáveis. Three-way ANOVA foi utilizada para indicar os efeitos e interações entre variáveis de grupo, etárias e educacionais. Observou-se a influência dos fatores de grupo e idade nos escores da TRIACOG. Ressalta-se a relevância dos resultados para a construção de pontos de corte para tarefas e funções do instrumento, considerando aspectos educacionais e etários, aumentando a precisão na identificação de déficits em pacientes pós-AVC. (AU)

Los déficits cognitivos son comunes en pacientes después de un accidente cerebrovascular. El deterioro cognitivo causado por este evento está mediado por variables de edad y educación. En Brasil, la única herramienta de detección cognitiva específica para después de un accidente cerebrovascular es el Cribado de Deterioro Cognitivo (TRIACOG). El propósito de este estudio fue investigar evidencias de validez relacionadas con las variables externas de TRIACOG. Participaron en el estudio un total de 153 adultos y ancianos (M = 60.08; DS= 9.61) de Porto Alegre y región metropolitana, de los cuales, 87 eran pacientes posictus y 66 eran sanos. Se utilizó Three-way ANOVA para indicar los efectos y las interacciones entre las variables de grupo, edad y escolarización. Se observó la influencia de factores de grupo y edad en las puntuaciones del TRIACOG. Se enfatiza la relevancia de los resultados para la construcción de puntos de corte para tareas y funciones del instrumento, teniendo en cuenta aspectos educativos y de edad, aumentando la precisión en la identificación de déficits en pacientes posictus. (AU)

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Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de óbitos por COVID-19 no município de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, com dados oriundos do banco de óbitos da Vigilância Epidemiológica, registrados no período de março a dezembro de 2020. Resultados: Dos 194 óbitos, a maioria era do sexo masculino (63,4%), com 60 anos ou mais (82,5%), de cor da pele branca (82,5%), residentes na região central histórica do município (11,3%). Quanto à ocupação, a maior ocorrência de óbitos foi entre os aposentados (69,5%), seguido por comerciante ou autônomo (17,7%). Com relação às morbidades, 38,7% tinha cardiopatias, 29,4% hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 28,0% diabetes mellitus e praticamente a metade dos indivíduos tinha multimorbidade (49,0%). Conclusões: Com a identificação do perfil de óbitos por COVID-19 no município de Rio Grande no período de março a dezembro de 2020, esses dados podem contribuir para auxiliar os gestores no planejamento de ações estratégicas e educativas de prevenção e combate à COVID-19, principalmente no direcionamento de grupos prioritários nas campanhas de vacinação (AU)

Objective: Describe the COVID-19 death profile in the city of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study using data from the Epidemiological Surveillance service deaths database of deaths notified from March to December 2020. Results: Of the 194 deaths, most were male (63.4%), aged 60 years or more (82.5%), of white skin color (82.5%), and living in the central historic district of the city (11.3%). With regard to occupation, the highest occurrence of deaths was among retirees (69.5%), followed by tradesmen or the self-employed (17.7%). Regarding morbidities, 38.7% had heart disease, 29.4% hypertension, 28.0% diabetes mellitus, and practically half of the individuals had multiple morbidities (49.0%). Conclusions: We identified the profile of COVID-19 deaths in the city of Rio Grande in the period from March to December 2020. These data can help health service managers to plan strategic and educational actions to prevent and combat COVID-19, mainly by targeting priority groups in vaccination campaigns

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Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia y conductas de riesgo por grupos de edad entre pacientes con infección por VIH. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico transversal de pacientes que acuden al servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas a recibir tratamiento antirretroviral. Resultados: De 117 personas que ingresaron al estudio, se observó que el grupo etario de los jóvenes varones con infección por VIH señalaron una orientación homosexual (HSH) en 64,5% y una mayor tasa de haber sufrido abuso sexual (29%) respecto al resto. En adultos el uso de métodos anticonceptivos es 71,4% y superior al resto de grupos de edad, la concurrencia a lugares de riesgo (visita a trabajadoras sexuales de la calle) se encuentra mayoritariamente en el rango de 45 a 90 años. El rol homosexual activo de los hombres con VIH representa 66,7%. Los hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de realizar más estudios que profundicen el tema del abuso sexual en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, debido a la alta prevalencia encontrada en este estudio(AU)

Our objective was to determine the prevalence and risk behaviors by age groups in patients with HIV infection. A cross-sectional analytical observational study of patients attending the Infectious Diseases service to receive antiretroviral treatment was carried out.Results: Out of 117 people who entered the study, it was observed that the age group of young men with HIV infection indicated a homosexual orientation (MSM) 64.5%; and a higher rate of having suffered sexual abuse (29%) in comparison to the others. In adults, the use of contraceptive methods is 71.4%, and higher than the rest of the age groups, attendance at places of risk (visits to street sex workers) is mostly in the range of 45 to 90 years. The active homosexual role of men with HIV represents 66.7%. The findings emphasize the need for more studies that delve into the issue of sexual abuse in adolescents and young adults, due to the high prevalence found in this study(AU)

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