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AIMS: To describe the terminology and pattern of bladder sensations experienced during non-invasive rapid bladder filling in a controlled setting in patients with OAB and to compare these results with a previous study conducted in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Three groups of patients with OAB, in total 10 patients, participated in three consecutive focus group sessions. Before each session a strict water loading protocol was given. During the first two sessions, participants described how they experienced their bladder sensations in daily life and during a non-invasive bladder filling with constant focus on their bladder. The third session focused on verifying the interpretation of the data gathered and describing the pattern of sensations. RESULTS: Patients describe their bladder sensations as a pressure or a tingling sensation and the pattern can be described by terms ranging from no sensation to an absolute need to void. The absolute need to void may develop suddenly or more slowly progressive. The mean development of bladder sensation is significantly different between patients and healthy volunteers as well as their average diuresis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with OAB describe their bladder sensations as a pressure or a tingling sensation. There appear to be two types of urgency: a sudden absolute need to void and a slowly developing absolute need to void. Furthermore bladder sensation develops significantly different in volunteers than in OAB patients.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate technical aspects and outcome of robotic laparoscopic extravesical anti-reflux surgery in the treatment of high-grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) with associated complicating conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective database and chart reviews were performed to identify a subgroup of patients with high-grade VUR who underwent robot-assisted anti-reflux surgery using the extravesical Lich-Gregoir repair and who additionally had preoperatively known complicating factors. Five such patients were operated on from 2005 to 2009. All had bilateral VUR, bladder dysfunction, breakthrough infections, renal scarring or at least one of the following complicating factors: posterior urethral valve bladders, duplex systems or para-ostial diverticula. Outcome and surgical aspects were assessed. RESULTS: At follow-up 9 of 10 ureters were free of reflux and diverticulae had disappeared completely. No lasting urinary retentions occurred but two boys needed reinsertion of a catheter for 24 h after surgery. No further complications were noted. There were no signs of obstruction, infections did not persist and there was no negative effect on bladder function. Dissection of para-ostial diverticula seemed the only additional technical challenge. CONCLUSIONS: Robot-assisted extravesical anti-reflux surgery seems a promising technique in the operative management of this unfavorable subset of patients. Reflux cure rate is higher than expected using injection therapy and at the same time morbidity seems lower than with open surgery. Further experience is needed to confirm these first impressions.

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AIMS: To determine (using structured brain storm sessions), which treatments should be used if drugs fail for OAB and to determine priority research questions in relation to this issue. METHODS: A frame work for discussion was prepared by the chairman of the session; this included a brief summary of the currently existing evidence. Several experts had been asked to prepare a presentation of their personal treatment algorithm and to identify the [lack of] evidence for such an algorithm. These presentations were summarized by the chairman. Next, this summary was discussed with a large group of experts and opinion leaders and audio-recorded. The proceedings of this process are the basis for this manuscript. RESULTS: The structured sessions resulted in detailed statements about: possible reasons for failure of conservative treatment, the evaluation of outcomes of RCT's, the use of botulinum toxin A in refractory OAB patients, the relative place of neuromodulation or sacral nerve stimulation and botulinum toxin A in the treatment of refractory OAB. CONCLUSIONS: A list of 10 unanswered questions and research topics was compiled. Additionally, 5 top priority research topics were identified.

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AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of fesoterodine treatment in subjects with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. METHODS: This was an open-label extension study of a 12-week, double-blind fesoterodine study. During open-label treatment, all subjects received fesoterodine 8 mg for an initial 4 weeks, after which subjects could elect dose reduction to 4 mg or subsequent reescalation to 8 mg during clinic visits (dose reduction and reescalation each permitted once annually). The maximum allowable duration of open-label fesoterodine treatment ranged from 24 to 32 months across study sites. Safety and tolerability were evaluated via discontinuations, fesoterodine exposure, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and subject-reported treatment tolerance. Three-day bladder diaries and other patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were assessed during the first 24 months of open-label treatment. PROs included evaluations of health-related quality of life [HRQL; King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ), and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF)], severity of bladder-related problems and treatment satisfaction. Subjects completed 3-day diaries before open-label baseline and months 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24; the ICIQ-SF and measures of bladder-related problems and treatment satisfaction at open-label baseline and months 4, 12 and 24; and the KHQ at open-label baseline and months 12 and 24. RESULTS: Of the 417 eligible subjects who enrolled in the open-label extension, 61% continued fesoterodine treatment for > or = 24 months and 71% elected to maintain the fesoterodine 8-mg dose throughout treatment. No unexpected safety signals were observed. Most subjects rated treatment tolerance as at least 'good' throughout the study (> or = 88%). Dry mouth was the most commonly reported TEAE (34%) during open-label treatment, resulting in discontinuation in 2% of subjects (n = 8). Improvements from open-label baseline in OAB symptoms, HRQL and bladder-related problems were statistically significant at the earliest point measured and maintained through month 24. Treatment satisfaction rates were high throughout the study (> or = 84%). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term fesoterodine treatment was well tolerated and associated with sustained improvements in OAB symptoms and HRQL.

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AIM: The aims of this study were to compare the structure of bladders from a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with age matched control animals and to explore the idea that any structural differences might be related to functional bladder changes associated with the condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups of mice were used. Transgenic animals in which the murine Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) gene has been partly replaced by the human APP including both the Swedish and London mutations and that overexpress a mutant of the human Presenilin 1 gene (PS1M146L) driven by the PDGF promoter. The transgenic mice (App(SL)/PS1(M146L)) aged 24+/-3 months were used. The second group was an age matched control group of C57 black mice. The bladders from each group were isolated, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and prepared for immunohistochemistry. Antibodies to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were used to identify neural structures. RESULTS: Cholinergic nerves (VAChT(+)) were observed in the inner and outer muscle bundles of App(SL)/PS1(M146L) and control mice. No major differences were noted in the distribution of these fibres. In contrast, there was a distinct difference in the innervation of the sub-urothelial layer. In App1(SL)/PS1(M146L) mice there were numerous VAChT and nNOS positive fibres in sharp contrast to the paucity of similar nerves in control animals. VAChT and nNOS did not appear to co-localise in the same nerve fibres within the lamina propria. Pairs of nerve fibres, nNOS(+) and VAChT(+), were observed to be intertwined and run in close proximity. A particularly unusual feature of the App(SL)/PS1(M146L) mouse bladder was the presence of neurones within the bladder wall. These nerve cell bodies were seen in all App(SL)/PS1(M146L) mouse bladders. The neurones could be found singly or in small ganglion like groups of cells and were located in all layers of the bladder wall (sub-urothelium, in the lamina propria adjacent to the inner muscle and within the inner muscle and outer muscle layers). No nerve cells or small ganglia were noted in any of the control bladders studied. CONCLUSIONS: There are structural differences in the bladders of App(SL)/PS1(M146L) mice compared to control animals. These differences are associated with sub-urothelial nerves which, because of their location, are likely to be sensory fibres. This may lead to a changed sensory processing from the App(SL)/PS1(M146L) bladders. The physiological role of the intra-mural neurones and ganglia is not known. It is speculated that they may be associated with peripheral motor/sensory mechanisms linked to the generation and modulation of sensation.

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Localized phasic contractions in the bladder wall (autonomous activity) have been hypothesized to be an integral part of a motor/sensory system contributing to bladder sensation. The sites responsible for generating this activity, the mechanisms involved in its propagation and modulation remain unknown. This phasic motor activity is modulated by exogenous prostaglandins. Therefore, analysis of the sites of prostaglandin production and action within the bladder wall may shed light on the mechanisms of generation and modulation of this phasic activity. In this paper we report the localization of immuno-reactivity indicative of the expression of cyclo-oxygenase enzyme type I (COX I-IR) within the bladder wall. Basically, three types of COX I-IR cell were identified: epithelial cells in the basal and intermediate layers of the urothelium, complex vimentin-positive and COX I-IR cells in the lamina propria and vimentin-negative COX I-IR cells in the lamina propria and on the surface of the inner muscle bundles. These vimentin-negative/COX I-IR cells appear to be in close apposition to a continuous network of vimentin-positive cells, which extends from the lamina propria into the inner muscle layers and subsequently into the outer muscle layers. However, the interstitial cells in this region might form a distinctly different sub-type. First, the interstitial cells in this region differ from those in the inner layer by their responsiveness to NO with a rise in cGMP. Two subtypes have been identified: cells on the surface of the muscle bundles and within the muscle bundles. Second, COX I-IR cells are not associated with the interstitial cells in the outer layers. The physiological significance for these apparent differences in the interstitial cell network is not clear. However, such differences are likely to reflect differences in the processes involved in their activation, modulation and control.

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Interstitial cells (ICs) play a role in regulating normal bladder activity. This study explores the possibility that the sub-urothelial and muscle networks of NO/cGMP-responsive ICs are altered in animals with surgically induced outflow obstruction. In sham-operated animals, the urothelium comprised NO-stimulated cGMP-positive (cGMP(+)) umbrella cells, an intermediate layer and a basal layer that stained for nNOS. cGMP(+) sub-urothelial interstitial cells (su-ICs) were found below the urothelium. cGMP(+) cells were also associated with the outer muscle layers: on the serosal surface, on the surface of the muscle bundles and within the muscle bundles. Several differences were noted in tissues from obstructed animals: (1) the number of cGMP(+) umbrella cells and intensity of staining was reduced; (2) the intermediate layer of the urothelium consisted of multiple cell layers; (3) the su-IC layer was increased, with cells dispersed being throughout the lamina propria; (4) cGMP(+) cells were found within the inner muscle layer forming nodes between the muscle bundles; (5) the number of cells forming the muscle coat (serosa) was increased; (6) an extensive network of cGMP(+) cells penetrated the muscle bundles; (7) cGMP(+) cells surrounded the muscle bundles and nodes of ICs were apparent, these nodes being associated with nerve fibres; (8) nerves were found in the lamina propria but rarely associated with the urothelium. Thus, changes occur in the networks of ICs following bladder outflow obstruction. These changes must have functional consequences, some of which are discussed.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate data from 211 patients who underwent a trial stimulation (percutaneous nerve evaluation [PNE]) to determine the clinical parameters that can enhance the prediction of PNE success. The advantageous effect of sacral neuromodulation depends on the accurate identification of suitable candidates during the preimplantation PNE. METHODS: A total of 211 patients (161 women and 50 men), with refractory urge incontinence, urgency-frequency syndrome, and urinary retention, underwent a PNE. Patient data (demographics, medical history, urologic investigations, and diagnosis) were collected. The PNE results were evaluated from a voiding diary and patient history. More than 50% improvement of voiding parameters was considered a successful PNE, and those patients were selected for implantation. Logistic regression analysis was performed. The factors tested for predicting the test result were sex, patient age, diagnosis, previous surgery, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, duration of complaints, and previous treatments. RESULTS: The PNEs were positive in 85 patients (40.3%) and negative in 105 patients (49.8%). In 18 patients (8.5%), the test electrode had migrated; 3 more patients were not assessable and were also excluded. Missing data on the variable "duration of complaints" reduced the number of patients in the analyses from 190 to 174 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Intervertebral disk prolapse, duration of complaints, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, and urge incontinence were found to be significant predictive factors. However, a PNE remains necessary to evaluate a patient's chance of implant success objectively.

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OBJECTIVE: In the standard operation procedure for sacral neuromodulation, the implantable pulse generator (IPG) is implanted in a subcutaneous pocket at the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall. This procedure requires a long operation time and three incisions. With the IPG in the abdominal wall, some patients complain of displacement or pain at the IPG site postoperatively. By modifying the technique of placement of the IPG, these disadvantages are overcome. METHODS: Between August 1999 and July 2000, 39 patients underwent a buttock implant of the IPG. In 2 of these patients the position of the IPG was changed from abdominal region to the buttock. During follow-up, complications concerning the operation and location of the IPG were compared to the published literature. RESULTS: Operation time is reduced in all patients by approximately 1 h. No repositioning of the patient is required during surgery. Only a short subcutaneous tunnel is required to connect the lead to the IPG. Pain at the level of the IPG was noted in 10% of the patients, which needed no further treatment. No infections were seen and the IPG did not displace postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Buttock placement of the IPG in sacral nerve stimulation leads to shorter operation time; only two incisions are needed instead of three and a shorter subcutaneous tunnel is needed. Using this technique there are less complications and a lower re-operation rate.

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Functional voiding disorders, such as urge incontinence and urine retention, have a high prevalence and often lead to stigmatisation and a diminished quality of life. Patients with idiopathic voiding dysfunctions, for whom conservative treatments are insufficient, can currently be treated with sacral neuromodulation. In sacral neuromodulation a pulse generator is implanted; it is a reversible treatment that can be tested beforehand to evaluate if the patient is eligible for it. After implantation a good result is obtained, on average, in 73% of patients. Patients with spinal cord injury may currently be treated with electrical neurostimulation of the anterior sacral roots, which results in the ability to void without a residue, evacuate stools and obtain an erection or vaginal lubrication. Over 80% of the implanted patients with a spinal cord injury void without residual urine. Furthermore, continence is restored and the bladder capacity increases. In patients with therapy-resistant functional micturition disorders and in patients with spinal cord injury, neuromodulation and neurostimulation must be considered before invasive surgery is carried out.

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Previously available antimuscarinic therapies for overactive bladder are poorly tolerated due to a high incidence of adverse events, notably dry mouth. Tolterodine is a bladder-selective, antimuscarinic agent for the treatment of frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence that characterize overactive bladder. In a 9-month open-label study, the safety, tolerability, and clinical efficacy of tolterodine 2 mg twice daily was evaluated in 854 patients with overactive bladder symptoms who had completed one of four 12 week randomized, controlled trials of tolterodine. Safety and tolerability were assessed in terms of adverse events and clinical/laboratory variables. Efficacy was assessed using micturition diaries and patient perception of their bladder condition. In all, 70% of patients remained on treatment for 9 months. Dry mouth was the most frequently reported adverse event, occurring in 28% of patients (intensity: 19% mild, 7% moderate, 2% severe). A total of 9% of patients withdrew due to adverse events. Dosage reduction occurred in 13% of patients. Significant improvements (P < 0.0001) in micturitions per 24 h (-22%), urge incontinence episodes per 24 h (-76%) and volume voided per micturition (+22%) were observed after 9 months of treatment, with 65% of patients reporting an improvement in perception of their bladder problems. The incidence of adverse events and improvements in micturition diary variables during open-label treatment were comparable with those observed during a 12 week randomized treatment. It was concluded that tolterodine is well tolerated and maintains its clinical efficacy during 9 months of treatment. The high proportion of patients remaining on treatment indicates that tolterodine is an effective long-term treatment for overactive bladder.

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term efficacy and safety of alfuzosin 10 mg OD in patients with symptomatic BPH. METHODS: Patients (>50 years) were randomised to alfuzosin 10 mg OD, alfuzosin 2.5. mg t.i.d. or placebo for 3 months. Open-label alfuzosin 10 mg OD was continued for up to 1 year. Efficacy assessments included the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) and quality of life index and uroflowmetry. RESULTS: At 3 months, there was a significant reduction in I-PSS and a significant improvement in peak flow rate for both alfuzosin groups compared with placebo (p < 0.05). Vasodilatory adverse experiences were more common in the alfuzosin 2.5 mg group than the 10 mg OD group. Improvements in symptoms and flow rate with alfuzosin 10 mg OD were maintained for up to 12 months. CONCLUSION: Alfuzosin 10 mg OD is an effective treatment for symptomatic BPH for at least 12 months, with a better cardiovascular safety profile than the immediate release formulation.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation for refractory urinary urge incontinence. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Urge incontinent patients qualified for surgical implantation of a neurostimulator system after trial screening with percutaneous test stimulation. Surgical implantation of the InterStim System (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., USA) was performed in cases where a >50% reduction in incontinence symptoms was documented during the 3- to 7-day test stimulation period. The InterStim System consists of an implantable pulse generator, a transforamenally placed quadripolar lead, and an extension that connects these two devices for unilateral stimulation of the S3 or S4 sacral nerve. Efficacy for 96 implanted patients was based on urinary symptom changes as quantified in voiding diaries collected at baseline and annually after surgical implantation. RESULTS: As compared to baseline, the group of 96 implanted patients demonstrated significant reductions in urge incontinent symptoms at an average of 30.8+/-14.8 (range 12-60) months with respect to the number of urge incontinent episodes per day, severity of leaking, and the number of absorbent pads/diapers replaced per day due to incontinence (all p<0.0001, respectively). Gender, pretreatment variables, and age were not found to be relevant factors that affected these results. 11 of the 96 patients underwent device explant due to lack of efficacy, pain or bowel dysfunction. These data were conservatively included in the efficacy results. No permanent injuries associated with the devices or therapy were reported. CONCLUSION: Sacral nerve stimulation is an effective treatment for refractory urge incontinence with sustained long-term benefit through an average of 30.8 months.

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PURPOSE: We investigate the efficacy of sacral neurostimulation in patients with idiopathic urinary retention in a prospective, randomized multicenter trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 177 patients with urinary retention refractory to standard therapy were enrolled in the study. Greater than 50% improvement in baseline voiding symptoms during a 3 to 7-day percutaneous test stimulation qualified a patient for surgical implantation of an InterStim parallel system. Of the patients who qualified for implantation 37 were randomly assigned to a treatment and 31 to a control group. Patients in the treatment group underwent early surgical implantation of the sacral nerve stimulation system, while implantation was delayed in the control group for 6 months. Followup evaluations, including voiding diary analysis and temporary deactivation of the stimulator at 6 months, were conducted at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after implantation in the treatment group, and after 3 and 6 months in the control group. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, patients implanted with the InterStim system had statistically and clinically significant reductions in the catheter volume per catheterization (p <0.0001). Of the patients treated with implants 69% eliminated catheterization at 6 months and an additional 14% had a 50% or greater reduction in catheter volume per catheterization. Therefore, successful results were achieved in 83% of the implant group with retention compared to 9% of the control group at 6 months. Temporary inactivation of sacral nerve stimulation therapy resulted in a significant increase in residual volumes (p <0.0001) but effectiveness of sacral nerve stimulation was sustained through 18 months after implant. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this prospective, randomized clinical study demonstrate that sacral nerve stimulation is effective for restoring voiding in patients with retention who are refractory to other forms of treatment.

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Many patients have chronic, debilitating symptoms of voiding dysfunction that are refractory to conventional medical or surgical therapies. This multicenter, prospective study evaluated the long-term effectiveness of sacral nerve stimulation using the implantable Medtronic InterStim therapy for urinary control in patients with otherwise intractable complaints of urinary urge incontinence, urgency-frequency, or retention. Each patient first underwent temporary, percutaneous sacral nerve test stimulation. If at least a 50% reduction in target symptoms was documented for at least 3 days, patients received a permanent Medtronic InterStim sacral nerve stimulation system that includes a surgically implanted lead and neurostimulator. Regular follow-up was conducted with outcome data. We report here on patients who have been observed from 1.5 to 3 years postimplantation. The results demonstrate that after 3 years, 59% of 41 urinary urge incontinent patients showed greater than 50% reduction in leaking episodes per day with 46% of patients being completely dry. After 2 years, 56% of the urgency-frequency patients showed greater than 50% reduction in voids per day. After 1. 5 years, 70% of 42 retention patients showed greater than 50% reduction in catheter volume per catheterization. We conclude that the Medtronic InterStim therapy for urinary control system is an effective therapy with sustained clinical benefit for patients with intractable symptoms of urinary urge incontinence, urgency-frequency, or retention.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of two novel coiled test stimulation lead designs to reduce or eliminate undesired migration and concomitant loss or attenuation of responsiveness to sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) associated with standard percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE) leads. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The two novel leads (Coiled Leads 1 and 2) and a standard PNE lead were inserted bilaterally in sacral foramina of female goats. At various times thereafter threshold voltage responses were measured. Prior to lead removal, distance of lead migration was evaluated by x-ray imaging and the force necessary to displace the leads measured. Thereafter, as the leads were being removed, the force necessary for removal was also measured. RESULTS: Migration was consistently either nil or minimal for both coiled leads. In contrast, migration of the standard lead occurred in all cases and was substantial in magnitude. A significant linear association was evident between the migration distance of the standard lead and the corresponding voltages needed to evoke a response. The forces necessary to displace Coiled Lead 1 and Coiled Lead 2 were both significantly higher (p <0.01) than those for the standard lead. In some cases comparatively high forces were needed for removal of Coiled Lead 1 but not Coiled Lead 2. CONCLUSIONS: Coiled lead designs appear to offer a potentially promising alternative to standard leads for PNE, allowing a wider range of patients to be correctly identified as candidates for sacral root neuromodulation. Coiled Lead 2 merits further investigation in human subjects.

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PURPOSE: Neuromodulation of sacral nerves has shown promising results in correcting voiding dysfunction. We report the results of a multicenter trial designed to assess the efficacy of sacral nerve neuromodulation in patients presenting with refractory urinary urgency-frequency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 51 patients from 12 centers underwent baseline assessment, including a detailed voiding diary, urodynamic evaluation and percutaneous test stimulation of the sacral nerves at S3 and/or S4. All patients enrolled in the study had undergone prior conventional treatment, such as pharmacotherapy, hydrodistention and surgical intervention, which failed. All patients demonstrated a satisfactory response to trial stimulation and were randomly divided into a stimulation group (25 patients) and a control group (26). A sacral nerve stimulation device was implanted after 6 months in the control group. Patients were followed at 1, 3 and 6 months, and at 6-month intervals for up to 2 years after implantation of a neuroprosthetic InterStim* system. dagger The study variables included the number of voids daily, volume voided per void and degree of urgency before void. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, 6-month voiding diary results demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p <0.0001) in the stimulation group with respect to the number voids daily (16.9 +/- 9.7 to 9.3 +/- 5.1), volume per void (118 +/- 74 to 226 +/- 124 ml.) and degree of urgency (rank 2.2 +/- 0.6 to 1.6 +/- 0.9). Patients in the control group showed no significant changes in voiding parameters at 6 months. Significant improvements in favor of the stimulation group were noted in various parameters with respect to water cystometry and quality of life (SF-36). At 6 months after implant, neurostimulators were turned off in the stimulation group and urinary symptoms returned to baseline values. After reactivation of stimulation sustained efficacy was documented at 12 and 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: Neuromodulation of the sacral nerves is an effective, safe therapy that successfully treats significant symptoms of refractory urgency-frequency.

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OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of sacral root neuromodulation with that of conservative management in ameliorating symptoms of refractory urinary urge incontinence and enhancing quality of life, to assess the objective response to neuromodulation as revealed by urodynamic testing, and to delineate the long-term outcomes of neuromodulation. METHODS: Forty-four patients with refractory urge incontinence were randomized to undergo neuromodulation with an implantable impulse generator (n = 21) or to continue their prior conservative management (n = 23). At 6 months the control group was eligible for crossover to implant. Patient evaluation included voiding diaries, quality of life questionnaires, urodynamic testing, and documentation of adverse events. Long-term follow-up evaluations were conducted at 6-month intervals up to 36 months. RESULTS: At 6 months mean leakage episodes, leakage severity and pad usage in the implant group were significantly lower by 88% (p < 0.0005), 24% (p = 0.047) and 90% (p < 0.0005), respectively, than the corresponding control group mean values. Improvements in leakage episodes and pad usage of >/=90% were attained by 75 and 85% of the implant group, respectively, but none of the control group. One third of implant patients, but none of the control patients, achieved >/=50% improvement in leakage severity. Over half of the implant patients (56%) were completely dry compared with 1 control patient (4%). Implant patients, but not control patients, exhibited significant improvement with respect to two quality of life measures. Neuromodulation resulted in increases of 220% (p < 0.0005) and 39% (p = 0.013), respectively, in urodynamically assessed bladder volume at first contraction and maximum fill. At 36 months the actuarial rate of treatment failure was 32.4% (95% CI, 17.0-56.0%). Adverse events most frequently involved pain at the implant site, and the incidence of serious complications was low. CONCLUSIONS: Neuromodulation is markedly more effective than conservative management in alleviating symptoms of refractory urge incontinence. Quality of life and urodynamic function are also improved by neuromodulation. The effects of neuromodulation are long-lasting, and associated morbidity is low.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of physical therapies for first-line use in the treatment of urge urinary incontinence (UUI) in women, using a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A computer-aided and manual search was carried out for RCTs published between 1980 and 1999 investigating the treatment of UUI defined by the keywords 'physical therapies', e.g. bladder (re)training (including 'behavioural' treatment), pelvic floor muscle (PFM) exercises, with or without biofeedback and/or electrical stimulation. The methodological quality of the included trials was assessed using methodological criteria, based on generally accepted principles of interventional research. RESULTS: Fifteen RCTs were identified; the methodological quality of the studies was moderate, with a median (range) score of 6 (3-8.5) (maximum possible 10). Eight RCTs were considered of sufficient quality, i.e. an internal validity score of >/= 5.5 points on a scale of 0-10, and were included in a further analysis. Based on levels-of-evidence criteria, there is weak evidence to suggest that bladder (re)training is more effective than no treatment (controls), and that bladder (re)training is better than drug therapy. Stimulation types and parameters in the studies of electrical stimulation were heterogeneous. There is insufficient evidence that electrical stimulation is more effective than sham electrical simulation. To date there are too few studies to evaluate effects of PFM exercise with or without biofeedback, and of toilet training for women with UUI. CONCLUSION: Although almost all studies included reported positive results in favour of physical therapies for the treatment of UUI, more research of high methodological quality is required to evaluate the effects of each method in the range of physical therapies.

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