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Cortex Fraxini,a kind of traditional Chinese medicinal,has low toxicity and wide clinical application.It is widely used to treat diseases such as swelling and pain of eye,damp-heat diarrhea,leucorrhea with reddish discharge,metrorrhagia,etc..Modern pharmacological studies have found that coumarin compounds are the main active components of Fraxini Cortex,among which aesculin and aesculetin are the most representative components.Numerous studies have reported that aesculin and aesculetin exhibit abundant pharmacological activities including antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,antioxidant,and the potential development and utilization of these compounds has attracted increasing attention.This paper summarized the research progress of the main pharmacological effects of aesculin and aesculetin by reviewing the relevant literature at home and abroad.Our aim is to provide a reference for the drug development and clinical application of Fraxini Cortex.

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Fraxini Cortex is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for thousands of years to treat dampness-heat diarrhea, dysentery, red or white vaginal discharge, painful swelling or redness of the eyes, and nebula. It contains various chemical components, including coumarins, iridoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Coumarins are important active ingredients in Fraxini Cortex and have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and antiviral activities. Aesculin and aesculetin are two major coumarin components of Fraxini Cortex that are widely used in its quality evaluation. Previous HPLC methods for determination of aesculin and aesculetin present several limitations, such as long analysis times and high solvent and reference compound consumption. In this study, a rapid, eco-friendly and cost saving HPLC method for the determination of aesculin and aesculetin in Fraxini Cortex was established by using the core-shell column and equal absorption wavelength (EAW). Different factors influencing the extraction process, such as the extraction solvent, temperature, and time, were assessed to obtain the optimal extraction conditions. The results showed that Fraxini Cortex samples could be well extracted by ultrasonic extraction for 5 min with a 25% ethanol aqueous solution. A core-shell column was used, and different mobile phases and flow rates were investigated to obtain the best rapid-HPLC separation conditions. The optimized HPLC conditions were as follows: a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (50 mm×4.6 mm, 2.7 µm), acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (6∶94, v/v) as the eluent, a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, and a column temperature of 25 ℃. The EAW of aesculin and aesculetin was a key factor in their determination using a single reference compound. EAW selection was performed in two steps. First, the UV spectra of two equimolar concentrations of the reference compounds (aesculin and aesculetin) were compared to determine the EAW of the two analytes. The EAW results were then verified by the HPLC analysis of the reference compound solutions. The final EAW of aesculin and aesculetin was 341 nm. The determination of aesculin and aesculetin using only one reference compound (i. e., aesculin) was achieved by HPLC-UV at this EAW. The newly developed HPLC method revealed a good linear relationship between the two target analytes (r=1.0000). The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 1.5 µmol/L and 3.0 µmol/L, respectively, and the average recoveries of aesculin and aesculetin were 99.0% and 97.5%. The stabilities of the sample solutions were examined, and the two analytes demonstrated good stability for 24 h. The contents of the target analytes in 10 batches of Fraxini Cortex were determined using the proposed EAW method and the classic external standard method (ESM), and comparable concentrations were obtained. The contents of aesculin and aesculetin in the 10 batches of Fraxini Cortex were 0.26%-2.80% and 0.11%-1.47%, respectively. A t-test was conducted to compare the results of the proposed EAW technique with those obtained via the method reported in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and no significant difference between the two assay methods was noted (P>0.05). Comparison of the newly established EAW method with those reported in the literature revealed that our method required only 10 min to complete and used as little as 0.5 mL of the solvent and only one standard. Therefore, the developed EAW method is a rapid, simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective analytical method that is suitable for the determination of aesculin and aesculetin in Fraxini Cortex and its related products. The proposed technique is an improved method for determining aesculin and aesculetin and contributes to the enhancement of the quality evaluation of Fraxini Cortex.

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Electrode sensitivity and selectivity in complex biological matrices are major challenges in the development of electrochemical sensors. Bimetallic nanoparticles provide a new perspective for enhancing electrocatalytic property because of some specific synergetic effects. In this work, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified carbon fiber microelectrode (PtNPs/AuNPs/CFME) was fabricated to determine aesculin and aesculetin simultaneously. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method was conducted for the electrochemical sensing of aesculin and aesculetin, the modified electrode displayed high electrocatalytic activity for the redox of these two drugs. The linear ranges of aesculin and aesculetin were 0.4-10 µM and 0.04-1 µM, with the detection limits of 41 nM and 3.6 nM, respectively, which were the lowest values achieved. Furthermore, an electrochemical investigation of the interactions of these two drugs with Calf thymus double stranded DNA (dsDNA) was investigated by PtNPs/AuNPs/CFME, the decrease in peak currents is proportional to DNA concentration and can be used to detect DNA. The electrode was successfully used to measure aesculin and aesculetin in mouse serum and urine with 98.0-104.8% recovery. The novel electrochemical probe possessed excellent performances of high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and simplicity of fabrication, which will facilitate effective detection of aesculin and aesculetin for metabolic kinetics study.

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Aesculin, a coumarin compound, is one of the major active ingredients of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Qinpi (Cortex Fraxini), which has been reported to exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties against oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanisms remain poorly characterized in vivo. This research was performed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms behind aesculin response conferring oxidative stress resistance, and the protective effects on amyloid-ß (Aß)-mediated neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Study indicated that aesculin plays the protective roles for C. elegans against oxidative stress and Aß-mediated neurotoxicity and reduces the elevated ROS and MDA contents through enhancement of antioxidant defenses. The KEGG pathway analysis suggested that the differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in longevity regulating pathway, and the nuclear translocation of DAF-16 and the RNAi of daf-16 and hsf-1 indicated that DAF-16 and HSF-1 play critical roles in integrating upstream signals and inducing the expressions of stress resistance-related genes. Furthermore, the up-regulated expressions of their target genes such as sod-3 and hsp-16.2 were confirmed in transgenic GFP reporter strains CF1553 and CL2070, respectively. These results indicated that the regulators DAF-16 and HSF-1 elevate the stress resistance of C. elegans by modulating stress-responsive genes. Further experiments revealed that aesculin is capable of suppressing Aß-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis and improves chemosensory behavior dysfunction in Aß-transgenic nematodes. In summary, this study suggested that aesculin offers increased resistance against oxidative stress and protective effects against Aß-induced neurotoxicity through activation of stress regulators DAF-16 and HSF-1 in nematodes.

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BACKGROUND: Aesculin (AES), an effective component of Cortex fraxini, is a hydroxycoumarin glucoside that has diverse biological properties. The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been heavily interwoven with the development of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether AES makes a difference to the changes of the NLRP3 inflammasome in MIRI. PURPOSE: We used rats that were subjected to MIRI and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) that underwent oxygen-glucose deprivation/restoration (OGD/R) process to investigate what impacts AES exerts on MIRI and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. METHODS: The establishment of MIRI model in rats was conducted using the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation for 0.5 h ischemia and then untying the knot for 4 h of reperfusion. After reperfusion, AES were administered intraperitoneally using 10 and 30 mg/kg doses. We evaluated the development of reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias, hemodynamic changes, infarct size, and the biomarkers in myocardial injury. The inflammatory mediators and pyroptosis were also assessed. AES at the concentrations of 1, 3, and 10 µM were imposed on the NRCMs immediately before the restoration process. We also determined the cell viability and cell death in the NRCMs exposed to OGD/R insult. Furthermore, we also analyzed the levels of proteins that affect the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and the AKT serine/threonine kinase (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3ß)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway via western blotting. RESULTS: We found that AES notably attenuated reperfusion arrhythmias and myocardia damage, improved the hemodynamic function, and ameliorated the inflammatory response and pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes in rats and NRCMs. Additionally, AES reduced the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rats and NRCMs. AES also enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3ß, while suppressing the phosphorylation of NF-κB. Moreover, the allosteric Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, abolished the AES-mediated cardioprotection and the NLRP3 inflammasome suppression. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that AES effectively protected cardiomyocytes against MIRI by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, which may relate to the upregulated Akt activation and disruption of the GSK3ß/NF-κB pathway.

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The present study aims to investigate the effects of the main components(aesculin, berberine hydrochloride, and anemoside B4) in the butyl alcohol extract of Baitouweng Decoction(BAEB) on the chemotaxis of neutrophils induced by dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO). HL60 cells were cultivated in RPMI-1640 complete medium, and transferred into a 6-well plate(2 × 10~5 per mL) with 4 mL in each well, followed by incubation with DMSO at 1.3% for five days. The morphologic changes of cells were observed under an inverted microscope. The CD11 b expression after DMSO induction was analyzed by flow cytometry. The effects of aesculin, berberine hydrochloride, and anemoside B4 on the cell proliferation and migration were detected by CCK8 assay and Transwell assay, respectively. The effects of the main components on the production and polarization of F-actin protein were also examined by flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy. PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway was checked by Western blot. As revealed by the results, neutrophil-like HL60 cells were observed after DMSO induction. The CD11 b expression in these cells increased significantly as indicated by the flow cytometry. Additionally, 100 µg·mL~(-1) aesculin, 8 µg·mL~(-1) berberine hydrochloride, and 80 µg·mL~(-1) anemoside B4 were potent in inhibiting the migration of neutrophils and reducing F-actin expression. Berberine hydrochloride was verified to be capable of diminishing phosphorylated PI3 K/Akt protein expression. The findings indicate that aesculin, anemoside B4, and especially berberine hydrochloride in the BAEB can inhibit the chemotaxis of neutrophils, which is possibly achieved by the inhibition of F-actin and PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway.

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BACKGROUND: Presently available chemical based synthetic preservative have emerged with various side effects, so the aspiration of natural and side effect free novel preservative has been greatly increased. As the natural preservative exhibit poor side effect with improved preservative efficacy. The recent development in computational studies leads advancement in drug designing and discovery of novel glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (G-6-P synthase) inhibition based natural antimicrobial preservatives. Here, selected aesculin derivatives were screened for G-6-P synthase inhibition via docking study and evaluated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, preservative efficacy as well stability study. RESULTS: Modified aesculin derivatives were designed, synthesized and showed potent G-6-P synthase inhibition with remarkable antimicrobial, antioxidant, preservative efficacy and stability study. The molecular docking with target pdb id 1moq from G-6-P synthase resulted with better dock score and energy for compound 1 as compared to standard drugs streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and fluconazole, that supported the wet lab results. Among the synthesized compounds, the compound 1 possessed good antioxidant activity as compared to standard L-ascorbic acid. The resultant data for antimicrobial activity of aesculin derivatives revealed compound 1 as the most potent antimicrobial compound as compared to the standard drugs streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and fluconazole. While compound 2 showed better antimicrobial activity as compared to streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin. The preservative efficacy test for compound 1 in aloe vera juice and white lotion USP has been showed the log CFU/mL values within the prescribed limit of USP standard and results were comparable to standard sodium benzoate, ethyl paraben and propyl paraben. Compound 1 has been found to be within prescribed limit of stability study over six month. CONCLUSION: Compound 1 showed the potent G-6-P synthase inhibitory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, preservative efficacy and stability study results as compared to standard drugs taken. The results have found comparable to molecular docking results, and this final compound may be used as new preservatives for food and pharmaceutical products. Moreover, the mechanistic insight into the docking poses was also explored by binding interactions of aesculin derivatives inside the pdb id 1moq. These results also supported the results for novel synthesized G-6-P synthase inhibitors.

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The present study aims to investigate the effects of the main components(aesculin, berberine hydrochloride, and anemoside B4) in the butyl alcohol extract of Baitouweng Decoction(BAEB) on the chemotaxis of neutrophils induced by dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO). HL60 cells were cultivated in RPMI-1640 complete medium, and transferred into a 6-well plate(2 × 10~5 per mL) with 4 mL in each well, followed by incubation with DMSO at 1.3% for five days. The morphologic changes of cells were observed under an inverted microscope. The CD11 b expression after DMSO induction was analyzed by flow cytometry. The effects of aesculin, berberine hydrochloride, and anemoside B4 on the cell proliferation and migration were detected by CCK8 assay and Transwell assay, respectively. The effects of the main components on the production and polarization of F-actin protein were also examined by flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy. PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway was checked by Western blot. As revealed by the results, neutrophil-like HL60 cells were observed after DMSO induction. The CD11 b expression in these cells increased significantly as indicated by the flow cytometry. Additionally, 100 μg·mL~(-1) aesculin, 8 μg·mL~(-1) berberine hydrochloride, and 80 μg·mL~(-1) anemoside B4 were potent in inhibiting the migration of neutrophils and reducing F-actin expression. Berberine hydrochloride was verified to be capable of diminishing phosphorylated PI3 K/Akt protein expression. The findings indicate that aesculin, anemoside B4, and especially berberine hydrochloride in the BAEB can inhibit the chemotaxis of neutrophils, which is possibly achieved by the inhibition of F-actin and PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway.

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Aesculin, a natural product from the traditional and widely-used Chinese medicine named Cortex fraxini, has attracted attention as a novel therapeutic modulator of inflammation. However, little is known about its effect on ulcerative colitis (UC). This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of aesculin on colitis. The results showed that, few cytotoxicity of aesculin were shown in vivo and in the RAW264.7 macrophages, while aesculin significantly relieved the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis and restrained the expression of inflammatory factors including iNOS, IL-1ß, TNF-α in both peritoneal macrophages and colonic tissues from DSS-induced mice and RAW264.7 macrophages. Of note, aesculin attenuated the activity of NF-κB signaling while promoted the nuclear localization of PPAR-γ in both rectal tissues from DSS-induced mice and LPS-stimulated macrophages. These findings demonstrated that the protection of aesculin against ulcerative colitis might be due to its regulation on the PPAR-γ and NF-κB pathway. Thus, aesculin could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

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Because glycosylation of aesculetin and its 6-glucoside, aesculin, enhances their biological activities and physicochemical properties, whole-cell biotransformation and enzymatic synthesis methodologies using Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase were compared to determine the optimal production method for glycoside derivatives. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of reaction products revealed two glycosylated products (AGG1 and AGG2) when aesculin was used as an acceptor, and three products (AG1, AG2, and AG3) when using aesculetin. The whole-cell biotransformation production yields of the major transfer products for each acceptor (AGG1 and AG1) were 85% and 25%, respectively, compared with 68% and 14% for enzymatic synthesis. These results indicate that whole-cell biotransformation is more efficient than enzymatic synthesis for the production of glycoside derivatives.

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Because glycosylation of aesculetin and its 6-glucoside, aesculin, enhances their biological activities and physicochemical properties, whole-cell biotransformation and enzymatic synthesis methodologies using Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase were compared to determine the optimal production method for glycoside derivatives. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of reaction products revealed two glycosylated products (AGG1 and AGG2) when aesculin was used as an acceptor and three products (AG1, AG2, and AG3) when using aesculetin. The whole-cell biotransformation production yields of the major transfer products for each acceptor (AGG1 and AG1) were 85% and 25%, respectively, compared to 68% and 14% for enzymatic synthesis. These results indicate that whole-cell biotransformation is more efficient than enzymatic synthesis for the production of glycoside derivatives.

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Aesculin (AES), a coumarin compound derived from Aesculus hippocasanum L, is reported to exert protective role against inflammatory diseases, gastric disease and cancer. However, direct effect of AES in bone metabolism is deficient. In this study, we examined the effects of AES on osteoclast (OC) differentiation in receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced RAW264.7 cells. AES inhibits the OC differentiation in both dose- and time-dependent manner within non-toxic concentrations, as analyzed by Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The actin ring formation manifesting OC function is also decreased by AES. Moreover, expressions of osteoclastogenesis related genes Trap, Atp6v0d2, Cathepsin K and Mmp-9 are decreased upon AES treatment. Mechanistically, AES attenuates the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB activity upon RANKL induction, thus leading to the reduction of Nfatc1 mRNA expression. Moreover, AES inhibits Rank expression, and RANK overexpression markedly decreases AES's effect on OC differentiation and NF-κB activity. Consistently, AES protects against bone mass loss in the ovariectomized and dexamethasone treated rat osteoporosis model. Taken together, our data demonstrate that AES can modulate bone metabolism by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and related transduction signals. AES therefore could be a promising agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.

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Enterococci show higher proteolytic activities than other lactic acid bacteria and thus have received considerable attention in scientific literature in recent years. Proteolytic enzymes of enterococci have warranted the use of some species as starter, adjuncts or protective cultures and as probiotics, while in some strains they have also been linked with virulence. Consequently, the isolation and identification of proteolytic enterococci is becoming of increasing interest and importance. However, current screening methods for proteolytic enterococci can be time consuming, requiring a two-step procedure which may take up to 96h. This study describes a method, utilising Kanamycin Skim Milk Aesculin Azide (KSMEA) agar, for the isolation of proteolytic enterococci in one-step, thereby significantly reducing screening time. KSMEA combines the selective properties of Kanamycin Aesculin Azide Agar (KAA) with skim milk powder for the detection of proteolytic enterococci. Enterococci produced colonies with a black halo on KSMEA which were accompanied by a zone of clearing in the media when enterococci were proteolytic. KSMEA medium retained the selectivity of KAA, while proteolytic enterococci were easily distinguished from non-proteolytic enterococci when two known strains were propagated on KSMEA. KSMEA also proved effective at isolating and detecting enterococci in raw milk, faeces and soil. Isolates recovered from the screen were confirmed as enterococci using genus-specific primers. Proteolytic enterococci were present in the raw milk sample only and were easily distinguishable from non-proteolytic enterococci and other microorganisms. Therefore, KSMEA provides a rapid, one-step screening method for the isolation of presumptive proteolytic enterococci.

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Objective: To investigate the active ingredients of chicory on uric acid-lowering, and make a preliminary study on the safety as well as mechanism of uric acid-lowering. Methods: Fifty quails were evenly randomized into five groups, namely normal group, model group, benzbromarone (20 mg/kg) group, high-dose and low-dose mixture groups (150, and 50 mg/kg), 10 quails in each group. Except for the normal group, the quails in other groups were given high purine diet (ordinary forage mixed with 15 g/kg of yeast extract powder) to induce hyperuricemia model. And then we observed the changes of UA, ALT, AST, Cr, BUN, XOD, and ADA levels in serum during the treatment. Results: During the molding period, model group of serum UA level significantly increased (P 0.05) in 7-21 d; The XOD and ADA levels showed different degrees of inhibition. Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid, aesculin, as well as chicoric acid has the effect on lowering serum uric acid level in quail hyperuricemia model, which may be associated with reducing the activities of XOD and ADA levels.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cortex Fraxini (CF) is an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine used for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperuricemic effect of CF on hyperuricemic rats and to investigate its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metabolomics based on NMR and MS was used to study the therapeutic effect of CF on hyperuricemic rats. Plasma determination of uric acid (UA) showed that CF treatment markedly improved the UA level. Subsequently, metabolomics analysis was conducted using samples of plasma, kidney and urine, and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) were used to detect potential biomarkers. RESULTS: A total of 26 biomarkers were identified as being primarily involved in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, purine metabolism, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, and hyperuricemia can disturb the balance of many of these metabolic pathways in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The variations in biomarkers revealed the therapeutic mechanism of CF, and a number of these biomarkers are not only significant for early diagnosis but also for predicting hyperuricemia.

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A fast micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method for simultaneous assay of aesculin, aesculetin, and phenylephrine was developed and validated. The separation was carried out in a fused-silica capillary (50 µm id, total length 64.5 cm, effective length 8.5 cm) with UV detection at 210 nm, temperature 25°C and separation voltage -25 kV. The samples were loaded hydrodynamically at a pressure of -50 mbar for 6 s. The background electrolyte of pH 8.6 contained 20 mM boric acid, 60 mM SDS, and 5% (v/v) of methanol. The calibration curves were linear in the range 10-500 µg/mL for aesculin and aesculetin and 12.5-625 µg/mL for phenylephrine. The RSD values of corrected peak areas were 0.6-1.2% (n = 6) when determining 0.2 mg/mL of aesculin and aesculetin and 0.25 mg/mL of phenylephrine in prepared standard mixtures. The method was successfully applied to the assay of aesculin and phenylephrine in a pharmaceutical preparation (RSD  =  1.9-2.0%; n  =  3) and the robustness of the method for both, the determination of analytes and the system suitability test parameter values, was evaluated with the use of Plackett-Burman design.

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Objective To develop a HPLC method for determination of aesculin, aesculetin,baicalin and ellagic acid in Xielining tablets. Methods The hypersil C18 column was used with the flow rate of 1. 1 mL·min-1 . The mobile phase A consisted of methanol-acetonitrile(4∶1),the mobile phase B consisted of 0. 1% phosphoric acid solution; The detection wave-lengths were λ1 =334 nm(aesculin and aesculetin),λ2 = 280 nm(baicalin),and λ3 = 254 nm(ellagic acid). Results There was a good linear relationship between the peak area values and concentrations of aesculin,aesculetin,baicalin and ellagic acid. The quantitation range of aesculin,aesculetin,baicalin and ellagic acid was 0. 058 6 -1. 172 0 μg( r = 0. 999 2), 0. 015 4 -0. 308 0 μg(r=0. 999 8),0. 447 2-8. 944 0 μg(r=0. 999 6),and 0. 072 6-1. 452 0 μg(r=0. 999 5), respectively. The aver-age recovery was 97. 24% (RSD=0. 78% ),97. 76% (RSD=1. 11% ),98. 43% (RSD=0. 93% ) and 96. 89% (RSD=0. 62% ), respectively. Conclusion The method is convenient,accurate,sensitive,reproducible and may be used in the determination of aesculin, aesculetin,baicalin and ellagic acid in Xielining tablets.

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Objective: To optimize the purification process of total coumarin from Fraxini Cortex using macroporous resin. Methods: The single factor methods have been used to investigate the choice of type, adsorption performance, and desorption performance and the purification of the total coumarin from Fraxini Cortex by macroporous resin. The adsorption rate, resolution, resolution rate, and transfer rate of the total coumarin from Fraxini Cortex, four kinds of coumarin constituents, such as aesculin, aesculetin, fraxin, and fraxetin were used as examining indexes. Results: The ADS-5 was the most suitable type for the purification of total coumarin from Fraxini Cortex among the seven kinds of macroporous resin. Adsorption parameters: Crude drug-the resin was 0.8 g/g which was the sample amount; The concentration of sample solution was 0.75 g crude drug/mL; The pH value of sample liquid was 4.0-4.3 (liquid sample); The speed of the sample through the resin column was 2-4 BV/h. Elution parameters: The volume of the water cleaning fluid impurities was 1 BV; The elution solvent was 25% ethanol; The elution speed was 2 BV/h; The elution volume was 3 BV. After the purification, the transfer rate of total coumarin from Fraxini Cortex was 74.27%, the transfer rate of four kinds of coumarin was 83.06%, the extract rate of total coumarin was 7.35%, the removal of impurities was 14.00%, among which the content of total coumarin was 54.72%, the contents of the four kinds of components were 36.01%, the total coumarin extraction yield was 4.02%. Conclusion: This method to purify the total coumarin from Fraxini Cortex using ADS-5 can get better purification effect, the purification process is also stable.

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Objective To study the preventive effect and mechanism of aesculin on intestinal mucosa in rats with experimental ulcerative colitis (UC) . Methods Forty specific-pathogen free SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP, 600 mg/kg) group and aesculin (EH, 100 mg/kg) group, 10 in each group. Rats in model group, SASP group and EH group were given enema with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid ( TNBS, 100 mg/kg) for the establishment of UC model. The rats in SASP group and EH group were given gastric gavage of SASP and aesculin respectively. At the end of experiment, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α) and interleukin 10 ( IL-10) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . The general state, histological features of intestinal mucosa and serum TNF-αand IL-10 levels of rats in each group were compared. Results Aesculin significantly improved the general state and relieved the inflammation of the colonic mucosa of UC rats. The disease activity index ( DAI) scores and tissue damage index (TDI) scores in the model group were significantly higher than those in the normal group ( P<0.01) . The DAI scores and TDI scores in the medication groups were significantly lower than those in the model group (P<0.01) . The serum TNF-αlevel was significantly higher and IL-10 level was significantly lower in the model group than the normal group ( P<0.01) . After treatment, TNF-α was decreased and IL-10 was increased in SASP group and EH group as compared with the model group (P<0.01) . Conclusion Aesculin has certain therapeutic effect on TNBS-induced UC in rats through significantly relieving the symptoms of UC rats. The mechanism may be related with the inhibition of TNF-α secretion and the increase of IL-10 expression, and then improving the disorder of intestinal immune function.

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Objective To study the effect of escin on proteinuria and renal function of BXSB mice. Methods BXSB mice were divided randomly into group A (control group), B (steroid treatment group), C(steroid combined with high-dose esein treatment group) and D (streroid combined with low-doze escin group). The proteinufia and renal function were detected by albustix and automatic biochemistry analyzer after a month's treatment. Results Group C reduced the level of proteinuria and parameters of renal function (BUN and Cr) significantly when compared with other three groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Escin can reduce the level of proteinuria and protect renal function of BXSB mice.