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PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Both incomplete lineage sorting and reticulation have been proposed as causes of phylogenetic incongruence. Disentangling these factors may be most difficult in long-lived, wind-pollinated plants with large population sizes and weak reproductive barriers. METHODS: We used solution hybridization for targeted enrichment and massive parallel sequencing to characterize low-copy-number nuclear genes and high-copy-number plastomes (Hyb-Seq) in 74 individuals of Pinus subsection Australes, a group of ~30 New World pine species of exceptional ecological and economic importance. We inferred relationships using methods that account for both incomplete lineage sorting and reticulation. KEY RESULTS: Concatenation- and coalescent-based trees inferred from nuclear genes mainly agreed with one another, but they contradicted the plastid DNA tree in recovering the Attenuatae (the California closed-cone pines) and Oocarpae (the egg-cone pines of Mexico and Central America) as monophyletic and the Australes sensu stricto (the southern yellow pines) as paraphyletic to the Oocarpae. The plastid tree featured some relationships that were discordant with morphological and geographic evidence and species limits. Incorporating gene flow into the coalescent analyses better fit the data, but evidence supporting the hypothesis that hybridization explains the non-monophyly of the Attenuatae in the plastid tree was equivocal. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses document cytonuclear discordance in Pinus subsection Australes. We attribute this discordance to ancient and recent introgression and present a phylogenetic hypothesis in which mostly hierarchical relationships are overlain by gene flow.

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Introducción: la histerectomía abdominal es un proceder quirúrgico de práctica frecuente cuya principal indicación es el fibroma uterino. Consiste en una operación potencialmente complicaciones, en especial las sépticas.Objetivo: describir los resultados obtenidos con la práctica de la histerectomía abdominal en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Universitario Amalia Simoni de Camagüey. Métodos: se realizó estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 98 pacientes expuestas a histerectomía abdominal en el mencionado centro hospitalario, desde enero de 2008 hasta diciembre de 2010, de las cuales se escogió una muestra de 91 que cumplían los criterios de inclusión y de exclusión establecidos. Las historias clínicas fueron la fuente de obtención de los datos primarios. Resultados: se obtuvo que el fibroma uterino resultó ser la causa más frecuente para realizar el proceder quirúrgico, no hubo complicaciones peroperatorias, reintervenciones ni mortalidad y la estadía posoperatoria promedio fue corta. Conclusiones: el método clínico resultó de gran valor para diagnosticar el fibroma uterino; asimismo, el hematoma de la herida quirúrgica fue la complicación posoperatoria más común y predominó el diagnóstico histopatológico de fibroleiomioma uterino en correspondencia con el diagnóstico preoperatorio(AU)

Introduction: abdominal hysterectomy is a surgical procedure of frequent practice, which main indication is the uterine fibroma. It consists potentially in a polluted operation, where technical principles should be fulfilled to avoid complications, mainly septic ones.Objective: to describe the results obtained with the practice of the abdominal hysterectomy in the General Surgery Service of Amalia Simoni University Hospital in Camagüey. Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out in 91 female patients who had abdominal hysterectomy in the mentioned hospital, from January, 2008 to December, 2010, who fulfilled the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The medical records were the source for the primary data. Results: it was obtained that the uterine fibroma turned out to be the most frequent cause to carry out the surgical procedure, there were neither peroperative complications, reinterventions nor mortality and the average posoperative stay was short.Conclusions: the clinical method was of great value to diagnose the uterine fibroma; likewise, the hematoma of the surgical wound was the most common postoperative complication and the histopathological diagnosis of uterine fibroleiomioma prevailed in correspondence to the preoperative diagnosis(AU)

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Introducción: la histerectomía abdominal es un proceder quirúrgico de práctica frecuente cuya principal indicación es el fibroma uterino. Consiste en una operación potencialmente complicaciones, en especial las sépticas. Objetivo: describir los resultados obtenidos con la práctica de la histerectomía abdominal en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Universitario "Amalia Simoni" de Camagüey. Métodos: se realizó estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 98 pacientes expuestas a histerectomía abdominal en el mencionado centro hospitalario, desde enero de 2008 hasta diciembre de 2010, de las cuales se escogió una muestra de 91 que cumplían los criterios de inclusión y de exclusión establecidos. Las historias clínicas fueron la fuente de obtención de los datos primarios. Resultados: se obtuvo que el fibroma uterino resultó ser la causa más frecuente para realizar el proceder quirúrgico, no hubo complicaciones peroperatorias, reintervenciones ni mortalidad y la estadía posoperatoria promedio fue corta. Conclusiones: el método clínico resultó de gran valor para diagnosticar el fibroma uterino; asimismo, el hematoma de la herida quirúrgica fue la complicación posoperatoria más común y predominó el diagnóstico histopatológico de fibroleiomioma uterino en correspondencia con el diagnóstico preoperatorio.

Introduction: abdominal hysterectomy is a surgical procedure of frequent practice, which main indication is the uterine fibroma. It consists potentially in a polluted operation, where technical principles should be fulfilled to avoid complications, mainly septic ones. Objective: to describe the results obtained with the practice of the abdominal hysterectomy in the General Surgery Service of "Amalia Simoni" University Hospital in Camagüey. Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out in 91 female patients who had abdominal hysterectomy in the mentioned hospital, from January, 2008 to December, 2010, who fulfilled the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The medical records were the source for the primary data. Results: it was obtained that the uterine fibroma turned out to be the most frequent cause to carry out the surgical procedure, there were neither peroperative complications, reinterventions nor mortality and the average posoperative stay was short. Conclusions: the clinical method was of great value to diagnose the uterine fibroma; likewise, the hematoma of the surgical wound was the most common postoperative complication and the histopathological diagnosis of uterine fibroleiomioma prevailed in correspondence to the preoperative diagnosis.

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Recent diversification followed by secondary contact and hybridization may explain complex patterns of intra- and interspecific morphological and genetic variation in the North American hard pines (Pinus section Trifoliae), a group of approximately 49 tree species distributed in North and Central America and the Caribbean islands. We concatenated five plastid DNA markers for an average of 3.9 individuals per putative species and assessed the suitability of the five regions as DNA bar codes for species identification, species delimitation, and phylogenetic reconstruction. The ycf1 gene accounted for the greatest proportion of the alignment (46.9%), the greatest proportion of variable sites (74.9%), and the most unique sequences (75 haplotypes). Phylogenetic analysis recovered clades corresponding to subsections Australes, Contortae, and Ponderosae. Sequences for 23 of the 49 species were monophyletic and sequences for another 9 species were paraphyletic. Morphologically similar species within subsections usually grouped together, but there were exceptions consistent with incomplete lineage sorting or introgression. Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analyses indicated that all three subsections diversified relatively recently during the Miocene. The general mixed Yule-coalescent method gave a mixed model estimate of only 22 or 23 evolutionary entities for the plastid sequences, which corresponds to less than half the 49 species recognized based on morphological species assignments. Including more unique haplotypes per species may result in higher estimates, but low mutation rates, recent diversification, and large effective population sizes may limit the effectiveness of this method to detect evolutionary entities.

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Las metástasis pulmonares son frecuentes tanto en tumores primarios epiteliales como en los mesenquimatosos, y se explican por el hecho de que todo el gasto cardíaco transita por la circulación menor. La indicación quirúrgica es un problema de relación costo-beneficio y está condicionada entre otros aspectos por el intervalo libre de enfermedad, el estado general del paciente, el número de metástasis y el tipo de resección. El objetivo del presente estudio fue presentar nuestra experiencia y resultados con dicho tratamiento. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal retrospectivo con 6 pacientes con metástasis en pulmón, tratados en el Hospital Amalia Simoni, de Camagüey, entre 1997 y 2007. Las variables analizadas fueron sexo, edad, histopatología y localización del tumor primario, operación inicial, tiempo transcurrido entre la operación inicial y la metastasectomía, número de metástasis pre y transoperatorias, vía de abordaje, localización de los nódulos, tipo de resección quirúrgica y supervivencia. La media de edad fue de 56 años y no hubo diferencias en cuanto al sexo. En tres pacientes las tumoraciones primarias dependían del sistema digestivo, la mayoría fueron nódulos únicos y la lobectomía pulmonar fue el procedimiento más utilizado. La supervivencia promedio fue de 13 meses. No hubo morbilidad importante, ni fallecidos en la serie(AU)

Lung metastases are frequent both in primary epithelial tumors and mesenchymatous tumors due to the fact that the whole cardiac output passes through the minor circulation. The surgical indication is a problem of cost-benefit relationship, and it is conditioned among other aspects by the disease free interval, the general state of the patient, the number of metastases and the type of resection. The objective of this study was to present our experience and results with this treatment. A descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in 6 patients with lung metastasis treated at Amalia Simoni Hospital in Camaguey between 1997 and 2007. The variables analyzed were sex, age, histopathology and localization of the primary tumor, initial operation, time elapsed between the initial operation and metastasectomy, number of pre- and transoperative metastases, approach route, localization of the nodules, type of surgical resection and survival. Average age was 56 years old and there was no difference as regards sex. The primary tumors depended on the digestive system in 3 patients. Most of them were unique nodules and pulmonary lobectomy was the most used procedure. Average survival was 13 months. No important morbidity was reported and there were no deaths in the series(AU)

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INTRODUCCIÓN. Las metástasis pulmonares son frecuentes tanto en tumores primarios epiteliales como en los mesenquimatosos, y se explican por el hecho de que todo el gasto cardíaco transita por la circulación menor. La indicación quirúrgica es un problema de relación costo-beneficio y está condicionada entre otros aspectos por el intervalo libre de enfermedad, el estado general del paciente, el número de metástasis y el tipo de resección. El objetivo del presente estudio fue presentar nuestra experiencia y resultados con dicho tratamiento. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal retrospectivo con 6 pacientes con metástasis en pulmón, tratados en el Hospital Amalia Simoni, de Camagüey, entre 1997 y 2007. Las variables analizadas fueron sexo, edad, histopatología y localización del tumor primario, operación inicial, tiempo transcurrido entre la operación inicial y la metastasectomía, número de metástasis pre y transoperatorias, vía de abordaje, localización de los nódulos, tipo de resección quirúrgica y supervivencia. RESULTADOS. La media de edad fue de 56 años y no hubo diferencias en cuanto al sexo. En tres pacientes las tumoraciones primarias dependían del sistema digestivo, la mayoría fueron nódulos únicos y la lobectomía pulmonar fue el procedimiento más utilizado. La supervivencia promedio fue de 13 meses. No hubo morbilidad importante, ni fallecidos en la serie(AU)

INTRODUCTION. Lung metastases are frequent both in primary epithelial tumors and mesenchymatous tumors due to the fact that the whole cardiac output passes through the minor circulation. The surgical indication is a problem of cost-benefit relationship, and it is conditioned among other aspects by the disease free interval, the general state of the patient, the number of metastases and the type of resection. The objective of this study was to present our experience and results with this treatment. METHODS. A descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in 6 patients with lung metastasis treated at Amalia Simoni Hospital in Camaguey between 1997 and 2007. The variables analyzed were sex, age, histopathology and localization of the primary tumor, initial operation, time elapsed between the initial operation and metastasectomy, number of pre- and transoperative metastases, approach route, localization of the nodules, type of surgical resection and survival. RESULTS. Average age was 56 years old and there was no difference as regards sex. The primary tumors depended on the digestive system in 3 patients. Most of them were unique nodules and pulmonary lobectomy was the most used procedure. Average survival was 13 months. No important morbidity was reported and there were no deaths in the series(AU)

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Se presenta un caso interesante de una tumoración de mediastino posterior, localizada hacia el hemitórax izquierdo, en una mujer de 50 años de edad que solo refería disnea en los grandes esfuerzos y, con el tiempo, en los medianos. Resultó ser un schwannoma benigno voluminoso, de 15 cm, encapsulado, con áreas quísticas y hemorragia interior, y zonas de tejido blando, de color blanquecino amarillento, con colapso del pulmón. Esta tumoración se asoció a una bulla subpleural del lóbulo inferior del pulmón izquierdo, de 8 cm. El tumor y la bulla fueron estudiados, tratados quirúrgicamente y resecados, a través de una toracotomía vertical axilar izquierda. En la actualidad la paciente se encuentra asintomática(AU)

An interesting case of posterior mediastinal tumor toward the left hemithorax in a 50-year-old female that only referred dyspnea at big efforts and, with the time, at moderate efforts, was presented. It proved to be a voluminous benign encapsulated schwannoma of 15 cm with cystic areas and internal hemorrhage, and zones of whitish yellow soft tissue with lung collapse. This tumor was associated with a subpleural bulla of 8 cm of the lower lobule of the left lung. The tumor and the bulla were studied, surgically treated and resected by left axillary vertical thoracotomy. The patient is asymptomatic at present(AU)

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Se presenta un caso interesante de una tumoración de mediastino posterior, localizada hacia el hemitórax izquierdo, en una mujer de 50 años de edad que solo refería disnea en los grandes esfuerzos y, con el tiempo, en los medianos. Resultó ser un schwannoma benigno voluminoso, de 15 cm, encapsulado, con áreas quísticas y hemorragia interior, y zonas de tejido blando, de color blanquecino amarillento, con colapso del pulmón. Esta tumoración se asoció a una bulla subpleural del lóbulo inferior del pulmón izquierdo, de 8 cm. El tumor y la bulla fueron estudiados, tratados quirúrgicamente y resecados, a través de una toracotomía vertical axilar izquierda. En la actualidad la paciente se encuentra asintomática.

An interesting case of posterior mediastinal tumor toward the left hemithorax in a 50-year-old female that only referred dyspnea at big efforts and, with the time, at moderate efforts, was presented. It proved to be a voluminous benign encapsulated schwannoma of 15 cm with cystic areas and internal hemorrhage, and zones of whitish yellow soft tissue with lung collapse. This tumor was associated with a subpleural bulla of 8 cm of the lower lobule of the left lung. The tumor and the bulla were studied, surgically treated and resected by left axillary vertical thoracotomy. The patient is asymptomatic at present.

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El liposarcoma es, entre los sarcomas, el tumor maligno de los tejidos blandos más frecuente en el adulto. Se presenta un caso de liposarcoma situado en el mediastino, localización infrecuente, y que resultó ser un liposarcoma bien diferenciado. El paciente fue un hombre de 48 años de edad que ingresa en la Sala de Neumotisiología con disnea y una masa mediastínica situada hacia el hemitórax izquierdo. Se estudió con radiografía de tórax anteroposterior y lateral y, además, con tomografía axial computadorizada. Fue necesaria una toracotomía con urgencia relativa por la agudización del cuadro clínico mediastínico compresivo. La evolución fue buena durante la intervención quirúrgica y después de ella y actualmente ha concluido su tratamiento adyuvante (radioterapia y quimioterapia) y se siente bien(AU)

Liposarcoma is the most frequent malignant soft tissue tumor. This article presented a case of well-differentiated liposarcoma located in the mediastinum, which is a rare location. The patient was a 48 years-old man that was admitted to the pneumothysiology service because he was short of breath and had a mediastinal mass located near left hemithorax. He was studied using anteroposterior and lateral thoracic radiography in addition to computerized tomography. It was necessary to urgently perform thorachotomy due to his acute clinical picture with mediastinal compression. The patient evolved positively during surgery and afterwards; at present, he has finished his adjuvant treatment based on radiotherapy and chemotherapy and he feels good(AU)

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El liposarcoma es, entre los sarcomas, el tumor maligno de los tejidos blandos más frecuente en el adulto. Se presenta un caso de liposarcoma situado en el mediastino, localización infrecuente, y que resultó ser un liposarcoma bien diferenciado. El paciente fue un hombre de 48 años de edad que ingresa en la Sala de Neumotisiología con disnea y una masa mediastínica situada hacia el hemitórax izquierdo. Se estudió con radiografía de tórax anteroposterior y lateral y, además, con tomografía axial computadorizada. Fue necesaria una toracotomía con urgencia relativa por la agudización del cuadro clínico mediastínico compresivo. La evolución fue buena durante la intervención quirúrgica y después de ella y actualmente ha concluido su tratamiento adyuvante (radioterapia y quimioterapia) y se siente bien(AU)

Liposarcoma is the most frequent malignant soft tissue tumor. This article presented a case of well-differentiated liposarcoma located in the mediastinum, which is a rare location. The patient was a 48 years-old man that was admitted to the pneumothysiology service because he was short of breath and had a mediastinal mass located near left hemithorax. He was studied using anteroposterior and lateral thoracic radiography in addition to computerized tomography. It was necessary to urgently perform thorachotomy due to his acute clinical picture with mediastinal compression. The patient evolved positively during surgery and afterwards; at present, he has finished his adjuvant treatment based on radiotherapy and chemotherapy and he feels good(AU)

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The application of Giemsa technique to stain compressed diaphragm samples obtained from rodents experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis is described. Diaphragm samples from rats heavily infected with 20 muscle larvae per gram of body weight (20 ML/gbw) were cut into several pieces and stained with Giemsa; on the other hand, whole diaphragms from slightly infected mice (1 ML/gbw) were also stained with Giemsa. Besides, muscle samples were also stained with Giemsa. Observation at 10 x magnification revealed that both ML and nurse cells (NC) look as bluish structures clearly contrasting with the pinkish color of the non-infected muscle fibers. NC in the diaphragms of mice could be easily observed at naked eye as blue points contrasting with the pink surrounding areas formed by the non-infected muscle fibers. Among NC observed in the diaphragms of rats infected with 20 ML/gbw, 4.4% was multiple infection. These findings were confirmed in sectioned and hematoxylin-eosin stained specimens. This data could be usefulness for a rapid diagnosis of trichinellosis in post-mortem mammals without magnification procedures.

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Studies to determine the prevalence of antibodies to Onchocerca volvulus, prior to and after actions carried out to interrupt transmission, are scarce in Mexico. Here we report the prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG4 antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against a crude extract of O. volvulus adult worm in serum samples from persons under noninterrupted biannual treatment with ivermectin in areas of onchocercosis endemicity in Mexico. To perform the prevalence studies, the ELISA procedures were first evaluated. Serological studies were performed with serum samples from skin microfilaria carriers from Guatemala and from people microfilariodermic negative living in the same area as the Guatemalan patients. Sensitivity values for IgG or IgG4 detection were 71 and 86%, while specificities were 92 and 100%, respectively. No anti-O. volvulus antibodies were found in samples from nonendemic controls from Mexico, but 3 of 71 samples from residents in the onchocercosis area of Oaxaca, Mexico, and who have been under ivermectin treatment during the last 10 years were only positive to IgG. Notwithstanding that the IgG4 isotype was not detected and a low (4.2%) anti-O. volvulus IgG antibody prevalence was found, a seroepidemiological follow-up must be performed in order to confirm interruption of onchocercosis transmission in the area of Oaxaca, Mexico, in which onchocercosis is endemic.

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Data obtained at a central laboratory for emerging, re-emerging, and other infectious diseases in Mexico from 1995-2000 are presented. An outstanding increase of DEN-3 circulation was identified. Aedes aegypti, the dengue vector, is widely distributed. Leptospirosis has become the most important differential diagnosis for dengue. Identification of rabies virus variants allowed cataloging of new transmitters of rabies. Rotavirus showed a clear seasonal distribution, while different proportions of pathogenic classes of Escherichia coli under endemic and outbreak conditions were seen. Serotypes of several bacteria are reported as well as the sources of isolation and frequency of Shigella, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae. Rise and disappearance of cholera could be followed along the past decade. Influenza strains were identified, as were several pathogens causing sexually transmitted infections. Laboratory support was important for surveillance after Hurricane Mitch. Multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are emerging and primary resistance is very high. It is now mandatory to search for antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi in blood banks. Triatoma barberi, a peridomestic bug, is the main vector of Chagas disease. Localized cutaneous leishmaniosis increased in regions having a guerrilla element in Chiapas. Modern immunodiagnostic techniques are used for control studies of cysticercosis and similar techniques were recently standardized for Trichinella spiralis detection. Low iodine values in children's urine were found in several Mexican states; therefore, use of iodized salt should be encouraged.

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A serological survey to search for antibodies against T. spiralis was performed in free roaming rats (n=64) and mice (n=35) caught in zoological park from Mexico City. Serum samples were analyzed by ELISA and immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (EIBT). None serum show positive absorbance values in ELISA nor recognized T. spiralis specific antigenic fractions in EIBT. However, two rat samples recognized three antigens of 31,37 y 55 kDa, while one of them reacted with two additional antigens of 64 and 67 kDa. As it is known that the antigen epitope profiles varied among trichinella species, it could be possible that in rats, there is 3 percent of antibody prevalence agains trichinella sp.; however, due that other organisms could induce the production of cross-reacting antibodies, such conclusion can not be supported at all. These results suggest that T. spiralis was not part of helminthological fauna in these rodents

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Se estudian 150 pacientes que presentaron dolor abdominal recurrente en el período comprendido de julio de 1983 a junio de 1984. Se precisa una frecuencia de 2,9

en los pacientes que concurren a la consulta de cirugía pediátrica. Se señalan los medios de confirmación diagnóstica utilizados. El mayor porcentaje de casos corresponde al parasitismo intestinal y la giardia lambia constituye el parásito más frecuente. Se denotan las causas orgánicas de dolor abdominal recurrente presentes en este estudio, así como las intervenciones quirúrgicas prácticadas. El 17,3

de los casos estudiados requirió intervención quirúrgica

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Se estudian 150 pacientes que presentaron dolor abdominal recurrente en el período comprendido de julio de 1983 a junio de 1984. Se precisa una frecuencia de 2,9 % en los pacientes que concurren a la consulta de cirugía pediátrica. Se señalan los medios de confirmación diagnóstica utilizados. El mayor porcentaje de casos corresponde al parasitismo intestinal y la giardia lambia constituye el parásito más frecuente. Se denotan las causas orgánicas de dolor abdominal recurrente presentes en este estudio, así como las intervenciones quirúrgicas prácticadas. El 17,3 % de los casos estudiados requirió intervención quirúrgica

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