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Purpose: This study investigates the association between dietary Omega-3 fatty acid intake and accelerated phenotypic aging, referred to as PhenoAgeAccel. PhenoAgeAccel is defined as the difference between phenotypic biological age, calculated using blood biochemical markers, and chronological age. This study assesses the potential of Omega-3 intake to slow biological aging and its implications for public health. Methods: Utilizing data from the NHANES from 1999 to 2018, this cross-sectional study included 20,337 adult participants. Through a nationally representative sample combined with comprehensive phenotypic age calculation methods, a cross-sectional analysis of Omega-3 fatty acid intake and accelerated phenotypic aging was conducted. Weighted generalized linear regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses were applied to explore the potential non-linear relationships between them. Threshold effects were further clarified through piecewise regression models, and the impact of different demographic and health characteristics was evaluated through interaction effect tests. Results: After adjusting for various potential confounding factors, a significant negative correlation was found between Omega-3 fatty acid intake and PhenoAgeAccel (ß = -0.071; 95% CI: -0.119, -0.024; p = 0.004), indicating that an increase in Omega-3 intake is associated with a slowdown in PhenoAgeAccel. Specifically, for each unit increase in Omega-3 intake, the accelerated phenotypic aging decreased by an average of 0.071 units, revealing a significant linear negative correlation between Omega-3 intake and PhenoAgeAccel. Moreover, threshold effect analysis identified an Omega-3 fatty acid intake threshold (1.103 grams/day), beyond which the impact of Omega-3 intake on accelerated phenotypic aging tends to stabilize. Additionally, factors such as gender, age, race, and hypertension may influence the relationship between Omega-3 intake and PhenoAgeAccel, suggesting individual dietary guidance needs in different populations. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential role of dietary Omega-3 fatty acids in regulating PhenoAgeAccel and supports the strategy of delaying the aging process through dietary interventions to increase Omega-3 intake. The findings of this study contributes to the development of precise nutritional intervention strategies for different populations to optimize healthy longevity.

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Introduction: Antioxidants prevent the progression of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder (BD). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation helps prevent lipid peroxidation and improve antioxidant status. This study aims to investigate the effect of omega-3 supplementation on serum levels of antioxidant status in patients with BD. Methods: In this study, 28 patients with BD received an omega-3 fatty acid supplement (2 g/daily) while the other 28 patients received edible paraffin oil (2 g/daily) for 60 days. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated in pre-intervention and post-intervention. Results: The results showed that omega-3 supplementation increased the activities of SOD (12.94±3.84 U/mL vs 17.72±3.59 U/mL) and CAT (5.08±1.61 nmol/min/mL vs 6.43±1.33 nmol/min/mL) in post-intervention compared to pre-intervention (P=0.001). The results also showed that omega-3 supplementation increased the activities of SOD (17.72±3.59 U/mL vs 13.79±3.12 U/mL) and CAT (6.43±1.33 nmol/min/mL vs 4.89±1.45 nmol/min/mL) compared to the control group in post-intervention (P=0.001). Omega-3 supplementation did not have significant effects on the serum concentration of TAC compared to pre-intervention (P=0.373) and control group (P=0.604). Conclusion: Omega-3 supplementation increased the activities of SOD and CAT and may decrease the progression of disease via increasing antioxidant status.

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BACKGROUND: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation lower triglyceride levels. The impact on epicardial adipose tissue volume (EATV), which is associated with cardiovascular events, is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine if triglyceride reduction with EPA+DHA supplementation decreases EATV and whether EATV affects coronary plaque. METHODS: 139 subjects with coronary artery disease on statins were randomized to 3.36 g EPA+DHA daily or none (control) for 30 months. EATV, coronary plaque volumes and coronary artery calcium score were measured with coronary computed tomographic angiography. RESULTS: Change in triglyceride level correlated with change in EATV (r=0.236; p=0.006). Despite a 6.7% triglyceride reduction (p=0.021) with EPA+DHA supplementation compared to no change in control (between group p=0.034); both groups had similar reductions in EATV possibly due to statin treatment. EATV above the median (>115.6 cm3) was the only determinant of baseline coronary fatty plaque volume (ß=2.4, p=0.010). After multivariate adjustment, waist circumference, a surrogate of abdominal visceral adiposity, was the only determinant of baseline EATV (OR:1.093; 95% CI:1.003-1.192, p=0.042). Moreover, increase in waist circumference was the only predictor of an increase in EATV at 30 months (ß=0.320, p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: EATV is associated with higher coronary fatty plaque volume and is regulated by waist circumference but not EPA+DHA supplementation at 30-month follow-up in CAD patients on statin treatment. The direct correlation between waist circumference and EATV suggests that maintaining a healthy weight may limit EATV and coronary fatty plaque volume, potentially leading to a decrease in cardiovascular events. Two sentence summary Subjects with clinical CAD on statin treatment randomized to EPA+DHA had similar reductions in epicardial adipose tissue volume (EATV) compared to control, despite a significant reduction in triglyceride level in the EPA+DHA group. Higher EATV was linked to greater fatty, rupture-prone plaques, boosting the risk of MI, and change in waist circumference was the only predictor of an increase in EATV at 30-month follow-up.

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AIM: The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health. An intake of omega-3 and vitamin D3 in a separate manner is vital for maintaining good health of gut microbiota and controlling some illness manifestations. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential change in biodiversity of the gut microbiome in healthy rats supplemented with vitamin D3, omega-3 alone and their combination and to reflect onto the triglyceride levels in serum and fecal samples. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the 16S rRNA gene Miseq Illumina NGS, and monitoring triglyceride levels in serum and fecal samples coupled with several clinical parameters, we examined the effect of orally taken combination of omega-3 and vitamin D3 alongside the separate intake of supplements on gut microbiota in 24 healthy white Wistar rats for six weeks. The study findings showed that combination treatment encouraged the growth of opportunistic Clostridia class during day 21 and 42 of treatment by 7.7 and 7.4 folds, respectively, exhibited incomplete absorption levels for both supplements when used concomitantly, demonstrated a damaging effect on the gut intestinal lining wall thickness (126 µm) when compared to control group (158 µm), increasing lumen diameter (400 µm), and showed higher triglyceride level in fecal samples. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that omega-3 and vitamin D3 supplements as combination intake reveal unfavorable effects, thus, it is advised to conduct further in-depth studies to clarify the presence or absence of any chemical interaction between both supplements' molecules and to investigate based on human model to attain a superior perspective.

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RATIONALE: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) classifies attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a neurodevelopmental disorder that interferes with human functioning and development. As the clinical presentation of ADHD involves a deficiency in executive function, neurocognitive deficits involving distinctive neuropathological changes must be present for clinical diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: The vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), specifically VMAT-2, plays a role in ADHD pathogenesis. In addition, experimental data show that the stimulants (amphetamines and methylphenidate) are first-line treatments for the condition because of their extensive interaction with VMAT-2. The interactions of peptides, bupropion, and nutritional supplements with VMAT-2 receptors have been researched, but more evidence is needed to elucidate their pharmacodynamic properties. Therefore, this literature review evaluated the current pharmacological treatment modalities, peptides, and nutritional supplements for ADHD that target the VMAT-2 system. METHODS, RESULTS, AND CONCLUSIONS: We obtained relevant studies from several platforms, including the National Center for Biotechnology, Clinical Key, Access Medicine, and PubMed. From the results of these studies, we observed that stimulants interact highly with the VMAT-2 transporter, with omega-3 fatty acids, peptides, and bupropion exerting some modulatory activity on VMAT-2. These agents should be considered for the future treatment of ADHD, although clinical-level research involving human participants is necessary.

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OBJECTIVE: Dietary habits have long been known to be a critical factor influencing cognitive health, especially among older adults. Despite extensive research on various dietary components, the impact of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cognitive function has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This research seeks to determine whether more intake of omega-3 PUFAs correlates with improved cognitive function in older adults. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which included 2430 elderly participants aged 60 and above. The association between omega-3 consumption and cognitive outcomes was evaluated using linear regression models. Smoothing curves and threshold effect analysis were employed to examine nonlinear associations. Subgroup studies were conducted to demonstrate the strength and reliability of the correlation and factors affecting them. RESULTS: The fully adjusted model demonstrated significant positive correlations between omega-3 intake and scores on all 3 cognitive assessments performed. Specifically, in the final model, the beta coefficients for the CERAD Word Learning test, Animal Fluency Test, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test were 0.53 (95% CI: 0.33-0.72; P < 0.0001), 0.29 (95% CI: 0.12-0.47; P = 0.001), and 0.61 (95% CI: 0.19-1.03; P = 0.0045), respectively. CONCLUSION: Increased intake of omega-3 was positively and independently associated with cognitive function in older adults, suggesting that consumption of omega-3 PUFAs may help to prevent cognitive decline with aging. Prospective studies are needed to determine the direct of effect in this association.

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Objective: Hemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease often exhibit inflammation characterized by elevated levels of C-reactive protein, Interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and they are shown to be associated with cardiovascular impairment and enhanced renal failure. This study aims to assess the impact of fish oil intake on inflammation indicators in adult hemodialysis patients. Methods: From the inception to December 2023, the datasets Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Embase, and Pubmed were examined. Two authors independently searched, selected, and screened the literature. The pooled results are represented by weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals. To investigate the causes of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis was done. Sensitivity analysis was then used to evaluate the validity of the combined findings. Results: Thirteen randomized control trials studies were included. The pooled results showed that fish oil supplementation caused a significant reduction of the C-reactive protein level (WMD, -2.92 mg/L; 95% Confidence interval, -5.23, to -0.61; p = 0.01; I 2 = 99%), especially in patients with baseline C-reactive protein ⩾5 mg/L (WMD, -4.39 mg/L; 95% Confidence interval, -5.93 to 2.85; p < 0.00001; I 2 = 33%). Subgroup analyses showed that C-reactive protein baseline level (C-reactive protein <5 mg/L) was the main source of heterogeneity. Fish oil intake may not reduce the level of Interleukin 6 (WMD, -2.26; 95% Confidence interval: -19.61 to 15.09; p = 0.80; I 2 = 93%), nor will it reduce the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (random model: WMD, -2.51; 95% Confidence interval: 6.08 to 1.06; p = 0.17; I 2 = 98%). Conclusion: Hemodialysis patients, especially those with C-reactive protein > 5 mg/L, responded to fish oil supplementation to reduce their C-reactive protein level; however, Interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels did not appear to be affected.

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Mice fed a diet containing an adequate amount of ω-3 fatty acids (ω-3 Adq) or a deficient diet (ω-3 Def) were irradiated with ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and were measured daily changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL). TEWL was significantly increased in ω-3 Def mice with repeated UV-B irradiation, but this increase was significantly reduced in ω-3 Adq mice. The epidermal layers revealed thickening of the spinous and basal layers induced by UV-B irradiation in both groups. Moreover, the ω-3 Def mice had a disturbed epidermal structure and a coarser stratum corneum. And the granule cell layer is significantly reduced, and abnormal layer formation (parakeratosis) occurred in the stratum corneum. These results suggest that continuous UV-B irradiation promotes epidermal turnover and leads to epidermal thickening, but ω-3 fatty acids protect the body from UV-B-induced stress.

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Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) represents a common distressing problem in patients with end-stage renal disease. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of omega-3 supplementation in the treatment of CKD-aP. MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Scopus databases were searched systematically for articles published from inception until May 21, 2024. Outcomes were pruritus severity at the end of the study or its change from baseline (primary) and intervention-related adverse effects (secondary). Results were pooled as standardized mean difference (SMD) and risk ratio (RR) for numeric and dichotomous outcomes, respectively, along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Eight studies were included. Treatment with omega-3 fatty acids showed a significantly lower severity of CKD-aP at the end of treatment (pooled SMD (95% CI) = -1.03 (-1.85, -0.22), p = 0.024) and changed from baseline (pooled SMD (95% CI) = -0.93 (-1.57, -0.28), p = 0.014). Omega-3 supplementation reduced the risk of CKD-aP (pooled RR (95% CI) = 0.68 (0.12, 3.81), p = 0.661). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation appears to be a promising effective and safe treatment for CKD-aP. However, the included studies had several limitations that warrant further high-quality studies to elucidate its effect and investigate the causes of non-response in patients who did not improve.

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Fatty acid desaturase (FADS1) variant-rs174550 strongly regulates polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis. Additionally, the FADS1 has been shown to be related to mitochondrial function. Thus, we investigated whether changes in mitochondrial function are associated with the genetic variation in FADS1 (rs174550) in human adipocytes isolated from individuals consuming diets enriched with either dietary alpha-linolenic (ALA) or linoleic acid (LA). Two cohorts of men homozygous for the genotype of FADS1 (rs174550) were studied: FADSDIET2 dietary intervention study with ALA- and LA-enriched diets and Kuopio Obesity Surgery study (KOBS), respectively. We could demonstrate that differentiated human adipose-derived stromal cells from subjects with the TT genotype had higher mitochondrial metabolism compared with subjects with the CC genotype of FADS1-rs174550 in the FADSDIET2. Responses to PUFA-enriched diets differed between the genotypes of FADS1-rs174550, showing that ALA, but not LA, -enriched diet stimulated mitochondrial metabolism more in subjects with the CC genotype when compared with subjects with the TT genotype. ALA, but not LA, proportion in plasma phospholipid fraction correlated positively with adipose tissue mitochondrial-DNA amount in subjects with the CC genotype of FADS1-rs174550 in the KOBS. These findings demonstrate that the FADS1-rs174550 is associated with modification in mitochondrial function in human adipocytes. Additionally, subjects with the CC genotype, when compared with the TT genotype, benefit more from the ALA-enriched diet, leading to enhanced energy metabolism in human adipocytes. Altogether, the FADS1-rs174550 could be a genetic marker to identify subjects who are most suitable to receive dietary PUFA supplementation, establishing also a personalized therapeutic strategy to improve mitochondrial function in metabolic diseases.

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This study aimed to authenticate re-esterified triacylglycerol (rTG)-type omega-3 oils prone to adulteration with fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE)-type oils via hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) of their lipid profiles. A total of 104 rTG-type omega-3 oil samples, consisting of seven authentic (two commercial and five laboratory-made), 60 adulterated, and 37 unauthenticated commercial samples, were analyzed for their acylglycerol, FAEE, and total EPA/DHA contents. Type 1 authentic samples contained higher triacylglycerols (TG) (63.0-86.3 wt%), lower diacylglycerols (DG) (8.1-31.5 wt%), and no FAEE compared to type 2 authentic samples (36.9-62.1 wt% TG, 9.4-36.9 wt% DG, and 14.9-27.3 wt% FAEE). HCA and PCA differentiated authentic samples from adulterated samples, although type 2 samples were closer to adulterated samples. Both analyses showed that 30/37 commercial samples exhibited higher similarity in lipid profiles to authentic samples than to adulterated samples, indicating their potential for authentication.

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BACKGROUND: This paper aims to explore the mechanism of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the immune function of patients having pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). METHODS: Through a retrospective study, 168 patients with PIH syndrome who were cured at the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University (January 2020 to December 2021) were randomly divided into the Omega-3 treated group and the control group, with 84 cases in each group. The control group received treatment with magnesium sulfate. The other group was treated with PUFAs based on the magnesium sulfate treatment. To evaluate the differences in diastolic pressure, systolic pressure and inflammatory factors between the Omega-3 treated group and control group, statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 23.0 software. The measurement data were subject to t-test, and x 2 test was adopted for counting data. RESULTS: The treatment efficiency of the Omega-3 treated group and the control group was 95.24% and 80.95%, respectively, with a significant difference (P<0.05). Before receiving treatment, there was no difference in diastolic and systolic pressure, various inflammatory factors and various immune functions between these two groups (P>0.05). The group treated with omega-3 had lower CD3+, CD4+ and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio than the control group (P<0,05). The Omega-3 treated group had significantly higher IL-4 and CD8+ than those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Intravenous injection of Omega-3 can reduce blood pressure, improve immune function, and reduce inflammatory reactions in patients with gestational hypertension.

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Objective: This research aims to investigate the impact of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on the lipid levels of pregnant women who have experienced pregnancy losses. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from pregnant women with previous pregnancy losses from two medical centers. Their lipid profiles were measured at least twice during pregnancy. According to the use of omega-3 soft gel capsules, participants were divided into the omega-3 group and the control group. We assessed the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and longitudinal lipid levels during pregnancy using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Subsequently, we conducted subgroup analyses to delineate the profile of beneficiaries who received omega-3 fatty acids based on body mass index (BMI), age, menstrual regularity, number of previous pregnancy losses, number of previous live births, and educational level. Results: The omega-3 group included 105 participants, while the control group comprised 274 participants. Women in the omega-3 group started supplementation between 3.43 and 17.14 weeks of gestation. According to GEE analysis, supplementing omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduced triglyceride (TG) levels during pregnancy (adjusted ß = -0.300, 95% CI -0.445 to -0.154, p < 0.001). No associations between omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were observed. Subgroup analyses revealed that omega-3 fatty acids supplementation was related to a reduction in TG levels among pregnant women with age of ≤35 years, a normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), 1-2 previous pregnancy losses, no previous live births, or an educational level above high school. Conclusion: Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids may significantly reduce TG levels, yet it does not seem to improve TC, LDL-C, or HDL-C levels in pregnant women with previous pregnancy losses.

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A nutritional approach could be a promising strategy to prevent or decrease the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuroprotective role of walnut oil (WO) was investigated in Drosophila melanogaster treated with rotenone (Rot), as a PD model, WO, or their combination, and compared to controls. WO reduced mortality and improved locomotor activity impairment after 3 and 7 days, induced by Rot. LC-MS analyses of fatty acid levels in Drosophila heads showed a significant increase in linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) both in flies fed with the WO-enriched diet and in those treated with the association of WO with Rot. Flies supplemented with the WO diet showed an increase in brain dopamine (DA) level, while Rot treatment significantly depleted dopamine content; conversely, the association of Rot with WO did not modify DA content compared to controls. The greater intake of ALA and LA in the enriched diet enhanced their levels in Drosophila brain, suggesting a neuroprotective role of polyunsaturated fatty acids against Rot-induced neurotoxicity. The involvement of the dopaminergic system in the improvement of behavioral and biochemical parameters in Drosophila fed with WO is also suggested.

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The use of omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) is an area of ongoing research. Some studies suggest that dietary supplementation with omega-3 FA can help manage symptoms of AD by reducing lesion severity, skin inflammation, dryness and itching, while others show no significant beneficial effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 FA from fish oil in combination with gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) from blackcurrant seed oil in children with AD. This is a longitudinal, prospective, randomized, triple blind, placebo-controlled parallel clinical trial. The study was conducted during the 2-year period throughout autumn, winter, and spring, avoiding the summer when AD usually improves. Children were randomized to receive the active study product (Mega Kid®) containing a specific blend of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids or placebo. The primary outcomes were changes in severity of AD measured using SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), patient-oriented SCORAD (PO-SCORAD) and the difference in topical corticosteroid (TCS) use. The secondary outcomes were changes in itch intensity, sleep quality and Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI). Data were analyzed for 52 children (26 in the intervention group and 26 in the placebo group). In children receiving the active product, intention-to-treat analysis showed that after 4 months of treatment, there was a significant decrease in the SCORAD index (from median 42 to 25, p < 0.001) and the use of topical corticosteroids (from median 30 to 10 mg/month, p < 0.001), but also significant improvements in itch, sleep quality, and overall quality of life. Omega-3 fatty acids in combination with GLA and vitamin D may decrease symptoms and were associated with an improvement clinical picture of AD in children. Therefore, we can conclude that supplementation with this specific combination could be considered a safe and effective intervention that may significantly reduce the severity of AD in pediatric patients.

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INTRODUCTION: An optimal fetal supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is critical for normal brain development. The relationship between maternal DHA intake and DHA delivery to the fetus is complex and is dependent on placental handling of DHA. Little data exist on placental DHA levels in pregnancies supplemented with the recommended dose of 200 mg/d. Our objective was to determine how prenatal DHA at the recommended 200 mg/d impacts maternal, placental, and fetal DHA status in both normal-weight and high-BMI women compared to women taking no supplements. METHODS: Maternal blood, placenta, and cord blood were collected from 30 healthy pregnant women (BMI 18.9-43.26 kg/m2) giving birth at term. Red blood cells (RBCs) and villous tissue were isolated, and lipids were extracted to determine DHA content by LC-MS/MS. Data were analyzed by supplement group (0 vs. 200 mg/d) and maternal BMI (normal weight or high BMI) using two-way ANOVA. We measured maternal choline levels in maternal and cord plasma samples. RESULTS: Supplementation with 200 mg/d DHA significantly increased (p < 0.05) maternal and cord RBC DHA content only in pregnancies complicated by high BMI. We did not find any impact of choline levels on maternal or cord RBC phospholipids. There were no significant differences in total placental DHA content by supplementation or maternal BMI (p > 0.05). Placental levels of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid containing DHA species were higher (p < 0.05) in high-BMI women without DHA supplementation compared to both normal-BMI and high-BMI women taking DHA supplements. CONCLUSION: Maternal DHA supplementation at recommended doses cord increased RBC DHA content only in pregnancies complicated by higher BMI. Surprisingly, we found that obesity was related to an increase in placental PI and phosphatidic acid species, which was ameliorated by DHA supplementation. Phosphatidic acid activates placental mTOR, which regulates amino acid transport and may explain previous findings of the impact of DHA on placental function. Current recommendations for DHA supplementation may not be achieving the goal of improving fetal DHA levels in normal-weight women.

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Conflicting clinical trial results on omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) have prompted uncertainty about their cardioprotective effects. While the VITAL trial found no overall cardiovascular benefit from n-3 HUFA supplementation, its substantial African American (AfAm) enrollment provided a unique opportunity to explore racial differences in response to n-3 HUFA supplementation. The current observational study aimed to simulate randomized clinical trial (RCT) conditions by matching 3766 AfAm and 15,553 non-Hispanic White (NHW) individuals from the VITAL trial utilizing propensity score matching to address the limitations related to differences in confounding variables between the two groups. Within matched groups (3766 AfAm and 3766 NHW), n-3 HUFA supplementation's impact on myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was assessed. A weighted decision tree analysis revealed belonging to the n-3 supplementation group as the most significant predictor of MI among AfAm but not NHW. Further logistic regression using the LASSO method and bootstrap estimation of standard errors indicated n-3 supplementation significantly lowered MI risk in AfAm (OR 0.17, 95% CI [0.048, 0.60]), with no such effect in NHW. This study underscores the critical need for future RCT to explore racial disparities in MI risk associated with n-3 HUFA supplementation and highlights potential causal differences between supplementation health outcomes in AfAm versus NHW populations.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that impacts women of reproductive age. In addition to reproductive and psychological complications, women with PCOS are also at a higher risk of developing metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While weight reduction can help manage these complications in overweight or obese women, many weight loss interventions have been ineffective due to weight stigma and its psychological impact on women with PCOS. Therefore, exploring alternative dietary strategies which do not focus on weight loss per se is of importance. In this regard, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin (n-3 PUFAs), which are known for their hypotriglyceridemic, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, have emerged as a potential therapy for prevention and reversal of metabolic complications in PCOS. Several clinical trials showed that n-3 PUFAs can improve components of metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS. In this review, we first summarize the available clinical evidence for different dietary patterns in improving PCOS complications. Next, we summarize the clinical evidence for n-3 PUFAs for alleviating metabolic complications in PCOS. Finally, we explore the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs improve the metabolic disorders in PCOS in depth.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Taking into account the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of omega-3 fatty acids and the evidence indicating the role of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology diabetes, this study aimed to determine the effect of ω-3 fatty acids on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS: A systematic search up to July 30, 2023 was completed in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases, to identify eligible RCTs. Heterogeneity tests of the selected studies were performed using the I2. Random effects models were assessed and pooled data were determined as standardized mean differences (SMD) with a 95 % CI. RESULTS: The meta-analysis of 23 trials, involving 1523 patients, demonstrated a significant decrease in TNF-α (SMD: -1.62, 95 % CI: -2.89 to -0.35, P= 0.013) and increase in TAC (SMD: 0.92, 95 % CI: 0.33-1.52, P = 0.002) following ω-3 fatty acids administration. Meanwhile, supplementation did not have beneficial effects on malondialdehyde, C-reactive protein (CRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and interlukin-6 levels. The subgroup analysis revealed a significant decrease in CRP levels and an increase in SOD levels in studies with durations of less than 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: We found that ω-3 fatty acid intake can significantly decrease TNF-α and increase TAC levels, but this effect was not observed on other markers. Nevertheless, future well-designed with large sample size and long duration RCT studies with precise ω-3 fatty acids dose and ingredients are required to understand better the effects of these compounds and their constituents on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in T2DM patients.

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BACKGROUND: Maternal vitamin-D and omega-3 fatty acid (DHA) deficiencies during pregnancy have previously been associated with offspring neurodevelopmental traits. However, observational study designs cannot distinguish causal effects from confounding. METHODS: First, we conducted Mendelian randomisation (MR) using genetic instruments for vitamin-D and DHA identified in independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Outcomes were (1) GWAS for traits related to autism and ADHD, generated in the Norwegian mother, father, and child cohort study (MoBa) from 3 to 8 years, (2) autism and ADHD diagnoses. Second, we used mother-father-child trio-MR in MoBa (1) to test causal effects through maternal nutrient levels, (2) to test effects of child nutrient levels, and (3) as a paternal negative control. RESULTS: Associations between higher maternal vitamin-D levels on lower ADHD related traits at age 5 did not remain after controlling for familial genetic predisposition using trio-MR. Furthermore, we did not find evidence for causal maternal effects of vitamin-D/DHA levels on other offspring traits or diagnoses. In the reverse direction, there was evidence for a causal effect of autism genetic predisposition on lower vitamin-D levels and of ADHD genetic predisposition on lower DHA levels. CONCLUSIONS: Triangulating across study designs, we did not find evidence for maternal effects. We add to a growing body of evidence that suggests that previous observational associations are likely biased by genetic confounding. Consequently, maternal supplementation is unlikely to influence these offspring neurodevelopmental traits. Notably, genetic predisposition to ADHD and autism was associated with lower DHA and vitamin-D levels respectively, suggesting previous associations might have been due to reverse causation.