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Introduction: Food insecurity is a growing global issue that affects both developed and developing nations, and mounting evidence suggests that decreased consumption of healthy foods has been linked to lower academic performance in adolescents. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between food insecurity and academic performance in a sample of Spanish adolescents aged 12-17 years from the Valle de Ricote (Region of Murcia, Spain). Methods: The present study analyzed data from the Eating Healthy and Daily Life Activities study, which included a sample of 777 adolescents (55.3 % girls). The Spanish Child Food Security Survey Module was used to assess food insecurity, and academic performance was evaluated using school records provided by the schools. Linear regression models (fitted by robust methods) were used to compare the relationships between food insecurity status and academic performance-related indicators. Results: Adolescents with the highest levels of food insecurity reported the lowest academic performance in language (mean [M] = 4.7; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 3.6 to 5.7), math (M = 4.6; 95 % CI 3.5 to 5.8), foreign language (M = 4.8; 95 % CI 3.8 to 5.8), and grade point average (M = 5.7; 95 % CI 4.9 to 6.5). Conversely, adolescents with the lowest levels of food insecurity reported the highest academic performance in language (M = 6.2; 95 % CI 6.0 to 6.5), math (M = 5.9; 95 % CI 5.5 to 6.2), foreign language (M = 6.2; 95 % CI 5.9 to 6.4), and grade point average (M = 6.7; 95 % CI 6.5 to 6.9) compared to those with higher food security. Conclusions: Living in a more food-insecure household could explain the lower academic performance of adolescents. Food insecurity should always be on the agenda of public policies. The availability of quality basic food essentials must be ensured in permanently satisfactory quantities without compromising access to other fundamental needs.

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BACKGROUND: Research has consistently shown that some children are more vulnerable at the time of school readiness. Better understanding the characteristics of these children is therefore important. Most studies have used a variable-based approach, which may mask the presence of small but important subgroups of children with mixed patterns of readiness strengths and weaknesses. Identifying subgroups with mixed readiness patterns using a person-centered approach matters because their developmental trajectories might differ in important ways from children with broader difficulties across all readiness domains. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review attempts to synthesize existing profiles of school readiness conducted on preschool-aged children and to describe how these various profiles are associated with children's academic achievement and social adjustment during their school years. Specifically, we described how the school readiness profiles vary in number of profiles identified and differences in the specific domains of school readiness. We further describe the school readiness profiles and how they predict later academic and social outcomes. Furthermore, we focus on profile differences between at-risk and non-at-risk preschoolers. METHODS: Longitudinal studies published between 2005 and 2022 on profiles of school readiness before school entry and at least one subsequent academic and/or social outcomes were extracted from five databases. Eight articles were included in this systematic review out of the 117 screened peer-reviewed articles. RESULTS: All the studies incorporated both the cognitive and socioemotional domains of school readiness in their profiles. Fifteen profiles of school readiness at preschool age were identified based on the child level of cognitive and socioemotional skills, with 7 profiles at risk of later academic and social difficulties. Despite variation, children in these at-risk profiles of school readiness shared similar features. CONCLUSION: This literature review provides an exhaustive summary on the number of profiles and domains of school readiness most frequently reported in studies using a person-centered approach. Yielding an in-depth description of at-risk profiles of school readiness can help designing early preventive intervention for these children.

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Abstract Background Research has consistently shown that some children are more vulnerable at the time of school readiness. Better understanding the characteristics of these children is therefore important. Most studies have used a variable-based approach, which may mask the presence of small but important subgroups of children with mixed patterns of readiness strengths and weaknesses. Identifying subgroups with mixed readiness patterns using a person-centered approach matters because their developmental trajectories might differ in important ways from children with broader difficulties across all readiness domains. Objective This systematic review attempts to synthesize existing profiles of school readiness conducted on preschool-aged children and to describe how these various profiles are associated with children's academic achievement and social adjustment during their school years. Specifically, we described how the school readiness profiles vary in number of profiles identified and differences in the specific domains of school readiness. We further describe the school readiness profiles and how they predict later academic and social outcomes. Furthermore, we focus on profile differences between at-risk and non-at-risk preschoolers. Methods Longitudinal studies published between 2005 and 2022 on profiles of school readiness before school entry and at least one subsequent academic and/or social outcomes were extracted from five databases. Eight articles were included in this systematic review out of the 117 screened peer-reviewed articles. Results All the studies incorporated both the cognitive and socioemotional domains of school readiness in their profiles. Fifteen profiles of school readiness at preschool age were identified based on the child level of cognitive and socioemotional skills, with 7 profiles at risk of later academic and social difficulties. Despite variation, children in these at-risk profiles of school readiness shared similar features. Conclusion This literature review provides an exhaustive summary on the number of profiles and domains of school readiness most frequently reported in studies using a person-centered approach. Yielding an in-depth description of at-risk profiles of school readiness can help designing early preventive intervention for these children.

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RESUMO O estudo pretende problematizar como se estabelece o envolvimento família-escola visando à promoção dessa relação e do desempenho escolar dos alunos. Neste trabalho, analisou-se como pais e professores de quatro escolas públicas da cidade de Gravataí/RS percebem a si mesmos e ao outro frente a seu envolvimento escolar e a rotina compartilhada, e como essa relação pode favorecer o sucesso escolar de alunos do Ensino Fundamental I. Assim, foi realizado um estudo observacional comparativo, de caráter quantitativo e corte transversal, com 101 familiares e 12 professores de alunos em situação de sucesso escolar. Os resultados destacaram diferenças significativas em alguns domínios, evidenciando uma avaliação mais positiva dos professores a respeito de seu comprometimento com tal relação. Sugerem, especificamente nos domínios orientação e informação que a atitude dos pais e professores ao orientar, supervisionar e auxiliar um ao outro em suas funções e ao aluno pode favorecer um melhor desempenho acadêmico deste.

RESUMEN En este estudio se pretende problematizar cómo se establece el compromiso familia-escuela visando a la promoción de esa relación y del rendimiento escolar de los alumnos. En este estudio, se analizó cómo padres y profesores de cuatro escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Gravataí/RS perciben a sí mismos y al otro frente a su compromiso escolar y rutina compartida, y cómo esa relación puede favorecer el éxito escolar de alumnos de la Enseñanza Primaria I. Así, se realizó un estudio observacional comparativo, de carácter cuantitativo y corte transversal, con 101 familiares y 12 profesores de alumnos en situación de éxito escolar. Los resultados apuntan diferencias significativas en algunos dominios, evidenciando una evaluación más positiva de los profesores con respecto de su compromiso con tal relación. Sugieren, específicamente en los dominios orientacióneinformaciónque la actitud de los padres y profesores al orientar, supervisión y ayudar uno al otro en sus funciones y al alumno puede favorecer un mejor rendimiento académico de este.

ABSTRACT This study aims to discuss how the family-school involvement is established with a view to promoting this relation and students' academic performance. In this work, we analyzed how parents and teachers from four public schools in the city of Gravataí/RS perceive themselves and each other in relation to their school involvement and shared routine, and how this relation can favor the students' academic success in Elementary School I. Thus, a comparative observational study of a quantitative and cross-sectional nature was carried out with 101 family members and 12 teachers of students in a situation of academic success. The results highlighted significant differences in some domains, showing a more positive assessment by teachers regarding their commitment to this relation. They suggest, specifically in the guidance and information domains, that the parents and teachers' attitude when guiding, supervising and assisting each other in their roles and the student can lead to better academic performance.

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Executive function (EF) is a foundational cognitive construct, which is linked to better cognitive and physical health throughout development. The present study examines the construct validity of an EF task, the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task (HTKS) that was initially developed for young children, in a sample of adolescents. We investigate the initial validity and range in scores between 54 adolescents from Brazil (mean age 12.58) and 56 US adolescents (mean age 12.48) from different socioeconomic contexts. Results indicated that the HTKS showed sufficient variability in both samples, especially for a measure of HTKS efficiency (completion time divided by the total score). The US sample performed better on all cognitive measures. For the Brazilian sample, regression models controlling for age and sex showed a significant relationship between the digit span working memory task, the HTKS total score, and the HTKS efficiency score. The Heart and Flowers cognitive flexibility measure was also included as an independent variable only for the Brazil sample, showing a significant relationship with both HTKS scores. For the US sample, results showed that only the HTKS efficiency score was significantly related to the digit span working memory task. This study highlights the importance of cognitive efficiency measures to achieve greater validity, as they can assess a broader range of performance with different populations. The HTKS showed good ecological validity with two adolescent samples, as it differentiated between populations with high and low socioeconomic status from different cultural contexts.

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Even though the impact of the position of response options on answers to multiple-choice items has been investigated for decades, it remains debated. Research on this topic is inconclusive, perhaps because too few studies have obtained experimental data from large-sized samples in a real-world context and have manipulated the position of both correct response and distractors. Since multiple-choice tests' outcomes can be strikingly consequential and option position effects constitute a potential source of measurement error, these effects should be clarified. In this study, two experiments in which the position of correct response and distractors was carefully manipulated were performed within a Chilean national high-stakes standardized test, responded by 195,715 examinees. Results show small but clear and systematic effects of options position on examinees' responses in both experiments. They consistently indicate that a five-option item is slightly easier when the correct response is in A rather than E and when the most attractive distractor is after and far away from the correct response. They clarify and extend previous findings, showing that the appeal of all options is influenced by position. The existence and nature of a potential interference phenomenon between the options' processing are discussed, and implications for test development are considered.

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The relationship between family involvement in students' academic activities, their learning, and academic achievement has been widely studied. Two different types of family involvement are recognized: parental participation, which is linked to activities implemented by the school, and parental support, which occurs at home and has to do with the family's educational practice. This study analyzed the influence of parental participation in school activities, parental support at home, and family socioeconomic status on student learning in mathematics. The database of 104,973 third-year secondary education students (50.1% female and 49.9% male) from the 2018 assessment of academic achievement in mathematical thinking was considered. Path analysis was employed in structural equation modeling, where a general model of parental support was proposed to compare the learning of students from the lowest quartile and those from the highest socioeconomic level; the model presented a good fit for each group. The models used showed acceptable adjustments in some criteria; in these models, there were positive and significant associations between parental schooling and socioeconomic level and achievement in mathematics. The results obtained are consistent with the findings of other studies in which parental support, mediated by socioeconomic status, significantly influences student learning.

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Graduating from higher education on time is an important topic, given its relation to students' academic success and the efficiency of the institutions. However, a low percentage of university students finish their studies on time, which poses a challenge that requires the identification of the factors that account for this phenomenon. This study aimed to identify and characterize profiles of students who graduate on time. The population is 514 university students (45% men, 55% women), with an average age of 19.5 years (SD= 1.9) studying business at a university in Chile who belong to four cohorts entering between 2011 and 2014. The results obtained from the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) technique demonstrate eight student profiles constructed considering different variables at the pre-university, transition-motivation, and university levels. As the primary outcome, the profile of the student who graduates on time is characterized by a good performance in the first year of university, enters university right after high school, and takes advantage of institutional support by participating in academic tutoring. These findings suggest that institutions can implement specific strategies from the beginning of the university journey to promote on-time graduation.

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Learning approaches describe the students' degree of cognitive commitment to learning in diverse types of academic tasks and educational environments. Even though from a micro-level perspective different profiles of approaches have been identified in high-achievement undergraduates attending several majors, such profiles have not been examined from a macro-level approach in terms of distinct educational cultures. Therefore, the research involved two studies conducted on undergraduates from Argentina and Spain: The first one was aimed at analyzing the psychometric features of the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) whereas the second was focused on examining the learning approaches profiles of high and low achievers attending the same major (Psychology) in two different educational cultures (Spain and Argentina). The scale's original internal structure, examined on a sample of 400 participants (50% Spanish), was verified except for one item, which was fatherly eliminated. The resulting structure was tested and proven verified in a new sample (N = 1,334; 58.3% Spanish) by confirmatory factor analysis, factorial invariance, and internal consistency studies. External validity evidence was examined as well. Additionally, norms to be used in the professional field were calculated.Profiles of learning approaches by academic achievement from each country were examined by latent class analysis. In both cases, high achievers reported higher and more frequent use of the Deep and Strategic approaches and lower and less frequent usage of the Surface one. Further studies should replicate these analyses in undergraduates attending other majors in order to test the hypothesis sustaining these findings' generalization.

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The current scientific literature has shown significant disparity in results when physical activity is linked to academic achievement among adolescents. Thus, the main objectives of this study were (1) to analyze the relationship among students' academic achievement, intention to be physically active, and physical activity levels depending on the country (Spain or Chile), as well as to analyze these relationships based on students' socio-economic status, type of school, school year, gender, and body mass index; and (2) to analyze the differences between all these variables depending on the students' country and gender. In total, 3052 adolescents participated in the research (14.58 ± 1.39 years): 734 Chilean students (336 males and 398 females) and 2318 Spanish students (1180 males and 1138 females). Various questionnaires were used to measure the study variables. The results revealed significant relationships between academic achievement and the rest of the variables in Spanish adolescents, but in the Chilean population, academic achievement was significantly related only to socio-economic status and the type of school. Moreover, Spanish students obtained higher scores, especially the males, except for academic achievement, which was higher in females. There were also significant differences in academic achievement, intention to be physically active, physical activity levels, and socio-economic status depending on the country, with all scores being higher in Spain. Given the results, the country seems to be an important factor when comparing academic achievement and physical activity levels, besides other demographic variables.

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Os anos iniciais do ensino fundamental são essenciais para o aprimoramento de habilidades sociais e aca-dêmicas. Este estudo teve como objetivos predizer o desempenho acadêmico no terceiro ano do ensino fundamental com base em estressores escolares, habilidades sociais e problemas de comportamento e desempenho acadêmico no primeiro ano e verificar mudanças e estabilidades das variáveis investigadas do primeiro para o terceiro ano e associações. Participaram do estudo 43 alunos do primeiro ano, com média de idade de 6 anos, e do terceiro ano, com uma média de 8 anos de idade, e oito professores do primeiro ano e sete do terceiro ano. A pesquisa foi realizada em escolas públicas do interior paulista. Adotaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Provinha Brasil, Inventário de Estressores Escolares e Social Skills Rating System. Estressores escolares e desempenho acadêmico no primeiro ano foram preditores do desempenho acadê-mico no terceiro. Os alunos apresentaram ganhos em desempenho acadêmico, habilidades sociais e redu-ção de problemas de comportamento, com associações significativas entre as variáveis. Estudos preditivos contribuem para elaboração de programas de prevenção.

The early years of elementary school are essential for improving social and academic skills. This study aimed to predict academic performance in the 3rd year of elementary school based on school stressors, social skills and behavior problems, and academic performance in the 1st year and verify changes and stability of the investigated variables from the 1st to the 3rd year and associations. The study included 43 1st-year students with an average age of 6 years and 3rd-year 8-year-olds, and eight 1st-year teachers and seven 3rd-year teachers. The research was carried out in public schools in the interior of São Paulo. The following instruments were adopted: Provinha Brasil, School Stressors Inventory, and Social Skills Rating System. School stressors and academic performance in the 1st year were predictors of academic performance in the 3rd Students showed gains in academic performance, social skills, and reduction in behavior problems, with significant associations between variables. Predictive studies contribute to the development of prevention programs

Los primeros años de la escuela primaria son esenciales para mejorar las habilidades sociales y académicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo predecir el rendimiento académico en el tercer año de la escuela primaria a partir de los estresores escolares, las habilidades sociales y los problemas de conducta y el rendimiento académico en el primer año, y verificar los cambios y la estabilidad de las variables investigadas del primer al tercer año y asociaciones. El estudio incluyó a 43 estudiantes del primer año con una edad promedio de 6 años y del tercero de 8 años, y ocho maestros de primer año y siete maestros de tercer año. La investi-gación se llevó a cabo en escuelas públicas del interior de São Paulo. Fueron adoptados los siguientes instrumentos: Provinha Brasil, Inventario de Estresores Escolares y Social Skills Rating System. Los estresores escolares y el rendimiento académico en el primer año fueron predictores del rendimiento académico en el tercero. Los estudiantes mostraron mejoras en el rendimiento académico, las habilidades sociales y la re-ducción del comportamiento problemático, con asociaciones significativas entre las variables. Los estudios predictivos contribuyen al desarrollo de programas de prevención.

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Abstract: In recent years, medical students' absenteeism has been investigated in depth. Classroom deviant behavior is a richer concept than truancy behavior, but there are few researchers on this aspect in China. There are still many issues worth discussing about deviant classroom behavior. In this paper, questionnaires were given to 977 medical students to collect relevant data. After classifying the data, correlation analysis and multilevel linear regression analysis were used to conclude that academic performance and group ethical norms have a negative impact on medical students' deviant behaviors in class. Group ethical norms have a significant positive influence on academic performance, and descriptive ethical norms and imperative ethical norms of group ethical norms have a significant influence on academic performance. The four dimensions of academic performance: academic performance, task performance, interpersonal promotion, and social comparison have a negative influence on medical students' deviant behaviors in class. Descriptive ethical norms have an inverse effect on medical students' deviant behaviors, while imperative ethical norms have no significant effect on deviant behaviors in class. Group ethical norms as a category of ethical norms clearly have significant implications for improving academic performance and reducing their transgressions in class. Reinforcing group ethics in medical students will not only contribute to their professional ethics upon graduation, but also to their academic performance.

Resumen: En los últimos años, se ha investigado en profundidad el absentismo de los estudiantes de medicina. El comportamiento desviado en el aula es un concepto más rico que el comportamiento de absentismo escolar, pero hay pocos investigadores sobre este aspecto en China. Todavía hay muchas cuestiones que vale la pena discutir sobre el comportamiento desviado en el aula. En este trabajo, se entregaron cuestionarios a 977 estudiantes de medicina para recoger los datos pertinentes. Tras clasificar los datos, se utilizó el análisis de correlación y de regresión lineal multinivel para llegar a la conclusión de que el rendimiento académico y las normas éticas de grupo tienen un impacto negativo en los comportamientos desviados de los estudiantes de medicina en clase. Las normas éticas de grupo tienen una influencia positiva significativa en el rendimiento académico, y las normas éticas descriptivas y las normas éticas imperativas de las normas éticas de grupo tienen una influencia significativa en el rendimiento académico. Las cuatro dimensiones del rendimiento académico: rendimiento académico, rendimiento de la tarea, promoción interpersonal y comparación social tienen una influencia negativa en los comportamientos desviados de los estudiantes de medicina en clase. Las normas éticas descriptivas tienen un efecto inverso en las conductas desviadas de los estudiantes de medicina, mientras que las normas éticas imperativas no tienen un efecto significativo en las conductas desviadas en clase. Las normas éticas de grupo como categoría de normas éticas tienen claramente implicaciones significativas para mejorar el rendimiento académico y reducir sus transgresiones en clase. Reforzar la ética de grupo en los estudiantes de medicina no sólo contribuirá a su ética profesional al graduarse, sino también a su rendimiento académico.

Resumo: Nos últimos anos, o absenteísmo dos estudantes de medicina tem sido pesquisado em profundidade. O comportamento desviante na sala de aula é um conceito mais rico do que o comportamento de evasão escolar, mas há poucos pesquisadores sobre este aspecto na China. Ainda há muitas questões que vale a pena discutir sobre o comportamento desviante em sala de aula. Neste documento, foram entregues questionários a 977 estudantes de medicina para coletar dados relevantes. Após a classificação dos dados, análise de correlação e análise de regressão linear multinível foram utilizadas para concluir que o desempenho acadêmico e as normas éticas de grupo têm um impacto negativo sobre o comportamento desviante dos estudantes de medicina em sala de aula. Normas éticas de grupo têm uma influência positiva significativa no desempenho acadêmico, e normas éticas descritivas e normas éticas imperativas de normas éticas de grupo têm uma influência significativa no desempenho acadêmico. As quatro dimensões do desempenho acadêmico: desempenho acadêmico, desempenho de tarefas, promoção interpessoal e comparação social têm uma influência negativa sobre os comportamentos desviantes dos estudantes de medicina nas aulas. As normas éticas descritivas têm um efeito inverso sobre os comportamentos desviantes dos estudantes de medicina, enquanto as normas éticas imperativas não têm efeito significativo sobre os comportamentos desviantes nas aulas. Normas éticas de grupo como uma categoria de normas éticas têm claramente implicações significativas para melhorar o desempenho acadêmico e reduzir suas transgressões na classe. O reforço da ética de grupo em estudantes de medicina não só contribuirá para sua ética profissional ao se formarem, mas também para seu desempenho acadêmico.

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Esta investigación examinó los estilos de aprendizaje de alumnos secundarios y universitarios para describir las características cognitivas, afectivas y fisiológicas que emplean para aprender. Se efectuó un análisis integral de los estilos de aprendizaje que incluyó estilos de preferencia de la modalidad instruccional, estilos de procesamiento de la información y estilos cognitivos de la personalidad. Se aplicó la Escala Grasha-Riechmann de estilos de aprendizaje para estudiantes, el inventario de procesos de aprendizaje y la lista de verificación del tipo de indicador de estilos de aprendizaje. Participaron 942 estudiantes de Buenos Aires, de los niveles secundario (n = 352) y universitario (n = 590) de distintas ramas de estudio (20.5 % Ciencias Aplicadas, 18.2 % Ciencias Básicas, 13.7 % Ciencias de la Salud, 30.8 % Ciencias Humanas, 16.8 % Ciencias Sociales). Se observaron diferencias significativas en el estilo competitivo a favor de los estudiantes de se-cundaria, mientras que la mayoría de los estilos fueron avorables a los universitarios. Además, los universitarios avanzados mostraron mayor uso de los métodos de estudio que los alumnos de secundaria. Se registró un efecto significativo y positivo de todos los estilos de aprendizaje sobre el rendimiento académico. Es-tos hallazgos dan cuenta, por un lado, de diferencias notables entre los estudiantes de nivel secundario y universitario, y por otro, de la relevancia de los estilos con relación al rendimiento académico. Se espera que esta información sea utilizada para mejorar el ajuste de los estudiantes ingresantes al sistema universitario evitando así el fracaso y la deserción académica.

The study examines learning styles in high school and college students to describe their cognitive, affective, and physiological features they apply in learning. Thus, instructional preference, information processing, and cognitive personality styles were analyzed. The Grasha Riechmann Student Learning Styles Scale, the Inventory of Learning Processes, and the Learning Style Type Indicator were employed. The sample was composed of 942 high-school (n = 352) and college students (n = 590) attending different majors (20.5 % Applied Sciences, 18.2 % Basic Sciences, 13.7 % Health Sciences, 30.8 % Human Scienc-es, 16.8 % Social Sciences). All of them attended classes in Buenos Aires. Significant differences in the competi-tive style were observed in favor of high school students, whereas most styles were in favorable for undergraduates. Advanced college students showed a higher use of study methods compared to high school students. A significant and positive effect of all learning styles on academic achieve-ment was verified. Such findings evidence remarkable dif-ferences between high school students and undergraduates. They also highlight the importance of learning styles in academic achievement. These results should be used to im-prove the adaptation and adjustment of first-year students, contributing to avoiding academic failure and dropout.

Os estilos de aprendizagem de alunos do ensino médio e universitário são examinados para descrever as características cognitivas, afetivas e fisiológicas que eles usam para aprender. Foi realizada uma análise abrangente dos estilos de aprendizagem, que incluiu estilos de preferên-cia de modalidade instrucional, estilos de processamento de informações e estilos cognitivos de personalidade. Aplicou-se a Escala Grasha-Riechmann de Estilos de Aprendizagem para Estudantes, o Inventário de Proces-sos de Aprendizagem e a Lista de Verificação do Tipo de Indicador de Estilos de Aprendizagem. Participaram 942 estudantes de Buenos Aires nos níveis médio (n = 352) e universitário (n = 590) de diferentes áreas de estudo (20.5 % Ciências Aplicadas, 18.2 % Ciências Básicas, 13.7 % Ciências da Saúde, 30.8 % Ciências Humanas, 16.8 % Ciências Sociais). Diferenças significativas foram observadas no estilo competitivo em favor dos alunos do ensino médio, enquanto a maioria dos estilos foi favorável aos universitários. Além disso, os univer-sitários mais avançados apresentaram maior emprego dos métodos de estudo do que os estudantes do ensino médio. Finalmente, foi registrado um efeito significativo e positivo de todos os estilos de aprendizagem no desempenho acadêmico. Esses achados mostram, por um lado, diferenças notáveis entre alunos do ensino médio e universitário e, por outro, a relevância dos estilos em relação ao desempenho acadêmico. Espera-se que essas informações possam ser utilizadas para melhorar o ajusta-mento dos alunos que ingressam no ensino universitário, evitando assim a reprovação e a deserção acadêmica.

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Executive functions (EF) impact the success of university students. These skills appear to have a predictive role in academic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention program in EF aimed at university students, the πFex-Academics, seeking to verify whether there are gains in EF, a reduction in inattention and hyperactivity indicators and a transfer to reading comprehension. Participants were two professors and their respective classes, totaling 129 students. The classes were divided into: experimental group (EG) (n = 66) and control group (CG) (n = 63). All students underwent a pre- and post-intervention assessment. The program implementation process was mediated by the EG professor. Although no direct gains were identified in the indices of EF difficulties, greater gains in the EG were verified in the hyperactivity/impulsivity and reading comprehension indices, when compared to the CG. These findings are promising, demonstrating the first evidence of the effectiveness of the πFex-Academics. The incorporation of interventions into the university context can provide various benefits for students, with improved behavior and written language processing, necessary for the best possible academic success. Activities of EF mediation for higher education learning can be incorporated into extension courses or the curriculum of university courses.

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Academic achievement, measured with the grade point average (GPA), is a stable characteristic that has been associated with many sociodemographic and psychological variables; however, the relation of these variables with GPA has not been totally elucidated. The objective of this study was to perform an association of health, psychological and personal variables with GPA and non-verbal intelligence in low-academic performance population according to sex. We invited health sciences university students who had failed the same subject twice to complete a set of sociodemographic and psychological variables and a non-verbal intelligence test. The GPA, admission exam test and preparatory GPA were obtained. We included 124 students, and found that GPA was associated with non-verbal intelligence in women but not in men; in whom, having a job and having a romantic partner, were more correlated. In women, positive relations with others, emotion perception and weekly physical activity hours were marginally correlated with GPA; while in men, emotion regulation and self-motivation had a tendency of correlation with GPA. In addition, we found that non-verbal intelligence was associated somatization and the number of diseases in women. Academic achievement is regulated by different variables in each sex; therefore, intervention programs addressed by sex are needed to increase it.

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BACKGROUND: It is essential to understand the factors that affect the academic achievement of schoolchildren, both in general and in terms of the major subsectors of each grade. Although symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Negative Defiant Disorder (NDD-which are commonly recognized as externalizing problems in childhood and adolescence-have been associated with lower academic achievement in the international literature, few studies have addressed this problem in Latin America. This study aimed to analyze the possible predictive relationship of attention problems, hyperactivity, and defiant behavior on academic achievement. METHODS: We recruited a sample of 4580 schoolchildren (50.9% female, 1754 belonging to primary school, and 2826 to secondary school, ranging from 9 to 18 years old). This cross-sectional study used the scales pertaining to attention problems, hyperactivity, and challenging behavior from the Child and Adolescent Evaluation System. RESULTS: The analysis showed that attention problems significantly affected all academic achievement areas, while hyperactivity and challenging behavior affected only some of them. The regression models explained 24% of the variability in overall academic achievement in primary school and 17% in secondary school. Other predictors included sex, age, socioeconomic level, and school attendance. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to consider this symptomatology in the design of educational interventions.

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There is evidence of learning loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is no related information for Mexico. The objective of the study is to estimate learning loss in reading and numeracy in Mexico. We compared the results of two household surveys conducted in 2019 and 2021. We interviewed 3161 children between 10 and 15 years. We estimated a learning loss according with SES in a range from 0.34-0.45 SD in reading and 0.62-0.82 SD in mathematics by COVID-19 pandemic, and an increase in learning poverty in a range of 25.7%-15.4% in reading and 29.8%-28.8% in numeracy. Gaps in fundamental learning by gender and SES increased. There is an urgent need develop a clear strategy to perform personalized diagnoses and implement remedial courses to address learning loss.

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School engagement is considered a key variable in promoting educational trajectories. Previous research shows that maintaining high levels of school engagement is fundamental, given its association with multiple academic results and lower-risk behaviors. This article aims to show how school engagement profiles (based on the behavioral, affective, and cognitive subdimensions) relate to academic achievement (math and language), contextual factors (family, teachers, and peer support), and gender. This study involved 527 students enrolled in the 1st year of secondary education in public schools in Chile. All students came from vulnerable schools. Our study used cluster analysis to identify students' profiles. We identified the existence of three different profiles of school engagement (high, medium, and low) considering the three subdimensions of school engagement (behavioral, affective and cognitive). Secondly, ANOVA analysis showed differences in language and math academic achievement scores between the profiles, where higher engagement students showed higher academic performance in language and math. These findings are consistent with previous studies showing that contextual factors strongly influence school engagement and better behavioral engagement in female than male students. It will discuss the pertinence of person-centered approaches focusing on combinations of variables within students rather than taking each variable as the focal point when analyzing goals. These techniques are a favorable methodological alternative to investigate why some students have better results than others instead of just ranking students by their performance. It will conclude with some future lines of research and practical implications.

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Abstract The motivation to learn is an element that drives student behavior and acts as a subjacent solving school demands, as well it influences the development and expression of socioemotional skills and school performance. This research constitutes a systematic review of the literature that investigated the relationship between motivation to learn, socioemotional skills and school performance in children enrolled in elementary school. A total of 9,631 abstracts from the ASSIA, EDUC, ERIC, PsycArticles, Science Direct, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases were examined, ending with 44 studies. The findings indicated a positive relationship between the three constructs, corroborating the literature that illustrates the benefits of various indicators of school and psychological well-being of children and adolescents to enhance learning and school performance. It is noteworthy that student-family and student-teacher interactions can favor student success or failure.

Resumo A motivação para aprender é um elemento impulsionador do comportamento do aluno, atuando de modo subjacente à resolução de demandas escolares, porquanto exerce influência no desenvolvimento e expressão das competências socioemocionais e desempenho escolar. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a relação entre a motivação para aprender, as competências socioemocionais e o desempenho escolar em crianças matriculadas no ensino fundamental. Foram examinados 9.631 resumos das bases ASSIA, EDUC, ERIC, PsycArticles, Science Direct, SCOPUS e Web of Science, finalizando com 44 estudos. Os achados indicaram uma relação positiva entre os três construtos, corroborando a literatura sobre os benefícios de vários indicadores de bem-estar escolar e psicológico de crianças e adolescentes para potencializar a aprendizagem e o desempenho escolar. Ressalta-se que as interações aluno-família e aluno-professor podem favorecer o sucesso ou insucesso do aluno.

Resumen La Motivación para Aprender es un elemento impulsor del comportamiento de los estudiantes, actuando como una forma subyacente de resolver las demandas escolares, ya que influye en el desarrollo y expresión de las habilidades socioemocionales y el rendimiento escolar. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la relación entre la motivación para aprender, las habilidades socioemocionales y el rendimiento escolar en niños matriculados en la escuela primaria. Se examinaron 9631 resúmenes, de las bases ASSIA, EDUC, ERIC, PsycArticles, Science Direct, SCOPUS y Web of Science, y finalizó con 44 estudios. Los hallazgos indicaron una relación positiva entre los tres constructos, corroborando la literatura sobre los beneficios de diversos indicadores de bienestar escolar y psicológico de niños y adolescentes para potenciar el aprendizaje y rendimiento escolar. Además, las interacciones alumno-familia y alumno-profesor pueden favorecer el éxito o el fracaso de los alumnos.

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Face às exigências do processo de ensino-aprendizagem na universidade, a literatura mostra a importância de se identificar dimensões que melhor descrevam os métodos de estudo para explicar o rendimento acadêmico dos estudantes. Este artigo descreve a construção e os estudos preliminares de validação de um questionário de avaliação dos métodos de estudo e de aprendizagem de estudantes do Ensino Superior. Os estudantes foram abordados sobre suas condutas habituais de estudo, dentro e fora de sala de aula, nomeadamente aqueles que melhor explicam ou predizem seus níveis de rendimento acadêmico. Após a uma primeira sistematização do conteúdo das respostas dos estudantes um questionário com 45 itens foi aplicado em 132 estudantes de Portugal, abrangendo diferentes cursos em Ciências e Humanidades, maioritariamente do sexo feminino (81%), do 1º ano, com a idade mais frequente de 18 anos (37,9%). Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória permitem identificar quatro dimensões: organização e planejamento do estudo (alfa=.76); persistência nas tarefas de estudo (alfa=.78); autoeficácia no estudo (alfa=.65) e participação ativa na sala de aula (alfa=.64). Estas dimensões refletem métodos de estudo que combinam aspectos cognitivos, motivacionais e atitudinais que algumas vezes, aparecem diferenciadas na investigação, podendo o estudante combinar ainda abordagens superficiais e profundas quando necessárias ao seu estudo. (AU)

Given the requirements of the teaching-learning process at the university, the literature highlights the importance of identifying dimensions that best describe study methods to explain students´ academic performance. This article presents the construction and preliminary studies of validation of a questionnaire assessing the study and learning methods of college students. Students were asked about their usual study behaviours, in and out of the classroom, especially those habits that best explain or predict their levels of academic performance. After a first systematization of the content of the students' answers in a questionnaire formed by 45 items, this was applied to a sample of 198 students in Brazil and 132 students in Portugal, covering different undergraduate courses in Sciences and Humanities domains. The data presented in this article refer to the Portuguese students characterized mainly by the female sex (81%), the first year (79%), with the most frequent age of 18 years (37.9%). The results of the exploratory factorial analysis allow to identify four dimensions: organization and planning of the study (alpha = .76); persistence in the tasks of study (alpha = .78); self-efficacy in the study (alpha = .65); and participation in the classroom (alpha = .64). These dimensions explicit study methods that combine cognitive, motivational and attitudinal aspects that sometimes appear differentiated in the investigation, being able the student to combine superficial and deep approaches when necessary for their study. (AU)

Dadas las exigencias del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la universidad, la literatura muestra la importancia de identificar las dimensiones que mejor describan los métodos de estudio para explicar el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Este artículo describe la construcción y los estudios preliminares de validación de un cuestionario para evaluar los métodos de estudio y aprendizaje de los estudiantes en la educación superior. Se abordó a los estudiantes sobre sus conductas habituales de estudio, dentro y fuera del aula, es decir, aquellas que mejor explican o predicen sus niveles de rendimiento académico. Tras una primera sistematización del contenido de las respuestas de los alumnos en un cuestionario de 45 ítems, este se aplicó a 132 alumnos de Portugal, que cubrían diferentes cursos de Ciencias y Humanidades, en su mayoría mujeres (81%), de 1º año, de mayor edad. frecuente 18 años (37,9%). Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio permiten identificar cuatro dimensiones: organización y planificación del estudio (alfa=.76); persistencia en las tareas de estudio (alfa=.78); autoeficacia en el estudio (alfa=.65) y participación en el aula (alfa=.64). Estas dimensiones reflejan métodos de estudio que combinan aspectos cognitivos, motivacionales y actitudinales que en ocasiones aparecen diferenciados en la investigación, pudiendo el estudiante combinar también enfoques superficiales y profundos cuando sea necesario para su estudio. (AU)

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