RESUMEN

An outbreak of pulmonary edema and emphysema with acute and chronic cases is reported in a farm in Uruguay. In a herd of 40 Hereford steers, 20 died. The deaths began four days after a change of paddock, from an old pasture of Avena sativa to a lush growing pasture of the same grass. Acutely affected animals showed severe dyspnea, sialorrhea, cough, and subcutaneous edema, and died within 72 hours. Chronically affected steers showed dyspnea, respiratory noises, weight loss, and intolerance to exercise. The deaths began four days after the change of paddock. Ten days after the first death, the steers were withdrawn from the pasture, but continued dying throughout the following 40 days. Twenty animals died and six were necropsied. Grossly, the lungs were diffusely armed and glistening, with reddish and crepitant cut surface, and presented alveolar septae sharply distended by edema and emphysema. There was subpleural emphysema with air blebs distributed across the pleural surface. Presence of Dictyocaulus viviparus was observed in three steers. In some animals, the trachea was diffusely reddish with presence of pink foam; in some others, there was bloody liquid in the tracheal lumen. Histologic examination showed severe diffuse alveolar and interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes adhered to the alveolar wall, thickening of the interlobular septae with proliferation of type II pneumocytes, and moderate-to-severe multifocal histiocytic, neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrate. In the trachea, there was submucosal hemorrhage and moderate multifocal eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate. The steers with chronic signs presented similar lung lesions, but multifocal pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac dilatation were also observed. The diagnosis of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema (ABPE) was based on the occurrence of the disease after introduction of the herd in a lush green pasture, on the characteristic gross and histologic lesions, and on the absence of other toxic or infectious agents causing similar lesions. Cattle raisers should be alert to the risks of occurrence of this disease after the introduction of the herds into paddocks with green and lush pastures.(AU)

Descreve-se um surto de edema e enfisema pulmonar com casos agudos e crônicos em bovinos em uma criação semi-intensiva no Uruguai. De um lote de 40 novilhos da raça Hereford morreram 20. As mortes começaram quatro dias após uma mudança de alimentação, de uma pastagem mais velha de Avena sativa, para uma pastagem recentemente plantada de aveia que estava em brotação. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos agudos de dispneia, sialorreia, tosse e alguns desenvolveram edema subcutâneo, morrendo em até 72 horas. Outros novilhos mais cronicamente afetados apresentaram dispneia, ruídos respiratórios, perda de peso e intolerância ao exercício. As mortes começaram quatro dias após a mudança de pastagens. Dez dias após a primeira morte, os novilhos foram retirados do pasto, mas morreram ainda durante 40 dias mais. Ao total, morreram vinte animais e seis foram necropsiados. Nas necropsias dos animais mortos na fase aguda os pulmões estavam difusamente armados e brilhosos e ao corte de coloração avermelhada e crepitante, com os septos alveolares acentuadamente distendidos por edema e enfisema. Havia enfisema subpleural caracterizado por bolhas de ar distribuídas pela superfície pleural. Em três bovinos havia ainda presença de Dictyocaulus viviparus. Alguns animais apresentaram a traqueia difusamente avermelhada com espuma de coloração rósea ou liquido sanguinolento livre na luz traqueal. Histologicamente havia edema e enfisema alveolar e intersticial difuso severo, membranas hialinas espessas aderidas à parede alveolar, espessamento dos septos interlobulares com proliferação de pneumócitos tipo II e infiltrado inflamatório histiocítico, neutrofílico e eosinofílico multifocal moderado a severo. Na traqueia havia hemorragias na submucosa e infiltrado eosinofílico e linfocítico multifocal. Os novilhos com sinais crônicos apresentaram lesões pulmonares semelhantes, entretanto, foram observadas também, fibrose pulmonar multifocal e dilatação cardíaca. O diagnóstico de EEPAB baseou-se na ocorrência da doença após a introdução do rebanho em uma pastagem viçosa em brotação, nas características macroscópicas e histológicas e na ausência de outros agentes tóxicos ou infecciosos que causam lesões semelhantes. Se alerta para os riscos da ocorrência desta enfermidade, quando houver mudanças de pastagens.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

An outbreak of pulmonary edema and emphysema with acute and chronic cases is reported in a farm in Uruguay. In a herd of 40 Hereford steers, 20 died. The deaths began four days after a change of paddock, from an old pasture of Avena sativa to a lush growing pasture of the same grass. Acutely affected animals showed severe dyspnea, sialorrhea, cough, and subcutaneous edema, and died within 72 hours. Chronically affected steers showed dyspnea, respiratory noises, weight loss, and intolerance to exercise. The deaths began four days after the change of paddock. Ten days after the first death, the steers were withdrawn from the pasture, but continued dying throughout the following 40 days. Twenty animals died and six were necropsied. Grossly, the lungs were diffusely armed and glistening, with reddish and crepitant cut surface, and presented alveolar septae sharply distended by edema and emphysema. There was subpleural emphysema with air blebs distributed across the pleural surface. Presence of Dictyocaulus viviparus was observed in three steers. In some animals, the trachea was diffusely reddish with presence of pink foam; in some others, there was bloody liquid in the tracheal lumen. Histologic examination showed severe diffuse alveolar and interstitial emphysema, hyaline membranes adhered to the alveolar wall, thickening of the interlobular septae with proliferation of type II pneumocytes, and moderate-to-severe multifocal histiocytic, neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrate. In the trachea, there was submucosal hemorrhage and moderate multifocal eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate. The steers with chronic signs presented similar lung lesions, but multifocal pulmonary fibrosis and cardiac dilatation were also observed. The diagnosis of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema (ABPE) was based on the occurrence of the disease after introduction of the herd in a lush green pasture, on the characteristic gross and histologic lesions, and on the absence of other toxic or infectious agents causing similar lesions. Cattle raisers should be alert to the risks of occurrence of this disease after the introduction of the herds into paddocks with green and lush pastures.(AU)

Descreve-se um surto de edema e enfisema pulmonar com casos agudos e crônicos em bovinos em uma criação semi-intensiva no Uruguai. De um lote de 40 novilhos da raça Hereford morreram 20. As mortes começaram quatro dias após uma mudança de alimentação, de uma pastagem mais velha de Avena sativa, para uma pastagem recentemente plantada de aveia que estava em brotação. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos agudos de dispneia, sialorreia, tosse e alguns desenvolveram edema subcutâneo, morrendo em até 72 horas. Outros novilhos mais cronicamente afetados apresentaram dispneia, ruídos respiratórios, perda de peso e intolerância ao exercício. As mortes começaram quatro dias após a mudança de pastagens. Dez dias após a primeira morte, os novilhos foram retirados do pasto, mas morreram ainda durante 40 dias mais. Ao total, morreram vinte animais e seis foram necropsiados. Nas necropsias dos animais mortos na fase aguda os pulmões estavam difusamente armados e brilhosos e ao corte de coloração avermelhada e crepitante, com os septos alveolares acentuadamente distendidos por edema e enfisema. Havia enfisema subpleural caracterizado por bolhas de ar distribuídas pela superfície pleural. Em três bovinos havia ainda presença de Dictyocaulus viviparus. Alguns animais apresentaram a traqueia difusamente avermelhada com espuma de coloração rósea ou liquido sanguinolento livre na luz traqueal. Histologicamente havia edema e enfisema alveolar e intersticial difuso severo, membranas hialinas espessas aderidas à parede alveolar, espessamento dos septos interlobulares com proliferação de pneumócitos tipo II e infiltrado inflamatório histiocítico, neutrofílico e eosinofílico multifocal moderado a severo. Na traqueia havia hemorragias na submucosa e infiltrado eosinofílico e linfocítico multifocal. Os novilhos com sinais crônicos apresentaram lesões pulmonares semelhantes, entretanto, foram observadas também, fibrose pulmonar multifocal e dilatação cardíaca. O diagnóstico de EEPAB baseou-se na ocorrência da doença após a introdução do rebanho em uma pastagem viçosa em brotação, nas características macroscópicas e histológicas e na ausência de outros agentes tóxicos ou infecciosos que causam lesões semelhantes. Se alerta para os riscos da ocorrência desta enfermidade, quando houver mudanças de pastagens.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Background: 3-Methyl indole (Skatole, 3-MI) is produced by microfloral fermentation of tryptophan in rumen and production of that has relation with the onset of respiratory problems in cattle. The aim of this study was to compare complications of 3-MI dissolved in two solvents, Cremophor and Propylene Glycol on BALB/c mice by histopathologic and stereologic studies. Materials, Methods & Results: Female Balb/C mice 56 days of age (23 - 27 g) were divided into 13 groups of eight and had access to food and water ad libitum. Mice were housed in plastic cages (4 per cage) with wire bar lids on bedding of sawdust in an air-conditioned room with 12 h light: dark cycles. After a 7-day acclimation period, for 5 groups, Mice were injected with 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 mg/kg from solution of 3-MI in propylene glycol and similarly for 5 other groups with Cremophor. As well as 2 groups were injected with Propylene glycol and Cremophor with the dosage that is necessary for solving the highest dose of 3-MI. One group received normal saline with the volume equal with Cremophor (drug vehicle) group. Briefly, 125 mg of 3-MI was dissolved per mL of sterile filtered Propylene glycol and 30 mg of 3-MI was dissolved per mL of sterile filtered Cremophor. Once injected intra peritoneally, mice were monitored 3-4 h for external reaction signs from the injection. LD50 was determined 610.16 mg/kg 3-Methylindole and 687.5 mg/kg 3-Methylindole dissolved in Propylene glycol and Cremophor respectively with linear regression. Increase in respiration rate, tachypnea and shallow respiration was observed in clinical examination. In necropsy, alveolar and bronchial hyperemia was significant in lungs. Some superficial wounds were observed in upper respiratory airways. Trachea and Hungarian airways were severely hyperemic. There were some debriss in airways canals. We couldnt find any lesion in other organs. Histopathology showed noticeable alveolar edema and emphysema, type I pneumocytes necrosis, Slight endothelial lesions, rare degeneration of type II pneumocytes and raised nutrophil infiltration around vessels were observed in higher dosages of both groups. Moderate interstitial edema, hyperemia and increase of alveolar macrophages were observed too. Increase of lymphocytes was noticed after the dose 600 mg/kg moderately on a dose dependent manner. There was a Hyaline membrane in the wall of air sacs. Endothelial capillary damage in Cremophor dissolved 3-MI groups were slightly lower. Although damage to the vessels was not that much progressed in both groups. Stereologic study of type II pneumocytes showed a significant increase in the percentage of them in alveoli of treatment groups in a dose dependent manner compare to control and drug vehicle groups. At the highest dose (800 mg/kg) the group with Propylene glycol as solvent had significant difference with Cremophor dissolved 3-Methyl indole group and epithelialization was more severe in that. Bronchiole injuries raised in a dose dependent manner in both treatment groups. Discussion: The results of this research indicate that intraperitoneal infusion of 3-MI dissolved in Propylene glycol and Cremophor cause noticeable changes in the respiratory systems of mice. Effects of 3-MI in Propylene glycol is more severe than 3-MI dissolved in Cremophor but type of the lesions is not different. Bronchiolar lesions were moderate compare to the effects of 3-MI in some other animals. Severity of vascular lesions in Propylene glycol dissolved 3-MI was greater than groups that received the Cremophor dissolved 3-MI. Although the vascular injuries were not that much noticeable at all.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: 3-Methyl indole (Skatole, 3-MI) is produced by microfloral fermentation of tryptophan in rumen and production of that has relation with the onset of respiratory problems in cattle. The aim of this study was to compare complications of 3-MI dissolved in two solvents, Cremophor and Propylene Glycol on BALB/c mice by histopathologic and stereologic studies. Materials, Methods & Results: Female Balb/C mice 56 days of age (23 - 27 g) were divided into 13 groups of eight and had access to food and water ad libitum. Mice were housed in plastic cages (4 per cage) with wire bar lids on bedding of sawdust in an air-conditioned room with 12 h light: dark cycles. After a 7-day acclimation period, for 5 groups, Mice were injected with 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 mg/kg from solution of 3-MI in propylene glycol and similarly for 5 other groups with Cremophor. As well as 2 groups were injected with Propylene glycol and Cremophor with the dosage that is necessary for solving the highest dose of 3-MI. One group received normal saline with the volume equal with Cremophor (drug vehicle) group. Briefly, 125 mg of 3-MI was dissolved per mL of sterile filtered Propylene glycol and 30 mg of 3-MI was dissolved per mL of sterile filtered Cremophor. Once injected intra peritoneally, mice were monitored 3-4 h for external reaction signs from the injection. LD50 was determined 610.16 mg/kg 3-Methylindole and 687.5 mg/kg 3-Methylindole dissolved in Propylene glycol and Cremophor respectively with linear regression. Increase in respiration rate, tachypnea and shallow respiration was observed in clinical examination. In necropsy, alveolar and bronchial hyperemia was significant in lungs. Some superficial wounds were observed in upper respiratory airways. Trachea and Hungarian airways were severely hyperemic. There were some debris’s in airways canals. We couldn’t find any lesion in other organs. Histopathology showed noticeable alveolar edema and emphysema, type I pneumocytes necrosis, Slight endothelial lesions, rare degeneration of type II pneumocytes and raised nutrophil infiltration around vessels were observed in higher dosages of both groups. Moderate interstitial edema, hyperemia and increase of alveolar macrophages were observed too. Increase of lymphocytes was noticed after the dose 600 mg/kg moderately on a dose dependent manner. There was a Hyaline membrane in the wall of air sacs. Endothelial capillary damage in Cremophor dissolved 3-MI groups were slightly lower. Although damage to the vessels was not that much progressed in both groups. Stereologic study of type II pneumocytes showed a significant increase in the percentage of them in alveoli of treatment groups in a dose dependent manner compare to control and drug vehicle groups. At the highest dose (800 mg/kg) the group with Propylene glycol as solvent had significant difference with Cremophor dissolved 3-Methyl indole group and epithelialization was more severe in that. Bronchiole injuries raised in a dose dependent manner in both treatment groups. Discussion: The results of this research indicate that intraperitoneal infusion of 3-MI dissolved in Propylene glycol and Cremophor cause noticeable changes in the respiratory systems of mice. Effects of 3-MI in Propylene glycol is more severe than 3-MI dissolved in Cremophor but type of the lesions is not different. Bronchiolar lesions were moderate compare to the effects of 3-MI in some other animals. Severity of vascular lesions in Propylene glycol dissolved 3-MI was greater than groups that received the Cremophor dissolved 3-MI. Although the vascular injuries were not that much noticeable at all.

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