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Background This study aimed to identify morphological variations, conduct morphometry of the liver, and present its clinical implications. Methodology The study was conducted on 35 preserved cadaveric livers without macroscopic abnormalities. Morphological features such as shape and size were studied and variations such as the absence of lobe, accessory fissures, or accessory lobes were noted in all specimens. Results The caudate lobe was absent in one liver, and the quadrate lobe was absent in six livers. Moreover, seven livers had accessory fissures, and accessory lobes were seen in six livers. The left lobe with a lingular process was seen in three livers, and diaphragmatic grooves were present in seven livers. Conclusions The present research is helpful to radiologists, surgeons, and anatomists as it demonstrates the different morphological variations in the liver.

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Anatomical variability in the human body is not as rare as was previously hypothesised. Indeed, as recently reviewed, the term 'norm' in anatomy can be considered an approximation. Thus, anatomical variations occur quite often, as largely demonstrated during non-invasive diagnosis, surgical intervention, or post mortem investigations. In the present study, we describe different anatomical variations in both the right and left lungs derived from cadavers of different ethnicities. The analysed organs were collected during dissection, and accessory lobes and fissures were observed in both the right and left lungs. Moreover, a horizontal fissure was missing from the right lung, resulting in only two lobes. Since lung anatomical variability is common in clinical practice and preclinical imaging studies can miss different morphologies, a deep and accurate knowledge of the anatomical variations of the lung is of extreme importance to avoid difficulties or changes during the surgical procedure.

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Vasa previa carries a high risk of severe fetal morbidity and mortality due to fetal hemorrhage caused by damage to unprotected fetal cord vessels upon membrane rupture. Vasa previa is generally classified into types I and II. However, some cases are difficult to classify, and some studies have proposed a type III classification. This study aimed to review the current evidence on type III vasa previa. A systematic literature search was conducted, and 11 articles (2011-2022) were included. A systematic review showed that type III vasa previa accounts for 5.7% of vasa previa cases. Thirteen women with type III vasa previa were examined at a patient-level analysis. The median age was 35 (interquartile range [IQR] 31.5-38) years, and approximately 45% were assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancies. The median gestational week of delivery was 36 (IQR 34-37) weeks; the antenatal detection rate was 84.6%, and no cases reported neonatal death. The characteristics and obstetric outcomes (rate of ART, antenatal diagnosis, emergent cesarean delivery, gestational age at delivery, and neonatal mortality) were compared between types I and III vasa previa, and all outcomes of interest were similar. The current evidence on type III vasa previa is scanty, and further studies are warranted.

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PURPOSE: Liver is divided into four anatomical lobes presenting minor fissures and invisible major fissures. The prevalence of Accessory Fissures in liver ranges widely from 6 to 94%. The morphometric analysis of individual lobes is also scarce in literature. There have been instances where the surgeon has experienced some of these variations as a surprise during surgery as the existing data on the surface variations of liver is still contradictory. A sound knowledge of these variations would aid the surgeons and radiologists to circumvent the misdiagnosis and complications during surgeries. METHODS: The study was conducted in 93 cadaveric livers. Minor liver fissures, Accessory fissures and lobes were noted and measured. The livers were classified according to the Netter's classification. The morphology of caudate and quadrate lobes was studied. Any other variations in the appearance of groove for Inferior vena cava, gall bladder and its fossa were also studied. The results are tabulated. RESULTS: The study revealed several variations in the morphological features of liver. Accessory fissures were noted in 51.61% of livers, distributed on various liver surfaces. Accessory lobes were noted in 27.9%. Pons hepatis was present in 22.5%. Gall bladder variations that were noted include the Hartmann's pouch (n = 14; 15.05%) and the Phrygian cap (n = 2; 2.15%). 65.6% livers (n = 61) had the sulcus of the caudate process or fissure of Gans or Rouviere sulcus which is a normal fissure present in majority of normal healthy livers. CONCLUSION: The current study provides a complete understanding and a thorough knowledge of surface morphological variations in liver. We hope that this will be greatly helpful for surgeons and radiologists to avoid possible errors in interpretations, to plan appropriately and assist during liver surgeries and to do radiological interventions.

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Modelo do estudo: Relato de caso. Importância do problema: Lobos e fissuras acessórias nos pulmões podem induzir a erros de interpretação e diagnóstico, além de favorecer a disseminação de patologias como a pneumonia para lobos adjacentes. Dessa forma, a constatação dessas alterações anatômicas pode colaborar em diagnósticos clínicos e procedimentos cirúrgicos. Comentários: Relatamos um caso raro de modificação anatômica nos lobos e fis-suras dos pulmões. O pulmão esquerdo exibia um lobo médio acessório e uma fissura horizontal completa. Por outro lado, o pulmão direito apresentava duas fissuras acessórias incompletas situadas inferiormente na face costal do lobo médio. Além disso, observamos que o hilo do pulmão esquerdo continha dois brônquios lobares (superior e inferior), um brônquio lobar acessório e três artérias pulmonares. O conhecimento das variações anatômicas aqui relatadas é fundamental, pois auxiliam os profissionais da saúde nos diagnósticos e nas decisões terapêuticas e cirúrgicas.(AU)

Study: Case Report. Importance: Lobos and accessory fissures in the lungs can induce errors of interpretation and diagnosis, as well as favor the spread of pathologies such as pneumonia to adjacent lobes. Thus, the confirmation of these anatomical alterations can collaborate in clinical diagnoses and surgical procedures. Comments: We report a rare case of anatomical variation in the lobes and fissures of the lungs. The left lung showed an accessory middle lobe and a complete horizontal fissure. On the other hand, the right lung had two incomplete accessory fissures located inferiorly in the costal face of the middle lobe. In addition, we observed that the left lung hilum contained two lobar bronchi (upper and lower), one accessory lobar bronchus and three pulmonary arteries. Knowledge of the anatomical variations reported here is fundamental, as they help health professionals in diagnoses and therapeutic and surgical decisions (AU)

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The central complex in the insect brain is a composite of midline neuropils involved in processing sensory cues and mediating behavioral outputs to orchestrate spatial navigation. Despite recent advances, however, the neural mechanisms underlying sensory integration and motor action selections have remained largely elusive. In particular, it is not yet understood how the central complex exploits sensory inputs to realize motor functions associated with spatial navigation. Here we report an in silico interrogation of central complex-mediated spatial navigation with a special emphasis on the ellipsoid body. Based on known connectivity and function, we developed a computational model to test how the local connectome of the central complex can mediate sensorimotor integration to guide different forms of behavioral outputs. Our simulations show integration of multiple sensory sources can be effectively performed in the ellipsoid body. This processed information is used to trigger continuous sequences of action selections resulting in self-motion, obstacle avoidance and the navigation of simulated environments of varying complexity. The motor responses to perceived sensory stimuli can be stored in the neural structure of the central complex to simulate navigation relying on a collective of guidance cues, akin to sensory-driven innate or habitual behaviors. By comparing behaviors under different conditions of accessible sources of input information, we show the simulated insect computes visual inputs and body posture to estimate its position in space. Finally, we tested whether the local connectome of the central complex might also allow the flexibility required to recall an intentional behavioral sequence, among different courses of actions. Our simulations suggest that the central complex can encode combined representations of motor and spatial information to pursue a goal and thus successfully guide orientation behavior. Together, the observed computational features identify central complex circuitry, and especially the ellipsoid body, as a key neural correlate involved in spatial navigation.