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Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) negatively affects quality of life and places a substantial financial burden on health care systems due to treatment costs and increased demand for services. Objective: To estimate the worldwide prevalence of AD, the proportion of severe cases worldwide and explore sources of heterogeneity. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Global Index Medicus from January 2012 up until August 30, 2022. We included primary prevalence studies published from 2012 onward. Study selection was conducted by two reviewers independently. One reviewer performed data extraction and assessed risk of bias using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies, with independent checking by a second reviewer. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to pool results; subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate potential modifiers. Certainty of evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Main outcomes were point prevalence and proportion of severe cases. Results: We identified 12,774 unique references and assessed 1029 full texts, ultimately resulting in the inclusion of 310 studies with 25.5 million individuals. Point prevalence was 11.1% (95% CI 9.4-13.1; 123 studies; 12,776,910 individuals; moderate certainty of evidence) in children and adolescents, and 6.3% (95% CI 5.0-7.8; 59 studies; 12,794,260 individuals; moderate certainty of evidence) in adults. Relatively similar results were observed for studies with low risk of bias. Proportion of severe cases varied from 1.9 to 7.2% in children and adolescents and 2.8% to 15.6% in adults. Conclusions: These findings may underpin effective health care policies, research initiatives, and clinical decision-making.

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With the advancement of knowledge in relation to the physiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), several new therapeutic forms have been developed. There are also new guidelines for self-care. On the other hand, there is still an underdiagnosis of AD in Mexico. Thus, the need was seen to develop a national guide, with a broad base among the different medical groups that care for patients with AD. The Atopic Dermatitis Guidelines for Mexico (GUIDAMEX) was developed with the ADAPTE methodology, with the endorsement and participation of ten national medical societies, from physicians in Primary Healthcare to allergists and dermatologists. Throughout the manuscript, key clinical questions are answered that lead to recommendations and suggestions for the diagnosis of AD (including differential diagnosis with immunodeficiency syndromes), the recognition of comorbidities and complications, non-pharmacological treatment including therapeutic education, treatment of flares and maintenance therapy. The latter encompasses general measures to avoid triggering factors, first-line treatment focussed on repair of the skin barrier, second-line treatment (topical proactive therapy), and third-line phototherapy or systemic treatment, including dupilumab and JAK inhibitors.

Con el avance de los conocimientos en relación con la fisiopatogenia de la dermatitis atópica (DA) se han desarrollado varias formas terapéuticas nuevas. Asimismo, existen nuevos lineamientos para el autocuidado. Por otro lado, aún existe un subdiagnóstico de la DA en México. Así, se vio la necesidad de desarrollar una guía nacional, con base amplia entre las diferentes agrupaciones médicos que atienden pacientes con DA. Se desarrolló la Guía de DA para México (GUIDAMEX) con la metodología ADAPTE, con el aval y la participación de diez sociedades médicas nacionales, desde médicos del primer contacto hasta alergólogos y dermatólogos. A lo largo del escrito se contestan preguntas clínicas clave que llevan a recomendaciones y sugerencias para el diagnóstico de la DA (incluyendo diagnóstico diferencial con síndromes de inmunodeficiencia), el reconocer de las comorbilidades y complicaciones, las medidas generales (tratamiento no farmacológico) incluyendo la educación terapéutica, el tratamiento de los brotes y el tratamiento de mantenimiento. Este último abarca las medidas generales de evitar agravantes, el tratamiento de primera línea reparador de la barrera cutánea, de segunda línea (manejo proactivo tópico), hasta la fototerapia y el tratamiento sistémico de la tercera línea, incluyendo dupilumab y los inhibidores de la cinasa de Jano.

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Background: Major atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis (AR), and asthma share the same atopic background, but they often show differences in their epidemiological behavior. Objective: We aimed to report the profile of these atopic diseases in a large Mexican population, including their age-related incidences, male:female (M:F) ratios, recent time trends, and association with altitude. Methods: Registries from the largest, nationwide health institution in Mexico (more than 34 million insured subjects), were reviewed. New cases of AD, AR, and asthma diagnosed each year by family physicians from 2007 to 2019 were adjusted by the corresponding insured population to estimate incidence rates. Results: Incidences of the 3 atopic diseases were highest in the 0-4 years age-group and progressively decreased thereafter until adolescence. Asthma and AR, but not AD, were more frequent in males during childhood (M:F ratios of 1.5, 1.3, and 0.95, respectively), but predominated in females during adulthood (M:F ratios of 0.52, 0.68, and 0.73, respectively). Time trends showed an initial increasing trend of annual incidences, with a peak around 2009-2011, and a downward trend afterward. This decreasing trend was seen in all age-groups and was more evident for AD (∼50% drop) and asthma (∼40% drop) than for AR (∼20% drop). Geographical distribution suggested that incidences of asthma and AR, but not of AD, had an inverse association with altitude. Conclusion: Annual incidences of the 3 major atopic diseases have declined in recent years in almost all age groups, and their epidemiological profile during the life span showed contrasting differences according to age, sex, and ecological association with altitude, mainly regarding AD.

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Introdução: O quadro da dermatite atópica (DA) é caracterizado por prurido crônico de evolução flutuante, que pode resultar em distúrbios no padrão de sono e em estigmatização social devido à presença de lesões visíveis e recidivantes, as quais tendem a se tornar progressivamente liquenificadas. Fatores como os já citados e outros associados, como incapacidade laboral, falta de concentração ao longo do dia e isolamento apresentam-se como profundos impactantes para a saúde mental do paciente, podendo resultar em baixa autoestima, depressão e frustração. Além disso, sabe-se que a DA é uma doença essencialmente inflamatória, ao mesmo tempo em que estudos recentes demonstram papel de citocinas no desenvolvimento de síndromes depressivas, podendo haver correlação causal entre os quadros por vias inflamatórias. Objetivos: Essa revisão sistemática de literatura objetivou analisar a relação entre dermatite atópica e sintomas depressivos, identificando possíveis mecanismos responsáveis por essa ligação. Métodos: A busca foi feita entre 17/11/2020 e 18/11/2020 seguindo o modelo PRISMA e utilizando as bases PUBMED, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) - IBECS, LILACS e CUMED - e EMBASE. As palavras-chave "Depression" e "Atopic Eczema", em conjunto com seus termos MeSh e DECS, foram utilizadas e associadas através do método booleano. Critérios para inclusão foram definidos como artigos que são ensaios clínicos ou observacionais envolvendo grupo de pacientes com dermatite atópica e grupo controle, que pôde ser constituído pelo próprio grupo com dermatite atópica, porém, após intervenção. Os sintomas depressivos precisavam ser medidos por escalas ou terem critérios para diagnóstico de síndrome depressiva estabelecidos. A seleção foi feita por todos os autores de forma independente, sendo discordâncias solucionadas por consenso. Resultados: Ao final, quinze estudos restaram, os quais foram classificados entre aqueles que comparam tratamentos e seus desfechos relacionados à depressão e DA, aqueles que propõem DA como agravante de sintomas depressivos, aqueles que propõem sintomas depressivos como agravantes da DA e aqueles que trazem análises estatísticas sem estabelecer claramente onde reside a relação de causalidade entre os dois quadros. Conclusões: Diversos estudos mostraram a existência de relação entre o quadro de DA e sintomas depressivos em vias distintas, tanto analisando a DA como agravante de sintomas depressivos como vice-versa. A partir dessa perspectiva, é possível que haja uma causalidade bidirecional cíclica, na qual um constante feedback positivo gera piora de ambos os quadros até que a abordagem adequada seja tomada, evidenciando a importância da propedêutica multidisciplinar para esses pacientes (AU)

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by chronic itching, presenting with fluctuating evolution, resulting in sleep disorders and social stigmatization due to the presence of visible and recurrent lesions, that might become progressively lichenified. Factors such as those mentioned and others associated, such as incapacity for work, lack of concentration throughout the day and isolation have profound impacts on the patient's mental health, resulting in low self-esteem, depression and frustration. In addition, it is known that AD is essentially an inflammatory disease. And, recent studies demonstrate the role of inflammatory cytokines in the development of depressive syndromes, therefore may be a causal correlation between the conditions by inflammatory pathways. Objectives: This systematic literature review aimed to analyze a relationship between atopic dermatitis and depressive symptoms, identifying mechanisms responsible for this connection. Methods: The research was carried out between 11/17/2020 and 11/18/2020 following the PRISMA model and using PUBMED, Virtual Health Library (VHL) - IBECS, LILACS and CUMED - and EMBASE databases. Keywords "Depression" and "Atopic Eczema", along with its MeSh and DECS terms, were used and associated using the Boolean method. Inclusion criteria were defined as articles that are clinical or observational trials involving a group of patients with atopic dermatitis and a control group, which could be constituted by the group with atopic dermatitis itself, however, after an intervention. The depressive symptoms had to be measured by scales or, at least, the criteria for diagnosis of depressed syndrome must have been established. Results:In the end, fifteen studies remained, which were classified among those that compare treatments and their outcomes related to depression and AD, those that propose AD as an aggravator of depressive symptoms, those that propose depressive symptoms as an aggravating factor for AD and those that bring statistical analysis without clearly establishing where the causality relation resides. Conclusion: Several studies have presented a relationship between the condition of AD and depressive symptoms in distinct pathways, or analyzing AD as an aggravating factor for depressive symptoms or vice-versa. From this perspective, there may be a cyclical bidirectional causality, in which constant positive feedback generates worsening of both conditions until the adequate approach is taken, highlighting the importance of the multidisciplinary propaedeutics for these patients (AU)

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Abstract Background The prevalence of atopic eczema is unknown in many countries. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) is an epidemiological landmark in the study of allergic diseases. Objective To validate and assess the reproducibility of the ISAAC Written Atopic Eczema Questionnaire (WAEQ) for children aged between 6 and 7 years by telephone contact. Methods Observational study through interviews with guardians of children aged 6 to 7 years using the ISAAC atopic eczema module questionnaire in three different phases separated by 2 weeks: telephone interviews in the first and third contacts and in-person interviews under supervision in the second contact. Reproducibility was estimated using the Kappa index and validation using the sensitivity and specificity coefficients. Results Data from 88 children (32 from the atopic eczema group) were analyzed. Reproducibility showed almost perfect agreement for the questions "Recurrent pruritic lesions" and "Lesions in typical locations" (Kappa between 0.81-0.82), while a substantial agreement was observed for all other indicators (Kappa variation between 0.66 and 0.78). The validation showed high specificity (≥ 80.4%) and sensitivity (≥ 87.5%) for all questions, except those related to chronicity and medical diagnosis (34.4% and 40.6%, respectively). Study limitations Non-random selection, no sample size calculation, participants from a tertiary hospital and study period coincident with the Coronavirus pandemic. Conclusions Our results showed that the ISAAC atopic eczema module questionnaire by telephone interviews has good reproducibility and high agreement with the clinical diagnosis of atopic eczema. It may be an appropriate alternative tool in epidemiological studies of childhood atopic eczema, especially in periods of social isolation.

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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of atopic eczema is unknown in many countries. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) is an epidemiological landmark in the study of allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To validate and assess the reproducibility of the ISAAC Written Atopic Eczema Questionnaire (WAEQ) for children aged between 6 and 7 years by telephone contact. METHODS: Observational study through interviews with guardians of children aged 6 to 7 years using the ISAAC atopic eczema module questionnaire in three different phases separated by 2 weeks: telephone interviews in the first and third contacts and in-person interviews under supervision in the second contact. Reproducibility was estimated using the Kappa index and validation using the sensitivity and specificity coefficients. RESULTS: Data from 88 children (32 from the atopic eczema group) were analyzed. Reproducibility showed almost perfect agreement for the questions "Recurrent pruritic lesions" and "Lesions in typical locations" (Kappa between 0.81-0.82), while a substantial agreement was observed for all other indicators (Kappa variation between 0.66 and 0.78). The validation showed high specificity (≥ 80.4%) and sensitivity (≥ 87.5%) for all questions, except those related to chronicity and medical diagnosis (34.4% and 40.6%, respectively). STUDY LIMITATIONS: Non-random selection, no sample size calculation, participants from a tertiary hospital and study period coincident with the Coronavirus pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the ISAAC atopic eczema module questionnaire by telephone interviews has good reproducibility and high agreement with the clinical diagnosis of atopic eczema. It may be an appropriate alternative tool in epidemiological studies of childhood atopic eczema, especially in periods of social isolation.

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RESUMO: Introdução: O quadro da dermatite atópica (DA) é caracterizado por prurido crônico de evolução flutuante, que pode resultar em distúrbios no padrão de sono e em estigmatização social devido à presença de lesões visíveis e recidivantes, as quais tendem a se tornar progressivamente liquenificadas. Fatores como os já citados e outros associados, como incapacidade laboral, falta de concentração ao longo do dia e isolamento apresentam-se como profundos impactantes para a saúde mental do paciente, podendo resultar em baixa autoestima, depressão e frustração. Além disso, sabe-se que a DA é uma doença essencialmente inflamatória, ao mesmo tempo em que estudos recentes demonstram papel de citocinas no desenvolvimento de síndromes depressivas, podendo haver correlação causal entre os quadros por vias inflamatórias. Objetivos: Essa revisão sistemática de literatura objetivou analisar a relação entre dermatite atópica e sintomas depressivos, identificando possíveis mecanismos responsáveis por essa ligação. Métodos: A busca foi feita entre 17/11/2020 e 18/11/2020 seguindo o modelo PRISMA e utilizando as bases PUBMED, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) - IBECS, LILACS e CUMED - e EMBASE. As palavras-chave "Depression" e "Atopic Eczema", em conjunto com seus termos MeSh e DECS, foram utilizadas e associadas através do método booleano. Critérios para inclusão foram definidos como artigos que são ensaios clínicos ou observacionais envolvendo grupo de pacientes com dermatite atópica e grupo controle, que pôde ser constituído pelo próprio grupo com dermatite atópica, porém, após intervenção. Os sintomas depressivos precisavam ser medidos por escalas ou terem critérios para diagnóstico de síndrome depressiva estabelecidos. A seleção foi feita por todos os autores de forma independente, sendo discordâncias solucionadas por consenso. Resultados: Ao final, quinze estudos restaram, os quais foram classificados entre aqueles que comparam tratamentos e seus desfechos relacionados à depressão e DA, aqueles que propõem DA como agravante de sintomas depressivos, aqueles que propõem sintomas depressivos como agravantes da DA e aqueles que trazem análises estatísticas sem estabelecer claramente onde reside a relação de causalidade entre os dois quadros. Conclusões: Diversos estudos mostraram a existência de relação entre o quadro de DA e sintomas depressivos em vias distintas, tanto analisando a DA como agravante de sintomas depressivos como vice-versa. A partir dessa perspectiva, é possível que haja uma causalidade bidirecional cíclica, na qual um constante feedback positivo gera piora de ambos os quadros até que a abordagem adequada seja tomada, evidenciando a importância da propedêutica multidisciplinar para esses pacientes.(AU)

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by chronic itching, presenting with fluctuating evolution, resulting in sleep disorders and social stigmatization due to the presence of visible and recurrent lesions, that might become progressively lichenified. Factors such as those mentioned and others associated, such as incapacity for work, lack of concentration throughout the day and isolation have profound impacts on the patient's mental health, resulting in low self-esteem, depression and frustration. In addition, it is known that AD is essentially an inflammatory disease. And, recent studies demonstrate the role of inflammatory cytokines in the development of depressive syndromes, therefore may be a causal correlation between the conditions by inflammatory pathways. Objectives: This systematic literature review aimed to analyze a relationship between atopic dermatitis and depressive symptoms, identifying mechanisms responsible for this connection. Methods: The research was carried out between 11/17/2020 and 11/18/2020 following the PRISMA model and using PUBMED, Virtual Health Library (VHL) - IBECS, LILACS and CUMED - and EMBASE databases. Keywords "Depression" and "Atopic Eczema", along with its MeSh and DECS terms, were used and associated using the Boolean method. Inclusion criteria were defined as articles that are clinical or observational trials involving a group of patients with atopic dermatitis and a control group, which could be constituted by the group with atopic dermatitis itself, however, after an intervention. The depressive symptoms had to be measured by scales or, at least, the criteria for diagnosis of depressed syndrome must have been established. Results:In the end, fifteen studies remained, which were classified among those that compare treatments and their outcomes related to depression and AD, those that propose AD as an aggravator of depressive symptoms, those that propose depressive symptoms as an aggravating factor for AD and those that bring statistical analysis without clearly establishing where the causality relation resides. Conclusion: Several studies have presented a relationship between the condition of AD and depressive symptoms in distinct pathways, or analyzing AD as an aggravating factor for depressive symptoms or vice-versa. From this perspective, there may be a cyclical bidirectional causality, in which constant positive feedback generates worsening of both conditions until the adequate approach is taken, highlighting the importance of the multidisciplinary propaedeutics for these patients. (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Some authors point to a relationship between mental disorders (MD) and atopic dermatitis (AD), but few determine which MD these are, and none of them evaluate the impact of AD on their healthy siblings. AIM: To determine which MD affect children and adolescents with AD and compare it with the risk of their healthy siblings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, prospective study with the application of a risk assessment instrument for Mental Disorders in paediatric patients with AD and their siblings from September 2016 to June 2018. The evaluation instrument used to assess the risk of MD was the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, Pearson's χ2 test with Yates correction and Fisher's exact test were used, considering a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The risk of MD in participants with AD was 63.0%, and in the healthy siblings, 36.0% (p < 0.01). The risk was higher in participants with AD when compared to their siblings for the syndromes "Sleep Problems", "Thought Problems" and "Somatic Complaints". Parental concerns on socialization/bullying were also more frequent for participants with AD when compared to siblings. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with AD present a high risk of MD, and their healthy siblings also present impairment in their mental health. In both cases, this impairment is higher than the one expected in the Brazilian general paediatric population (24.6%) and global paediatric population (22.4%).

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Objetivo: Embora o objetivo da Rede Global de Asma (GAN) seja entender o estado atual do eczema atópico (EA), sua prevenção e melhoria geral em seu manejo, particularmente em países de baixa e média renda, ela permite a avaliação de outras doenças alérgicas, como a asma (A) e a rinite alérgica (RA). Nosso objetivo foi determinar a prevalência de EA e fatores associados em adolescentes e seus pais/responsáveis. Método: Adolescentes (13-14 anos; n = 1.058) e seus pais/responsáveis (média = 42,1 anos; n = 896) residentes na cidade de Uruguaiana, RS, sul do Brasil, responderam aos questionários padrão do GAN. Resultados: A prevalência de EA em adolescentes foi de 8%, e a de formas graves foi de 1,3%, com predomínio no sexo feminino (67,8%). Nos adultos, a prevalência de EA foi de 3,1%. Alguns fatores de risco associados ao EA em adolescentes incluem o consumo de azeite ou de margarina. Em adultos, a exposição à umidade e manchas no passado e atual, uso de cigarros eletrônicos/narguilé, e consumo de outros laticínios foram associados a risco, e o consumo de arroz a proteção. Conclusões: A prevalência de EA em adolescentes é alta e predomina em mulheres, assim como o diagnóstico médico de EA em adultos residentes em Uruguaiana. Fatores ambientais, especialmente hábitos alimentares e umidade no domicílio, foram associados aos achados em ambos os grupos.

Objective: Although the purpose of the Global Asthma Network (GAN) is to understand the current status of atopic eczema (AE), including prevention and general improvement in its management, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, it allows the assessment of other allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of AE and associated factors in adolescents and their parents/guardians. Method: Adolescents (13-14 years old; n = 1058) and their parents/guardians (mean = 42.1 years old; n = 896) living in the city of Uruguaiana, RS, southern Brazil, completed the standard GAN questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of AE in adolescents was 8%, and that of severe forms was 1.3%, with predominance in females (67.8%). In adults, the prevalence of AE was 3.1%. Some risk factors associated with AE in adolescents include the consumption of oil or margarine. In adults, exposure to moisture and stains in the past and currently, use of electronic cigarettes/ hookahs, and consumption of other dairy products were identified as risk factors, while rice consumption was considered a protective factor. Conclusions: The prevalence of AE in adolescents is high and the disease predominates in women, as well as the medical diagnosis of AE in adults living in Uruguaiana. Environmental factors, especially eating habits and moisture at home, were associated with the findings in both groups.

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Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are stromal-derived non-hematopoietic progenitor cells that reside in and can be expanded from various tissues sources of adult and neonatal origin, such as the bone marrow, umbilical cord, umbilical cord blood, adipose tissue, amniotic fluid, placenta, dental pulp and skin. The discovery of the immunosuppressing action of MSCs on T cells has opened new perspectives for their use as a therapeutic agent for immune-mediated disorders, including allergies. Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic and relapsing skin disorder that affects up to 20% of children and up to 3% of adults worldwide, is characterized by pruritic eczematous lesions, impaired cutaneous barrier function, Th2 type immune hyperactivation and, frequently, elevation of serum immunoglobulin E levels. Although, in the dermatology field, the application of MSCs as a therapeutic agent was initiated using the concept of cell replacement for skin defects and wound healing, accumulating evidence have shown that MSC-mediated immunomodulation can be applicable to the treatment of inflammatory/allergic skin disorders. Here we reviewed the pre-clinical and clinical studies and possible biological mechanisms of MSCs as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

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Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) or atopic eczema is a chronic skin inflammatory disease that involves the interaction between immune, genetic and environmental triggers. AD affects 15%-20% of infants and 1%-4% of adults worldwide although prevalence varies per country. The main objective is to raise the awareness of AD impact on patients' quality of life (QoL) in Brazil. Methods: Interviews were carried out with key Therapeutic Area Experts (TAEs) throughout the country to gain information about disease management, treatment efficacy and patient's QoL. For disease cost estimation, private health costs from public sources was used. Results: AD prevalence in adults was estimated at 7% in Brazil, of which 35% was moderate and 30% severe AD. Overall, 41% of patients have undergone 5 or more different treatments. However, 17% and 29% of patients with moderate and severe AD, respectively, fail to control their disease. Emollients and topical steroids are the main first-line (1L) treatments for all AD patients, although in the case of moderate and severe AD, a rapid 2-week treatment transition from 1L to 2L has been reported. In terms of economic burden, for severe and moderate AD patients, direct medical costs (medical appointments, treatments, hospitalizations and others) are between 94% and 93%. Regarding indirect costs, absenteeism was estimated to be responsible for 6% and 7% of total cost in moderate and severe AD patients, respectively. Conclusion: There is a need for AD treatments that can be used in the long term without severe side effects and with a positive impact on QoL.

Objetivo: A dermatite atópica (DA) ou eczema atópico é uma doença inflamatória que envolve a interação entre fatores imunológicos, genéticos e ambientais. A DA afeta 15% a 20% das crianças e 1% a 4% dos adultos. O objetivo é conscientizar sobre o impacto da DA na qualidade de vida (QdV) dos pacientes no Brasil. Métodos: Entrevistas foram conduzidas com Especialistas dessa Área Terapêutica (EATs) em todo o país para obter informações sobre o manejo da doença, eficácia do tratamento e QdV dos pacientes. Para estimativa dos custos da doença, utilizamos custos da saúde privada de fontes públicas. Resultados: A prevalência de DA em adultos foi estimada em 7% no Brasil, dos quais 35% possuem DA moderada e 30%, severa. No geral, 41% dos pacientes foram submetidos a cinco ou mais tratamentos diferentes. No entanto, 17% e 29% dos pacientes com DA moderada/grave, respectivamente, não conseguem controlar sua doença. Emolientes e esteroides tópicos são os principais tratamentos de primeira linha (1L) para todos os pacientes. No caso de DA moderada/grave, a transição rápida do tratamento de 1L para 2L em duas semanas é relatada. Em termos de carga econômica, para pacientes com DA grave e moderada, entre 94% e 93% são custos médicos diretos (consultas médicas, tratamentos, hospitalizações e outros). Considerando custos indiretos, o absenteísmo é responsável por 6% e 7% do custo total em pacientes com DA moderada e grave, respectivamente. Conclusão: Em conclusão, há necessidade de tratamentos de DA que possam ser usados a longo prazo sem efeitos colaterais graves e com impacto positivo na qualidade de vida.

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RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar tradução, adaptação e validação da Itch Severity Scale (ISS-Ped) para medir a gravidade de prurido em crianças e adolescentes com dermatite atópica. Métodos: Estudo metodológico de validação de instrumento, seguindo protocolos recomendados. Após a definição da versão traduzida, com participação de um profissional com experiência em validação de instrumentos, três professores de inglês, um professor de linguística e sete alergologistas, a Escala de Gravidade de Prurido (ISS-Ped) foi aplicada a 42 responsáveis por pacientes entre 2 e 18 anos de idade com dermatite atópica e a 42 responsáveis por indivíduos sem doença cutânea pruriginosa da mesma faixa etária. Resultados da escala foram comparados com a gravidade da dermatite atópica e o controle da doença, e entre os dois grupos. Resultados: A clareza das questões foi maior que 90%. A ISS-Ped mostrou forte correlação positiva com a gravidade da dermatite atópica (Pearson: 0,74; p<0,001) e boa correlação com o controle da doença (coeficiente de correlação ponto bisserial: 0,65; p<0,001), além de ótima consistência interna (α de Cronbach: 0,96) e adequada reprodutibilidade pela concordância do teste e reteste (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse variando de 0,89 a 0,99 com IC95% e p<0,001). Conclusões: A ISS-Ped apresentou-se viável, válida e confiável, sendo atingida equivalência satisfatória. A escala traduzida mostrou-se adequada para avaliar a gravidade do prurido em crianças e adolescentes com dermatite atópica, permitindo comparações na prática clínica e entre pesquisas de diferentes centros.

ABSTRACT Objective: To translate, adapt and validate the Itch Severity Scale to a Brazilian version (ISS-Ped) in order to measure the severity of pruritus in children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis. Methods: This is a methodological study of validation of an instrument following recommended protocols. The translated version was evaluated by a group of experts including one professional with experience in instrument validation, three English teachers, one linguistics teacher and seven allergists. After this, the scale was applied to 42 parents of children aged between 2 and 18 years old with atopic dermatitis, and 42 parents of children without pruritic diseases. Results were evaluated according to the severity of atopic dermatitis and disease control, and they were compared between groups with and without atopic dermatitis. Results: More than 90% of the questions were clear to the parents. The ISS-Ped showed a strong positive correlation with the severity of atopic dermatitis (Pearson: 0.74; p<0.001) and a good correlation with the control of dermatitis (point-biserial correlation coefficient: 0.65; p<0.001). The scale showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.96) and adequate test and retest agreement (95% confidence interval of intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.89-0.99; p<0.001). Conclusions: The ISS-Ped is a feasible, valid, reliable and satisfactorily equivalent. The translated scale was appropriate to assess the severity of itching in children and adolescents with eczema, allowing comparisons in the clinical practice and in the research setting.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in adolescents (AD; 13-14 years) living in seven Brazilian cities, by applying the standardized written questionnaire (WQ) of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), and to evaluate the time trend nine years after the last assessment of ISAAC phase 3 (ISP3). METHODS: The ISAAC-WQ was answered by 20,099 AD from the Northern, Northeastern, Southeastern, and Southern Brazilian regions. Values obtained were compared to those observed in ISP3 using nonparametric (chi-squared or Fisher) tests, and the ratio of annual increment/decrement was established for each of the centers, according to the symptom assessed. RESULTS: Considering the national data and comparing to values of ISP3, there was a decrease in the mean prevalence of active asthma (18.5% vs. 17.5%) and an increase in the frequency of severe asthma (4.5% vs. 4.7%) and physician-diagnosed asthma (14.3% vs. 17.6%). An increase in prevalence of rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in Brazil was variable; higher prevalence values, especially of asthma and eczema, were observed in regions located closer to the Equator. .

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de sintomas relacionados à asma, à rinite e ao eczema atópico em adolescentes (13-14 anos, AD) residentes em sete cidades brasileiras com o questionário escrito (QE) padronizado do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (Isaac) e verificar a tendência temporal passados nove anos da última avaliação do Isaac fase 3 (ISF3). MÉTODOS: O QE Isaac foi respondido por 20.099 AD (13-14 anos) moradores em centros das regiões Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul. Os índices obtidos foram comparados aos do ISF3 com o teste não paramétrico (qui-quadrado ou Fisher) e foi estabelecida a taxa de incremento/decremento anual para cada um dos centros segundo o sintoma avaliado. RESULTADOS: Em relação ao ISF3, considerando-se os dados nacionais, houve queda da prevalência média de asma ativa (18,5% vs. 17,5%) com elevação da frequência de asma grave (4,5% vs. 4,7%) e de asma diagnosticada por médico (14,3% vs. 17,6%). Aumento da prevalência de rinite e rinoconjuntivite e de eczema flexural também ocorreram. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de asma, rinite e eczema atópico no Brasil foi variável. Valores mais altos, sobretudo de asma e eczema, foram observados nos centros localizados mais próximos ao Equador. .

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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of atopic diseases in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) has been reported as lower. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of allergic diseases and allergic sensitisation in Brazilian children and adolescents with DM1. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 96 patients with DM1 (aged 4-18 years, 45 boys) followed for at least one year were evaluated for allergic disease through a detailed allergological anamnesis and skin prick tests (SPT) to inhalant allergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, Blomia tropicalis, Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, dog epithelium, cat epithelium, mix fungi), foods (cow's milk, egg-white, yolk, soy, wheat, corn), and positive (histamine 1 mg/ml) and negative (saline) controls. Wheals with a mean diameter of induration equal to or greater than 3mm identified a positive SPT. RESULTS: The prevalence values of rhinitis, asthma and atopic eczema (isolated or associated) were 68.0%, 59.1% and 44.4%, respectively. 20.6% of the patients had no allergic disease. 46.8% of the patients had been diagnosed with DM1 for at least four years and there was no relationship between the period of DM1 and the presence of allergic disease, nor of the gender. 48.0% patients were sensitised with predominance of D. pteronyssinus, B. topicalis and D. farinae. The frequency of positive SPT was significantly higher among patients with history of allergic disease (OR=6.98, 95%CI: 2.60-18.74, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of allergic diseases and sensitisation in patients with DM1 was higher than usually expected and deserves further investigation to identify possible causes for these findings and to evaluate their importance and influence on the metabolic control.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in adolescents (AD; 13-14 years) living in seven Brazilian cities, by applying the standardized written questionnaire (WQ) of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), and to evaluate the time trend nine years after the last assessment of ISAAC phase 3 (ISP3). METHODS: The ISAAC-WQ was answered by 20,099 AD from the Northern, Northeastern, Southeastern, and Southern Brazilian regions. Values obtained were compared to those observed in ISP3 using nonparametric (chi-squared or Fisher) tests, and the ratio of annual increment/decrement was established for each of the centers, according to the symptom assessed. RESULTS: Considering the national data and comparing to values of ISP3, there was a decrease in the mean prevalence of active asthma (18.5% vs. 17.5%) and an increase in the frequency of severe asthma (4.5% vs. 4.7%) and physician-diagnosed asthma (14.3% vs. 17.6%). An increase in prevalence of rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in Brazil was variable; higher prevalence values, especially of asthma and eczema, were observed in regions located closer to the Equator.

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Objetivo: determinar a prevalência e a gravidade do eczema atópico em adolescentes escolares da cidade de São José-SC, utilizando o módulo eczema do questionário escrito do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC).Métodos: a população pesquisada consistia em adolescentes de 12 a 15 anos matriculados em escolas das redes públicas e privadas da cidade de São José-SC. As escolas foram selecionadas aleatoriamente, respeitando-se a proporção geográfica da distribuição dos alunos e por tipo de escola (pública e particular), e os alunos que, por meio dos pais ou responsáveis, aceitaram participar da pesquisa responderam o questionário.Resultados: a prevalência de eczema atópico foi de 13,2%, com predominância significativa do sexo feminino (p<0,001). A prevalência dos sintomas nos últimos 12 meses (doença ativa) foi de 8,8%, sem diferença significativa entre os sexos. Dentre os adolescentes com doença ativa, 45,1% apresentava lesões em locais característicos e 37,8% deles tiveram o sono perturbado devido ao prurido, não havendo diferença significativa entre os gêneros. Em 11,7% dos casos, os adolescentes reconheceram o termo eczema, o que sugere diagnóstico médico da doença antes da realização da pesquisa.Conclusões: foi possível determinar a prevalência de eczema atópico, seus sintomas e gravidade entre os adolescentes escolares de 12 a 15 anos da cidade de São José-SC, que foram semelhantes aos resultados encontrados em outras cidades brasileiras.

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OBJETIVO: Estudiar la asociación entre la prevalencia de eczema atópico (EA) y la dureza del agua de uso doméstico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El estudio ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) estimó la prevalencia de EA en seis localidades de Castellón, España, en escolares de 6-7 y 13-14 años durante 2002. Se establecieron tres zonas de <200 mg/l, 200-250 mg/l, y >300 mg/l según la dureza del agua doméstica de esas localidades. Se empleo regresión logística en el análisis. RESULTADOS: En escolares de 6-7 años, las prevalencias acumuladas de EA en las tres zonas fueron de 28.6, 30.5 y 36.5 por ciento. Entre la zona 1 y la zona 3, la razón de momios ajustada (RMa) fue 1.58 (IC 95 por ciento 1.04-2.39) (prueba de tendencia ajustada p=0.034). La prevalencias de síntomas de EA en el último año fueron de 4.7, 4.5, y 10.4 por ciento, respectivamente. Entre la zona 1 y la zona 3, la (RMa) fue 2.29 (IC95 por ciento 1.19-4.42) (prueba de tendencia ajustada p=0.163). En escolares de 13-14 años no se apreciaron tendencias significativas. CONCLUSIONES: Se sugiere que la dureza del agua podría tener alguna importancia en el desarrollo de la enfermedad en los escolares de 6-7 años.

Water hardness has been associated with atopic eczema (AE) prevalence in two epidemiologic studies carried out on schoolchildren in England and Japan. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between the prevalence of AE and domestic water hardness. METHODS: The prevalence of AE was obtained from The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, carried out in six towns in the province of Castellón on schoolchildren 6-7 and 13-14 years of age, using a standard questionnaire in 2002. Three zones were defined according to domestic water hardness of the six study localities: <200 mg/l, 200-250 mg/l, and >300 mg/l. A logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of AE in schoolchildren 6-7 years of age was higher with the increment of water hardness, 28.6, 30.5 and 36.5 percent respectively for each zone; between zone 1 and zone 3, the adjusted odds ratios (ORa) were 1.58 (95 percent Confidence Intervals [CI] 1.04-2.39) (adjusted tendency test p=0.034). Prevalence of symptoms of AE within the past year were 4.7, 4.5, and 10.4 percent, respectively by zone; between zone 1 and zone 3, the ORa was 2.29 (95 percent CI 1.19-4.42) (adjusted tendency test p=0,163). For 13-14 year-old schoolchildren, tendencies to lifetime prevalence of AE at any time or in the past year were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that in 6-7 year-old schoolchildren, water hardness in the area where they live has some relevance to the development of the disease.

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