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1.
Psychiatry Res ; 334: 115774, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38341928

RESUMEN

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders are highly comorbid recurrent psychiatric disorders. Reduced dynamic reconfiguration of brain regions across subnetworks may play a critical role underlying these deficits, with indications of normalization after treatment with antidepressants. This study investigated dynamic reconfigurations in controls and individuals with a current MDD and/or anxiety disorder including antidepressant users and non-users in a large sample (N = 207) of adults. We quantified the number of subnetworks a region switched to (promiscuity) as well as the total number of switches (flexibility). Average whole-brain (i.e., global) values and subnetwork-specific values were compared between diagnosis and antidepressant groups. No differences in reconfiguration dynamics were found between individuals with a current MDD (N = 49), anxiety disorder (N = 46), comorbid MDD and anxiety disorder (N = 55), or controls (N = 57). Global and sensorimotor network (SMN) promiscuity and flexibility were higher in antidepressant users (N = 49, regardless of diagnosis) compared to non-users (N = 101) and controls. Dynamic reconfigurations were considerably higher in antidepressant users relative to non-users and controls, but not significantly altered in individuals with a MDD and/or anxiety disorder. The increase in antidepressant users was apparent across the whole brain and in the SMN when investigating subnetworks. These findings help disentangle how antidepressants improve symptoms.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Adulto , Humanos , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/complicaciones , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Antidepresivos/farmacología , Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Encéfalo , Comorbilidad
2.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev ; 140: 104765, 2022 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35803396

RESUMEN

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric disorder in which traumatic memories result in flashbacks and nightmares. With one-third of patients not responding to standard exposure-based psychotherapy, new treatment strategies are needed. Sleep offers a unique time window to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Traumatic memories that are neutralized in therapy need to be stored back into memory (consolidated) during sleep to solidify the treatment effect. New basic research shows that memory consolidation can be enhanced by presenting sounds or scents that were linked to the memory at encoding, again during sleep. This procedure, termed targeted memory reactivation (TMR), has, despite its clinical potential, not been tested in (PTSD) patients. In this narrative review, we explore the potential of TMR as a new sleep-based treatment for PTSD. First we provide the necessary background on the memory and sleep principles underlying PTSD as well as the present applications and conditional factors of TMR. Then, we will discuss the outstanding questions and most promising experimental avenues when testing TMR to treat traumatic memories.


Asunto(s)
Consolidación de la Memoria , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Humanos , Memoria , Sueño
3.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev ; 118: 669-680, 2020 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32882313

RESUMEN

Sleep problems and depression are both common and have a high impact on quality of life. They are also strongly associated and commonly occur together. During the reproductive age, both sleep problems and depression are almost twice as common in women than men. Epidemiological studies show that women experience more sleep problems and depressive symptoms around times when sex hormones change, such as puberty and menopause, but it is unclear what effect sex hormones have on sleep problems and depression. This systematic review aims to summarize and evaluate studies that investigated the relationship between sex hormones, sleep and depression. Systematic search resulted in 2895 articles, of which 13 met inclusion criteria. Depressed patients showed worse sleep than controls, but no significant difference in endogenous hormone levels was found. Additionally, higher endogenous estrogen was associated with better sleep in controls, but associations between endogenous sex hormones and depressive symptoms were inconclusive. More research on the effect of sex hormones on sleep and depression is necessary.


Asunto(s)
Depresión , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Femenino , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales , Humanos , Masculino , Menopausia , Calidad de Vida , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/complicaciones
4.
Tijdschr Psychiatr ; 62(1): 62-72, 2020.
Artículo en Holandés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31994713

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) are often unrecognized, partially due to a complex relationship with sleep disorders and other PD-related symptoms.
AIM: To gain more insight in anxiety, depression and sleep disorders in PD, their reciprocal interaction and relationship with other (non)motor symptoms.
METHOD: With three epidemiological studies in this thesis article we describe: the symptom dimensions of anxiety, motor symptoms and autonomic failure; predictors of the course of anxiety; and the temporal relationship between anxiety, depression and insomnia in PD.
RESULTS: Anxiety in PD has one affective and various somatic symptom dimensions. There is a symptomatic overlap between anxiety and symptoms of motor and autonomic dysfunctions. Anxiety, depression and impulsive-compulsive behaviors in de novo PD show a parallel course. Cognitive dysfunctions and REM-sleep behaviour disorder are risk factors for anxiety in PD patients. The relationship between insomnia and anxiety and depression is bi-directional.
CONCLUSION: There is an overlap, co-morbidity and interaction between anxiety, depression, sleep disorders and (non)motor symptoms, which warrants a multi-disciplinary approach to PD. Sleep disorders and cognitive dysfunctions may provide starting points for treatment and preventions of anxiety in PD.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Parkinson , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Ansiedad/etiología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Depresión/epidemiología , Depresión/etiología , Humanos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Parkinson/epidemiología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/epidemiología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/etiología
5.
Tijdschr Psychiatr ; 61(6): 411-420, 2019.
Artículo en Holandés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31243751

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Since 2017, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has become eligible for reimbursement for the treatment of therapy-resistant depression in the Dutch healthcare system.
AIM: To initiate a guideline in the Netherlands and Belgium for the safe and effective application of rTMS for the treatment of depression.
METHOD: Based on literature review, existing guidelines and consensus among Dutch rTMS experts, recommendations were developed regarding the implementation of rTMS as a treatment of depression. All available evidence was weighed and discussed among all co-authors and recommendations were reached by consensus among the group.
RESULTS: rTMS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) should be seen as a first choice in the treatment of depression using high-frequency rTMS (left) or, as an alternative, low-frequency rTMS (right). Stimulation protocols should use more than 1000 pulses per session for an average of 20-30 sessions, offered in 2-5 sessions per week. Contraindications for rTMS include epilepsy, intracranial presence of (magnetisable) metals, pacemaker and cochlear implant.
CONCLUSION: rTMS, performed by competent professionals is an effective and safe treatment for depression.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Trastorno Depresivo Resistente al Tratamiento/terapia , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal/métodos , Bélgica , Consenso , Humanos , Países Bajos , Resultado del Tratamiento
6.
J Neurol ; 264(1): 72-80, 2017 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27778159

RESUMEN

Sleep disturbances are common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but its impact on cognition and functional connectivity (FC) of the hippocampus and thalamus is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between sleep disturbances, cognitive functioning and resting-state (RS) FC of the hippocampus and thalamus in MS. 71 MS patients and 40 healthy controls underwent neuropsychological testing and filled out self-report questionnaires (anxiety, depression, fatigue, and subjective cognitive problems). Sleep disturbances were assed with the five-item version of the Athens Insomnia Scale. Hippocampal and thalamic volume and RS FC of these regions were determined. Twenty-three patients were categorized as sleep disturbed and 48 as normal sleeping. No differences were found between disturbed and normal sleeping patients concerning cognition and structural MRI. Sleep disturbed patients reported more subjective cognitive problems, and displayed decreased FC between the thalamus and middle and superior frontal gyrus, inferior frontal operculum, anterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal gyrus, precuneus, and angular gyrus compared to normal sleeping patients. We conclude that sleep disturbances in MS are not (directly) related to objective cognitive functioning, but rather to subjective cognitive problems. In addition, sleep disturbances in MS seem to coincide with a specific pattern of decreased thalamic FC.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Cognición/fisiología , Esclerosis Múltiple/fisiopatología , Esclerosis Múltiple/psicología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/psicología , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Mapeo Encefálico , Evaluación de la Discapacidad , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Esclerosis Múltiple/complicaciones , Esclerosis Múltiple/diagnóstico por imagen , Vías Nerviosas/diagnóstico por imagen , Vías Nerviosas/fisiopatología , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Percepción/fisiología , Descanso , Autoinforme , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Sueño/fisiología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/complicaciones , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/diagnóstico por imagen
7.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry ; 88(5): 386-394, 2017 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27974394

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on working memory performance, while measuring task-related brain activation and task-related brain connectivity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: 17 patients with MS and 11 healthy controls (HCs) underwent 3 experimental sessions (baseline, real-rTMS, sham-rTMS), all including an N-back task (3 task loads: N1, N2, N3; control condition: N0) inside the MR scanner. Prior to imaging, real-rTMS (10 Hz) was applied to the right DLPFC. The stimulation site was defined based on individually assessed N-back task activation at baseline and located using neuronavigation. Changes in whole brain functional activation and functional connectivity with the right DLPFC were calculated. RESULTS: N-back task accuracy (N2 and N3) improved after real-rTMS (and not after sham-rTMS) compared with baseline (p=0.029 and p=0.015, respectively), only in patients. At baseline, patients with MS, compared with HCs, showed higher task-related frontal activation (left DLPFC, N2>N0), which disappeared after real-rTMS. Task-related (N1>N0) functional connectivity between the right DLPFC and the right caudate nucleus and bilateral (para)cingulate gyrus increased in patients after real-rTMS when compared with sham stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with MS, N-back accuracy improved while frontal hyperactivation (seen at baseline relative to HCs) disappeared after real-rTMS. Together with the changes in functional connectivity after real-rTMS in patients, these findings may represent an rTMS-induced change in network efficiency in patients with MS, shifting patients' brain function towards the healthy situation. This implicates a potentially relevant role for rTMS in cognitive rehabilitation in MS.


Asunto(s)
Mapeo Encefálico , Memoria a Corto Plazo , Esclerosis Múltiple/diagnóstico por imagen , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal/métodos , Adulto , Núcleo Caudado , Femenino , Lateralidad Funcional/fisiología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Esclerosis Múltiple/fisiopatología , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Corteza Prefrontal
8.
Psychol Med ; 45(14): 3059-73, 2015 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26027740

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Impaired emotion regulation may underlie exaggerated emotional reactivity in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), yet instructed emotion regulation has never been studied in the disorder. METHOD: This study aimed to assess the neural correlates of emotion processing and regulation in 43 medication-free OCD patients and 38 matched healthy controls, and additionally test if these can be modulated by stimulatory (patients) and inhibitory (controls) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Participants performed an emotion regulation task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after a single session of randomly assigned real or sham rTMS. Effect of group and rTMS were assessed on self-reported distress ratings and brain activity in frontal-limbic regions of interest. RESULTS: Patients had higher distress ratings than controls during emotion provocation, but similar rates of distress reduction after voluntary emotion regulation. OCD patients compared with controls showed altered amygdala responsiveness during symptom provocation and diminished left dlPFC activity and frontal-amygdala connectivity during emotion regulation. Real v. sham dlPFC stimulation differentially modulated frontal-amygdala connectivity during emotion regulation in OCD patients. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that the increased emotional reactivity in OCD may be due to a deficit in emotion regulation caused by a failure of cognitive control exerted by the dorsal frontal cortex. Modulatory rTMS over the left dlPFC may influence automatic emotion regulation capabilities by influencing frontal-limbic connectivity.


Asunto(s)
Amígdala del Cerebelo/fisiopatología , Emociones , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/terapia , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiopatología , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Países Bajos , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Autoinforme
9.
Neuropsychologia ; 62: 124-36, 2014 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25065495

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic cells, resulting in dopamine depletion. This depletion is counteracted through dopamine replacement therapy (DRT). Dopamine has been suggested to affect novelty processing and memory, which suggests that these processes are also implicated in PD and that DRT could affect them. OBJECTIVE: To investigate word learning and novelty processing in patients with PD as indexed by the P2 and P3 event-related potential components, and the role of DRT in these processes. METHODS: 21 patients with PD and 21 matched healthy controls were included. Patients with PD were tested on and off DRT in two sessions in a counterbalanced design, and healthy controls were tested twice without intervention. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured while participants performed a word learning Von Restorff task. RESULTS: Healthy controls showed the typical Von Restorff effect, with better memory for words that were presented in novel fonts, than for words presented in standard font. Surprisingly, this effect was reversed in the patients with PD. In line with the behavioral findings, the P3 was larger for novel than for standard font words in healthy controls, but not in patients with PD. For both groups the P2 and P3 event-related components were larger for recalled versus forgotten words. DRT did not affect these processes. CONCLUSIONS: Learning of novel information is compromised in patients with PD. Likewise, the P2 and P3 components that predict successful memory encoding are reduced in PD patients. This was true both on and off DRT, suggesting that these findings reflect abnormalities in learning and memory in PD that are not resolved by dopaminergic medication.


Asunto(s)
Potenciales Evocados/fisiología , Trastornos de la Memoria/etiología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/complicaciones , Aprendizaje Verbal/fisiología , Estimulación Acústica , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Mapeo Encefálico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Dopaminérgicos/uso terapéutico , Electroencefalografía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Enfermedad de Parkinson/tratamiento farmacológico , Vocabulario
10.
Eur J Neurol ; 21(2): 245-52, 2014 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24112523

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A substantial proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer from cognitive deficits, although there is a large variability in the severity of these impairments. Whilst the cognitive deficits are often attributed to monoaminergic changes, there is evidence that alterations in structural brain volume also play a role. The aim of our study was to gain more insight into the variability of cognitive performance amongst PD patients by examining the relation between regional gray matter (GM) volume and cognitive performance. METHODS: Linear regression analyses were performed between task performance and GM volume for six neuropsychological tasks within a group of 93 PD patients; they were additionally compared at a group level with matched healthy controls, using voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS: Our most important findings were positive correlations between GM volume and cognitive performance for (i) parahippocampal gyrus and verbal memory, (ii) medial temporal lobe and putamen and visuospatial memory, and (iii) middle temporal gyrus and frontal lobe and verbal fluency. In addition, decreased GM volume was found in the frontal, parietal and temporal cortices of PD patients compared with matched healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: It is argued that the large variability in cognitive function across PD patients is partly mediated by GM volume differences in the implicated areas. Volume differences in these brain regions do not discriminate between patients and controls but explain cognitive variation within the patient population.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/patología , Cognición/fisiología , Fibras Nerviosas Amielínicas/patología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Enfermedad de Parkinson/psicología
11.
Prog Brain Res ; 193: 3-15, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21854952

RESUMEN

The most important quest of cognitive neuroscience may be to unravel the mechanisms by which the brain selects, links, consolidates, and integrates new information into its neuronal network, while preventing saturation to occur. During the past decade, neuroscientists working within several disciplines have observed an important involvement of the specific types of brain oscillations that occur during sleep--the cortical slow oscillations; during the resting state--the fMRI resting state networks including the default-mode network (DMN); and during task performance--the performance modulations that link as well to modulations in electroencephalography or magnetoencephalography frequency content. Understanding the role of these slow oscillations thus appears to be essential for our fundamental understanding of brain function. Brain activity is characterized by oscillations occurring in spike frequency, field potentials or blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals. Environmental stimuli, reaching the brain through our senses, activate or inactivate neuronal populations and modulate ongoing activity. The effect they sort is to a large extent determined by the momentary state of the slow endogenous oscillations of the brain. In the absence of sensory input, as is the case during rest or sleep, brain activity does not cease. Rather, its oscillations continue and change with respect to their dominant frequencies and coupling topography. This chapter briefly introduces the topics that will be addressed in this dedicated volume of Progress in Brain Research on slow oscillations and sets the stage for excellent papers discussing their molecular, cellular, network physiological and cognitive performance aspects. Getting to know about slow oscillations is essential for our understanding of plasticity, memory, brain structure from synapse to DMN, cognition, consciousness, and ultimately for our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of sleep and vigilance.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/anatomía & histología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Fases del Sueño/fisiología , Sueño/fisiología , Humanos
12.
Psychol Med ; 41(11): 2399-410, 2011 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21557892

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Direct comparisons of brain function between obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and other anxiety or OCD spectrum disorders are rare. This study aimed to investigate the specificity of altered frontal-striatal and limbic activations during planning in OCD, a prototypical anxiety disorder (panic disorder) and a putative OCD spectrum disorder (hypochondriasis). METHOD: The Tower of London task, a 'frontal-striatal' task, was used during functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements in 50 unmedicated patients, diagnosed with OCD (n=22), panic disorder (n=14) or hypochondriasis (n=14), and in 22 healthy subjects. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes were calculated for contrasts of interest (planning versus baseline and task load effects). Moreover, correlations between BOLD responses and both task performance and state anxiety were analysed. RESULTS: Overall, patients showed a decreased recruitment of the precuneus, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and thalamus, compared with healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences in brain activation between the three patient groups. State anxiety was negatively correlated with dorsal frontal-striatal activation. Task performance was positively correlated with dorsal frontal-striatal recruitment and negatively correlated with limbic and ventral frontal-striatal recruitment. Multiple regression models showed that adequate task performance was best explained by independent contributions from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (positive correlation) and amygdala (negative correlation), even after controlling for state anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with OCD, panic disorder and hypochondriasis share similar alterations in frontal-striatal brain regions during a planning task, presumably partly related to increased limbic activation.


Asunto(s)
Cerebro/fisiopatología , Hipocondriasis/fisiopatología , Sistema Límbico/fisiopatología , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/fisiopatología , Trastorno de Pánico/fisiopatología , Tálamo/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cerebro/irrigación sanguínea , Cuerpo Estriado/irrigación sanguínea , Cuerpo Estriado/fisiopatología , Lóbulo Frontal/irrigación sanguínea , Lóbulo Frontal/fisiopatología , Humanos , Sistema Límbico/irrigación sanguínea , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis de Regresión , Tálamo/irrigación sanguínea
13.
Neuroimage ; 57(2): 440-51, 2011 Jul 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21558008

RESUMEN

Although the cognitive and clinical correlates of spontaneous human alpha oscillations as recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) are well documented, the dynamics underlying these oscillations is still a matter of debate. This study proposes a data-driven method to reveal the dynamics of these oscillations. It demonstrates that spontaneous human alpha oscillations as recorded with MEG can be viewed as noise-perturbed damped harmonic oscillations. This provides evidence for the hypothesis that these oscillations reflect filtered noise and hence do not possess limit-cycle dynamics. To illustrate the use of the model, we apply it to two data-sets in which a decrease in alpha power can be observed across conditions. The associated differences in the estimated model parameters show that observed decreases in alpha power are associated with different kinds of changes in the dynamics. Thus, the model parameters are useful dynamical biomarkers for spontaneous human alpha oscillations.


Asunto(s)
Ritmo alfa/fisiología , Mapeo Encefálico/métodos , Encéfalo/fisiología , Modelos Neurológicos , Procesamiento de Señales Asistido por Computador , Anciano , Algoritmos , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Magnetoencefalografía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dinámicas no Lineales
14.
Tijdschr Psychiatr ; 53(4): 211-22, 2011.
Artículo en Holandés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21506077

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease is characterised not only by the classic triad of bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor, but also by the frequent occurrence of various non-motor symptoms such as the impulse control disorders (pathological gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive buying, binge eating, punding and dopamine dependency). AIM: To increase insight into the clinical presentation, risk factors, treatment and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. METHOD: Relevant literature was reviewed. RESULTS: Impulse control disorders belong to an important group of neuropsychiatric disorders that occur at some point in 5-10% of patients with Parkinson's disease. They generally occur in conjunction with dopaminergic medication and can have a marked social, relational and/ or financial impact. CONCLUSION: Early recognition of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease is important and a close collaboration between the neurologist and the psychiatrist is essential in order to ensure correct diagnosis and the best possible treatment. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease show considerable phenomenological overlap with other repetitive behaviours within the impulsive-compulsive spectrum of disorders to which the obsessive-compulsive disorders and addiction disorders belong. The overlap can possibly be explained by a shared pathophysiological mechanism involving an imbalance between the direct and indirect pathways of the dorsal and ventral frontal-striatal circuits.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos Disruptivos, del Control de Impulso y de la Conducta/epidemiología , Dopamina/metabolismo , Vías Nerviosas/patología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/epidemiología , Comorbilidad , Trastornos Disruptivos, del Control de Impulso y de la Conducta/metabolismo , Trastornos Disruptivos, del Control de Impulso y de la Conducta/patología , Humanos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , Factores de Riesgo
15.
J Neural Transm Suppl ; (72): 155-8, 2007.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17982889

RESUMEN

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a tool in the neurosciences to study motor functions and nervous disorders, amongst others. Single pulses of TMS applied over the primary motor cortex lead to a so-called cortical silent period in the recording from the corresponding muscle, i.e. a period of approximately 100ms with no muscle activity. We here show that in Parkinson's disease (PD), this cortical silent period in some cases is interrupted by short bursts of EMG activity. We describe in detail these interruptions in two patients with PD. These interruptions may number up to 3 per cortical silent period and show a consistent frequency across trials and hemispheres within a given patient; the two patients described here do differ, however, in the time-delay of the interruptions and hence the induced frequency. For one patient, the frequency of the interruptions proved to be around 13 Hz, the other patient showed a frequency of around 17 Hz. The results corroborate earlier findings of cortical oscillations elicited by pulses of TMS and may be related to abnormal oscillatory activity found in the cortical-subcortical motor system in PD.


Asunto(s)
Electroencefalografía , Electromiografía , Corteza Motora/fisiopatología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/fisiopatología , Anciano , Ritmo beta , Dominancia Cerebral/fisiología , Potenciales Evocados Motores/fisiología , Mano/inervación , Humanos , Contracción Isométrica/fisiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculo Esquelético/inervación , Neuronas/fisiología , Oscilometría , Enfermedad de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal
16.
Brain Res Cogn Brain Res ; 11(3): 377-85, 2001 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11339987

RESUMEN

Recent studies have indicated a role for the thalamus in attention, arousal and the capacity to perform tasks of speeded information processing. The present study evaluated the role of the thalamus in age-related cognitive decline by investigating the correlations between thalamic volume, cognition and age. This was done in 57 healthy subjects ranging from 21 to 82 years of age. All subjects underwent neurocognitive testing with information processing tests and structural magnetic resonance imaging. A significant decrease in volume of the thalamus with increasing age was found, relatively stronger than and independent of the decrease of total brain volume. The decrease of thalamic volume was apparent before the onset of loss of volume of the total brain. Over the age-span studied, the thalamic decrease in volume correlated with the diminished performance on tests of cognitive speed. Additionally, in young and middle-aged, but not in old subjects, the size of the thalamus predicted performance on tasks that require cognitive speed.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/fisiología , Envejecimiento/psicología , Cognición/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Tálamo/anatomía & histología , Tálamo/fisiología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Valores de Referencia
17.
Neuropsychologia ; 38(5): 613-27, 2000.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10689038

RESUMEN

From a review of the literature on the consequences of thalamic infarctions, it may be concluded that memory problems taking the form of an amnesic syndrome are dependent upon the integrity of the mammillo-thalamic tract (MTT). Memory problems incompatible with an amnesic syndrome however, appear to result from thalamic infarctions involving other areas of the thalamus but which leave MTT intact. In contrast, executive dysfunctions could not be shown so readily to depend upon a single structure of the thalamus. The results indicate that damage to the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, the midline nuclei or the intralaminar nuclei, or a combined lesion of these structures may be responsible for deficits of executive functioning.


Asunto(s)
Infarto Cerebral/patología , Infarto Cerebral/psicología , Trastornos de la Memoria/psicología , Tálamo/patología , Infarto Cerebral/complicaciones , Humanos , Trastornos de la Memoria/etiología
18.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry ; 66(1): 36-42, 1999 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9886448

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To report on a patient with a lacunar infarction in the right intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. The role of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei in cognitive function is as yet insufficiently known. The patient described has shown signs of apathy and loss of initiative, in combination with cognitive deficits, which have persisted essentially unaltered up to the present day since an abrupt onset 17 years ago. METHODS: High resolution MRI was performed to show the extent of the lesion; a combination of published and experimental neuropsychological techniques was administered to show the nature of the cognitive defects; Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was employed to obtain a measure of cortical perfusion. RESULTS: Brain MRI disclosed an isolated lacunar infarction in the dorsal caudal intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. Neuropsychological evaluation indicated problems with attention and concentration, executive disturbances, and memory deficits both in the visual and verbal domains. The memory deficits could not be attributed to problems in the early stages of information processing, and are hence regarded as resulting from a failure of retrieval rather than encoding or storage. Brain SPECT disclosed a hypoperfusion of the right frontal cortex. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that the cognitive profile is the result of a dysfunction of executive functions. This is corroborated by the finding of decreased blood flow in the right frontal cortex, and by evidence from the neuroanatomical literature. Thus the dysexecutive symptoms are thought to be caused by disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the brainstem activating nuclei through the strategic localisation of the right thalamic infarction.


Asunto(s)
Afasia/diagnóstico , Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Tálamo/patología , Adulto , Afasia/etiología , Infarto Cerebral/complicaciones , Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Lóbulo Frontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Lóbulo Frontal/patología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Tálamo/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón Único , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X
19.
Neurosci Lett ; 241(2-3): 107-10, 1998 Jan 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9507932

RESUMEN

The loss of dentate gyrus (DG) granular cells after removal of the rat adrenal glands (ADX) is mediated by a process that is apoptotic in nature. The present study was initiated to compare changes in the immunocytochemical distribution of the cell-cycle regulatory protein cyclin D1, which has been implicated in apoptosis, with the loss of DG granular cells after ADX. Our data indicate that cyclin D1-immunoreactivity (cyclin D1-ir) is enhanced in the rat dentate gyrus after adrenalectomy. The enhanced cyclin D1-ir shows a close relationship, both in time and space, with granular cell loss in the rat dentate gyrus that occurs after adrenalectomy. However, the enhanced cyclin D1-immunoreactivity was present in microglia and radial glia rather than in the dentate gyrus granular cells. This suggests that cyclin D1 is not directly involved in apoptosis of granular cells in the rat dentate gyrus after adrenalectomy.


Asunto(s)
Glándulas Suprarrenales/fisiología , Ciclo Celular/fisiología , Ciclina D1/biosíntesis , Giro Dentado/metabolismo , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/biosíntesis , Neuronas/fisiología , Adrenalectomía , Animales , Apoptosis/fisiología , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Tinción con Nitrato de Plata
20.
Brain Res ; 777(1-2): 147-52, 1997 Nov 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9449423

RESUMEN

Data are accumulating that insulin acting in the central nervous system is a physiological regulator of food intake and body weight, presumably via its effect in the hypothalamus. The present study investigated whether infusion of a small dose of insulin into two major hypothalamic insulin-binding areas also has an effect on diet selection and behavior. At the beginning of the dark period, rats received local bilateral infusions of 4 microU of insulin or vehicle during 34 min into the arcuate (ARC) or paraventricular (PVN) nucleus of the hypothalamus. Consumption of carbohydrate (C)-, protein (P)-, and fat (F)-enriched food and time spent on certain behaviors (drinking, resting, grooming, rearing, exploring/sniffing) were assessed during the first nocturnal hour. In addition, 21-h diet selection was assessed. The percentage contribution of macronutrients (C/P/F) to total energy content of the C-, P-, and F-enriched diets was 71.9/17.2/10.9, 45.8/43.4/10.8, and 47.1/17.5/35.4, respectively. During the first hour, infusion of insulin into the PVN increased grooming behavior compared to infusion of the vehicle. Although infusion of insulin had no effect on diet selection during the first hour, insulin infused in the ARC caused a reduction in F-enriched food consumption and total intake of F (as a macronutrient) over the 21-h period without altering total food intake. Infusion of a higher dose of insulin (10 microU) into the third ventricle had no effect on any of the assessed parameters. The data are explained to indicate that insulin (being an indicator of a positive energy balance) adjusts body weight homeostasis by modulating the preference for fat, at least at the level of the ARC, but not at the PVN.


Asunto(s)
Núcleo Arqueado del Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Insulina/farmacología , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal , Masculino , Microinyecciones , Núcleo Hipotalámico Paraventricular/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar
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