RESUMEN
Copper (Cu), an essential trace element in the metabolism of mammals, plays a central role in various metabolic processes. However, overdosing can lead to severe symptoms and even fatalities. Chronic Cu intoxication continues to be a problem in grazing and domestic animals, with sheep being particularly sensitive. There are few comparative studies on its impact on South American camelids (SACs). Therefore, this work presents the results of literature research combined with a case report on a 3-year-old female vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) presented to the clinic from a zoological garden in northern Germany. The animal showed reduced food intake, recumbency, bruxism, icteric mucous membranes and sclera. Auscultation revealed atony of the third compartment and the digestive tract. Similar to cases described in the literature, the animal showed rapid deterioration of its condition with unspecific symptoms of liver failure and rapid death. However, in contrast to descriptions in sheep, clinical icterus has not been previously reported in cases of other SACs. Laboratory findings from EDTA and serum samples revealed neutrophilia with a left shift, hypoproteinaemia, lymphopaenia, azotaemia, elevated levels of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in the serum. Hyperbilirubinaemia and significantly elevated serum and liver Cu levels were observed. Subsequent blood samples from the remaining vicuñas and alpacas in the same enclosure showed no remarkable abnormalities. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this case report represents the first documented case of Cu intoxication specifically in vicuñas.
RESUMEN
This paper aimed to assess the success of cleaning and disinfection on microbiological contamination of anesthetic masks, which were used for automated isoflurane anesthesia for surgical castration of male piglets. Data collection took place on 11 farms in Southern Germany between September 2020 and June 2022. Each farm was visited three times (one farm having two different anesthesia devices was visited six times), and microbiological assessments took place at four sample points (SP): after unpacking the masks (SP0), after disinfection before anesthesia (SP1), after anesthesia of all piglets to be castrated in this run (SP2), and after disinfection after anesthesia (SP3). The microbiological assessment included the determination of total bacteria count, total count of hemolytic and non-hemolytic mesophilic aerotolerant bacteria and a qualitative detection of indicator bacteria Escherichia (E.) coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). For analysis, a generalized linear mixed model was applied using farms and farm visits as random effects and sampling points nested in farm visits as fixed effect. The fixed effect was highly significant for all three variables (total bacteria count, total count of hemolytic and non-hemolytic mesophilic aerotolerant bacteria) (p < 0.001). The bacterial counts at SP0 were about the same as at SP3. Concerning indicator bacteria, their presence was highest at SP2 and lowest at SP3. No indicator bacteria were present at SP1. It can be concluded that disinfection of anesthetic masks, especially before performing anesthesia, may effectively protect piglets of the following batch against unwanted transmission of pathogens. These findings will help farmers plan cleaning and disinfection activities.
RESUMEN
Peripheral nerve sheath tumours are rare in pigs. In the present case, a juvenile female hybrid pig showed a solitary, pigmented, cutaneous mass. Histologically, it consisted of clustered melanin-laden, epithelioid cells as well as spindle cells forming bundles and nodules. The latter were surrounded by perineurial-like cells. Single Wagner-Meissner-like corpuscles were present. Immunohistochemically, the epithelioid cells expressed S100 protein, melan A and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). The spindle cells expressed S100, sex determining region Y-box 2, p75NTR, Krox20, growth associated protein 43 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Perineurial-like cells were positive for p75NTR, α-smooth muscle actin and cytokeratin. Taken together, the histological und immunohistochemical findings support the diagnosis of a cutaneous pigmented neurofibroma.
Asunto(s)
Neurofibroma/veterinaria , Neoplasias Cutáneas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/patología , Animales , Inmunohistoquímica , Pigmentación , PorcinosRESUMEN
We here report the occurrence of S. aureus in wild boars and characterize isolates genotypically and phenotypically in order to get knowledge about the occurrence of clonal lineages and genotypes in free-living wild animals. Forty-one S. aureus isolates obtained from 111 wild boars hunted in Lower Saxony, Germany, were investigated and compared to human and livestock isolates. The S. aureus belonged to multilocus sequence types ST1, ST7, ST30, ST133, ST425, ST804, ST890 and to the new ST3237, ST3238, ST3255 and ST3369. The livestock associated CC398-MRSA lineage, however, was not found. In addition to well-known spa types, the new types t14999, t15000, t15001 and t15002 were detected. Macrorestriction analysis revealed a variety of different SmaI fragment patterns. Most isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, including methicillin, and resistance was detected only to ampicillin, penicillin and erythromycin. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes (seh) in all t127-ST1 isolates. A high degree of genetic diversity was detected with many spa types and clonal lineages previously reported in humans and livestock animals.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Variación Genética , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Sus scrofa/microbiología , Animales , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Enterotoxinas/genética , Genotipo , Alemania/epidemiología , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Proteína Estafilocócica A/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de Virulencia/genéticaRESUMEN
A bacterial cocktail of living strains of Clostridium perfringens type A (CPA) without ß2-toxin gene and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli was administered orally to newborn piglets before first colostrum intake and on 2 consecutive days on a farm with a high incidence of diarrhoea and antibiotic treatment in suckling piglets associated with E. coli and CPA. This clinical field study was driven by the hypothetic principle of competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria due to prior colonization of the gut mucosal surface by non-pathogenic strains of the same bacterial species with the aim of preventing disease. Although CPA strains used in this study did not produce toxins in vitro, their lack of pathogenicity cannot be conclusively confirmed. The health status of the herd was impaired by a high incidence of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome in sows (70%) and a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli and CPA during the study. No obvious adverse effect of the bacterial treatment occurred. On average, more piglets were weaned in litters treated (P=0.009). Visual pathological alterations in the small intestinal wall were more frequent in dead piglets of the control group (P=0.004) and necrotizing enteritis was only found in that group. A higher average daily weight gain of piglets in the control group (P<0.001) may be due to an increased milk uptake due to less competition in the smaller litters. The bacterial cocktail was tested under field conditions for its potential to stabilize gut health status in suckling piglets before disease development due to colibacillosis and clostridial infections; however, the gut flora stabilizing effect of the bacterial cocktail was not clearly discernible in this study. Further basic research is needed to confirm the positive effects of the bacterial treatment used and to identify additional potential bacterial candidates for competitive exclusion.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Diarrea/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/fisiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Clostridium/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Clostridium/epidemiología , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Infecciones por Clostridium/prevención & control , Calostro , Diarrea/epidemiología , Diarrea/microbiología , Diarrea/prevención & control , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/prevención & control , Femenino , Incidencia , Embarazo , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Destete , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
Miniature pet pigs are becoming ever more common among the patients of small animal practices. Due to an advanced age attained in these animals in comparison with conventional pigs in pork production, miniature pet pigs develop age-related diseases that are infrequently observed in farm pigs, including neoplastic alterations of the uterus. We describe two cases of a uterine adenocarcinoma and a leiomyoma, respectively, in two miniature pet pig sows. Options and limits of diagnostic measures (unspecific clinical symptoms, x-ray, sonography and computed tomography) and therapy within the legal limits as well as the risk of an incorrect diagnosis based upon the more common differential diagnoses in swine medicine, including obstipation, cystitis and endometritis, are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Leiomioma/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/terapia , Neoplasias Uterinas/veterinaria , Animales , Femenino , Leiomioma/diagnóstico , Leiomioma/terapia , Porcinos , Porcinos Enanos , Neoplasias Uterinas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Uterinas/terapiaRESUMEN
Skin alterations can be caused by both environmental conditions and diseases of the organism. Some diseases may only manifest in the skin while others represent signs of a generalized infection. Regarding their origin, skin diseases can be divided into congenital, infectious, and nutritional disorders, and those resulting from housing scarcities. Additionally, there are skin diseases with unknown causes. Skin diseases in a swine herd can result in economic losses through decreased feed efficiency and growth rate and increased mortality. The knowledge of causes and symptoms as well as the selection of appropriate further laboratory investigations provide a valid diagnosis and enable a quick and effective therapy. This description of several skin diseases should provide a background.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de la Piel/veterinaria , Piel/patología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/patología , Animales , Piel/microbiología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
A study to determine the occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica on surfaces of slaughtered pig livers and the antimicrobial resistant pattern of the isolates was carried out in a slaughterhouse in Lower Saxony, Germany. During the slaughtering process, 1,500 surfaces of pig livers from 50 fattening herds were swabbed in order to isolate and characterize Y. enterocolitica isolates by serotyping, detecting the virulence plasmid coding the yopT gene, and resistance testing. Of the livers tested, 4.7% were positive for Y. enterocolitica O:3, which was the only identified serotype. The virulence gene yopT was found in 90.0% of these isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the broth dilution method, and the MICs were determined for 13 antimicrobials. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, ceftiofur, tetracycline, kanamycin, cefotaxime, and chlorphenicol. Up to now, resistance to florfenicol has always been described in combination with resistance to chloramphenicol. In the present study, 15.3% of the isolates were resistant to florfenicol, while no chloramphenicol-resistant strains could be identified. Multiresistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 22 strains (27.3%). Nevertheless, third-generation cephalosporines or fluoroquinolones, which were recommended for extraintestinal Y. enterocolitica infection in humans, were not affected.
Asunto(s)
Mataderos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Hígado/microbiología , Yersinia enterocolitica , Animales , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Microbiología de Alimentos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Plásmidos/genética , Prevalencia , Porcinos , Yersinia enterocolitica/efectos de los fármacos , Yersinia enterocolitica/crecimiento & desarrollo , Yersinia enterocolitica/patogenicidadRESUMEN
Surveillance and control are important aspects of food safety assurance strategies at the pre-harvest level of pork production. Prior to implementation of a Salmonella surveillance and control programme, it is important to have knowledge on the dynamics and epidemiology of Salmonella infections in pig herds. For this purpose, 17 finishing pig herds initially classified as seropositive and 15 as seronegative, were followed for a 2-year period through serological and bacteriological sampling. The study included 10 herds from Denmark, 13 from The Netherlands, 4 from Germany and 5 from Sweden and was performed between October 1996 and May 1999. The Salmonella status of finishing pig herds was determined by an initial blood sampling of approximately 50 finishing pigs close to market weight per herd. The development of the Salmonella status of the selected herds was assessed at seven subsequent sampling rounds of 25 blood samples from finishing pigs, 25 blood samples from grower pigs and 10 pen faecal samples each, approximately 3 months apart. The odds for testing finishers seropositive, given that growers were found seropositive previously were 10 times higher than if growers were seronegative (OR 10.0, 95% CI 3.2-32.8). When Salmonella was isolated from pen faecal samples, the herd was more likely to be classified seropositive in the same sampling round, compared to no Salmonella being detected (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.1-14.6). The stability of an initially allocated Salmonella status was found to vary noticeably with time, apparently irrespective of a seropositive or seronegative classification at onset of the study. Given the measured dynamics in the occurrence of Salmonella in pig herds, regular testing is necessary to enable producers, advisors and authorities to react to sudden increases in the Salmonella prevalence in single herds or at a national level.
Asunto(s)
Carne/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Animales , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Heces/microbiología , Alemania/epidemiología , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Salmonella/clasificación , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/prevención & control , Salmonelosis Animal/sangre , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Our objective was to find herd factors associated with pigs testing seropositive for Salmonella. Data were collected from 359 finishing-pig herds in Germany, Denmark, Greece, The Netherlands and Sweden, between 1996 and 1998. Pigs fed non-pelleted feed (dry or wet) had 2- and 2.5-times lower odds of seropositivity, compared to pigs fed pelleted feed. The protective effect of non-pelleted feed over pelleted feed may be ascribed to the structure and composition. Also, pigs that were given whey (to drink or as the liquid part of the diet) had 2.6-times lower odds to test seropositive than pigs not getting whey. Pigs produced in batches in herds with hygienic-lock facilities had >3-times lower odds for testing seropositive compared to pigs in herds where only one or neither factor was present. In herds where the caretaker(s) washed hands consistently before tending to the animals, pigs had 1.5-times lower odds of seropositivity than pigs in herds where the caretaker did not. Pigs which were able to have snout contact with pigs in neighbouring pens (because pen separations were either open or too low) had 1.7-times higher odds to test seropositive compared to pigs for which such contact was prevented. Pigs in herds recruiting from more than three supplier herds had three-times higher odds to test seropositive than pigs in herds which breed their own replacement stock or recruit from a maximum of three supplier herds.
Asunto(s)
Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Alimentación Animal , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonelosis Animal/etiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/etiologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess the probability of detecting Salmonella from pen faecal samples in seropositive classified finishing pig herds. The study involved 77 herds from Denmark (20), The Netherlands (20), Greece (17) and Germany (20). The serological herd status was determined by the blood-sampling of 50 finishing pigs. Bacteriological sampling was performed by 20 pen faecal samples per herd. Over-all, 47% of the blood samples had an OD% larger than 10 and 23% larger than 40. Salmonella was isolated from 135 (9.3%) pen faecal samples in 32 herds (42%). Twenty-eight of these herds (87.5%) had a within-herd seroprevalence larger than 50% at sample cut-off OD% > 10. In our study, there was an increasing probability of recovering Salmonella with increasing within-herd seroprevalence. However, this was only a moderate correlation. A correlation coefficient of 0.62 was found between the proportion of culture positive- and seropositive samples in a herd at cut-off OD%> 10 and of 0.58 at cut-off OD% > 40. Serology is a measure of historical exposure, which may or may not correlate closely to the microbiological burden at the time of sampling. Due to the low sensitivity of culture methods, apparent 'false-positive' serological results may well represent real infections not detected by bacteriological testing. For screening purposes, serological testing provides an indication of exposure to Salmonella, which forms the basis for targeted sampling, intervention and logistic slaughter procedures.
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Heces/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonella enterica/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Reacciones Falso Positivas , Alemania/epidemiología , Grecia/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Salmonelosis Animal/sangre , Salmonelosis Animal/diagnóstico , Salmonella enterica/inmunología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
With the development of a uniform European strategy for the control of zoonoses the European Commission has placed the main emphasis on the protection of consumer health. This direction is clearly marked by the White Paper on Food Safety and the attached proposals for directives and regulations. The present article considers the peculiarities of the epidemiological situation of the agents Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in pork production. The situation of zoonoses in Europe is used as an opportunity to present the distinctive characteristics of these agents, results of epidemiological studies available, and the risk to consumer health in light of the literature. For the approaching transfer of the responsibility for food safety to the primary producers, i.e. the farmers, the most interesting data concern the prevalence, distribution and risk factors. But as there is a strong need for clarification of further questions about the main ways of entry of these agents on farms and into the production chain before a successful preventive strategy can be developed on pig farms, these issues are considered in more detail here.
Asunto(s)
Seguridad de Productos para el Consumidor , Carne/normas , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/transmisión , Zoonosis , Animales , Europa (Continente) , Microbiología de Alimentos , Humanos , Carne/microbiología , Control de Calidad , PorcinosRESUMEN
This study was part of an international research project entitled SALINPORK (FAIR CT-950400) initiated in 1996. The objectives were to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella in pig slaughterhouses and to identify risk factors associated with the contamination of pig carcasses. Data was collected from 12 slaughterhouses in five European countries. Isolates were characterized by serotyping, phage typing and antimicrobial susceptibility. In one country, no Salmonella was found. Salmonella was isolated from 5.3% of 3485 samples of pork and from 13.8% of 3573 environmental samples from the seven slaughterhouses in the four remaining countries. The statistical analyses (multi-level logistic regression) indicated that the prevalence was significantly higher during the warmer months and that the environmental contamination increased during the day of slaughter. The polishing (OR 3.74, 95% CI 1.43-9.78) and pluck removal (OR 3.63, 95% CI 1.66-7.96) processes were found to contribute significantly to the total carcass contamination, the latter especially if the scalding water also was contaminated. To reduce carcass contamination, it is recommended to ensure sufficiently high temperatures of scalding water (62 degrees C) and appropriate cleaning and disinfection of the polishing equipment at least once a day in order to reduce the level of carcass contamination and consequently the prevalence of Salmonella in pork.
Asunto(s)
Mataderos , Contaminación de Alimentos , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Porcinos , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Estudios Epidemiológicos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Incidencia , Carne/microbiología , Prevalencia , Análisis de Regresión , Factores de Riesgo , Salmonella/clasificación , Salmonelosis Animal/inmunología , Salmonelosis Animal/transmisión , Estaciones del Año , SerotipificaciónRESUMEN
In 1997 bacteriological examinations for the distribution of Salmonella in slaughterhouses were carried out in Germany within the framework of an international study "Salmonella in Pork (Salinpork)". During 6 days, 1,200 swab and water samples from slaughtered pigs and the environment were taken. 4.4% of the samples (n = 53) were Salmonella positive. S. typhimurium was isolated mainly (69.8%; n = 37), and 6 phagetypes were differentiated. In addition, S. derby and S. panama could be demonstrated. The resistance pattern of the different isolated S. typhimurium-phagetypes are presented. The phagetype DT 104 was multiresistant to ampicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline. In comparison with the serological prevalence of 7.3% of the fattening pigs in the farms (Part 1), only 1.0% of the samples taken from the surface of the carcass were Salmonella-positive. Swabs taken from the liver were in 2.7% positive and samples from the tongue gave in 5.3% of the cases Salmonella-positive results. In the examination of the environment Salmonella was demonstrated mainly from the water outlets, whereas Salmonella could not be isolated from water of the scalding tank. There was only one case (0.7%) in which Salmonella could be isolated from the hands of the personnel, and also only one swab of the polishing machine was positive (1.1%). But 6.7% samples of the saw were Salmonella-positive. A comparison of repeated, at intervals taken samples showed that the number of Salmonella-positive samples was higher in the last examination round of the particular slaughter days. The reason is suspected in the increasing number of slaughtered pigs and supplying farms, which may increase the probability of bringing in Salmonella.
Asunto(s)
Mataderos/normas , Carne/microbiología , Carne/normas , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Tipificación de Bacteriófagos , Unión Europea , Alemania , Hígado/microbiología , Músculo Esquelético/microbiología , Control de Calidad , Salmonella/clasificación , Salmonella typhimurium/aislamiento & purificación , Porcinos , Lengua/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Reports of human salmonellosis caused by the consumption of pork and the introduction of control and surveillance programmes in different countries of the European Union were the reason for carrying out an international study under the title "Salmonella in Pork (Salinpork)": Six different EU-countries were involved in this study, which was supported by the Commission of the European Community and which was carried out over a period of April 1996 to April 1999. The aim of the investigation presented was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in fattening, breeding and farrow-to-feeder herds as well as the determination of risk factors for the introduction of Salmonella into the farm (Part 1). In addition, sources of contamination of pork should be detected by taking samples of the product and the environment in the slaughterhouse (Part 2). In Germany, the investigation into Salmonella infections of 60 fattening, 20 breeding and 20 farrow-to-feeder herds were carried out in Schleswig-Holstein. The investigation included bacteriological examinations of feed and faecal samples for sero- and phagetyping and serological examinations by using the Danish Mix-ELISA. From 2,947 serological investigated fattening pigs were 7.3% (n = 213) positive, from 797 breeding sows 9.2% (n = 73) were serological positive and 4.5% (n = 18) of the investigated sows (N = 399) in farrow-to-feeder herds were serological positive. Altogether, 28.3% of the fattening, 50.0% of the breeding and 15.0% of the farrow-to-feeder herds were serological positive. A questionnaire was used to capture data about management, hygiene measures, feeding systems and the occurrence of diseases in the herd. After statistical analysis the common risk factor of fattening herds and sow herds was the use of pelleted feed. But in a control study with 17 different fattening herds the result could not be proven. Other factors which can influence the occurrence of Salmonella infections were discussed.
Asunto(s)
Carne/microbiología , Carne/normas , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/normas , Animales , Europa (Continente) , Unión Europea , Alemania/epidemiología , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Control de Calidad , Factores de Riesgo , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Experiences in a large-scale blood sampling was the cause for reflections about the reason of sudden deaths of pigs. The one-sided breeding of pigs in order to get a high lean meat content, the ability to grow rapidly and to put on weight causes susceptibility to exertional myopathy. In addition, in modern housing systems pigs grow up in an environment without any stimulus, which results in emotional stress, if the pigs get suddenly in a close contact to man. Therefore a routinely operation such as taking blood causes an abnormal acceleration of glycolysis and the development of lactacidosis and sometimes a circulatory insufficiency up to sudden death. The metabolic acidosis, which is of breeding origin and arises from stress, often is strengthened by pneumonia in fattening herds caused by faulty husbandry, high animal concentration, stall climate and a high risk of infection. Because of this the metabolic acidosis cannot be compensated for by respiration. The high number of sudden deaths caused by lactacidosis and cardiac shock (fattening period: 1-12%, transport to slaughter: 0.4%, and 0.45% in the own investigation into blood sample taking from fattening pigs [weight: 80-110 kg]) emphasizes the problem. The exertional myopathy is not only characterized by sudden death but also by poor meat quality due to PSE. From the point of view of animal welfare as well as from the point of view of the consumer it is desirable to change the aim of breeding, especially by reducing lean meat content as well as to improve the type of husbandry.
Asunto(s)
Recolección de Muestras de Sangre/veterinaria , Muerte Súbita/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Porcinos/sangre , Mataderos , Acidosis/complicaciones , Acidosis/etiología , Acidosis/veterinaria , Animales , Recolección de Muestras de Sangre/efectos adversos , Muerte Súbita/epidemiología , Muerte Súbita/etiología , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/epidemiología , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/etiología , Muerte Súbita Cardíaca/veterinaria , Alemania , Vivienda para Animales , Humanos , Estrés Psicológico , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
The goal of this work was to investigate the type and etiology of bacterial porcine pneumonia by analyses of autopsy findings made in the Tierärztlichen Ambulanz Schwarzenbek, Aussenstelle der Freien Universität Berlin, and in the Institut für Tiergesundheit, Milchhygiene und Lebensmittelqualität der Landwirtschaftskammer Westfalen-Lippe in Münster in the years from 1991 to 1993. The evaluation of the results of the total 6560 autopsies (N = 6560) of pigs shows: 1. Pneumonia as the main diagnosis was found in 24.4% (n = 1599), as the second diagnosis in 14.3% (n = 941) of the sections. 2. Fattening pigs show signs of pneumonia (43.2% (n = 1096) vs. 27.8% (n = 706); N = 2540) more frequently than younger pigs. 3. The most frequently isolated etiologic agents from lung specimens (N = 2337) were Pasteurella multocida (49.3%; n = 1152), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (5.4%; n = 125) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (5.3%; n = 124). 4. With increasing age of the isolation rate of Pasteurella multocida (piglets [N = 210]: 21.4%, n = 45; fattening pigs [N = 652]: 61.8%, n = 403) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (piglets: 1.4%, n = 3; fattening pigs: 7.1%, n = 46) increased while Bordetella bronchiseptica (piglets: 10.0%, n = 21; fattening pigs: 1.1%, n = 7) and Haemophilus parasuis (piglets: 3.8%, n = 8; fattening pigs: 0%, n = 0) were isolated at decreasing rates. 5. Most cultures of the lung samples (N = 2337) showed multiple infections (1087 = 54.2%). 6. The highest rate of single bacterial isolates was found for Pasteurella multocida (40.9%, n = 471, N = 1152) in relation to Haemophilus parasuis (30.9%, n = 11, N = 36), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (24.0%, n = 30, N = 125), and Bordetella bronchiseptica (20.2%, n = 25, N = 124). 7. Less than 10% of the examined Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Haemophilus parasuis strains were resistant to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and kanamycin, but more than 55% were resistant to sulfonamides.