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Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a debilitating illness that is defined by the sudden onset of flaccid paralysis in the extremities with spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrating a longitudinal lesion confined to the gray matter. The purpose of this study was to report the types of upper-extremity palsy and outcomes of surgical reconstruction in patients with AFM. METHODS: Eight patients with a median age at onset of 3.8 years (range, 2.3 to 9.9 years) were identified. There was loss of shoulder abduction and external rotation in all patients, loss of elbow flexion in 5 patients, complete or partial loss of hand function in 3 patients, and spinal accessory nerve palsy in 2 patients. All patients underwent surgical reconstruction, which was categorized into 3 main groups: nerve transfer, secondary muscle transfer, and free muscle transfer. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 39 months (range, 30 to 94 months). Four patients obtained ≥90° of shoulder abduction whereas the other 4 patients had shoulder abduction of ≤70°. The 5 patients who received free muscle transfer or nerve transfer to restore elbow function obtained ≥140° of elbow flexion. Two patients treated with free muscle transfer to restore finger function obtained satisfactory total active motion of the fingers (180°). CONCLUSIONS: The patterns of paralysis and the strategy and outcomes of surgical reconstruction for patients with AFM differed from those for traumatic and obstetric brachial plexus palsy. All patients had loss of shoulder abduction, and 2 had spinal accessory nerve palsy. Restoration of shoulder function was unpredictable and depended on the quality of the donor nerves and recovery of synergistic muscles. Restoration of elbow and hand function was more consistent and satisfactory. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete list of levels of evidence.

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INTRODUCTION: Restoration of thumb function with a painfree, stable, and mobile joint with preserved strength are the main goals of treatment of painful arthritis of the thumb. We present our clinical experience in surgical treatment of this disease, in its highest degree of affectation. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 57-year-old woman presents with a 2-year history of worsening pain at the base of her right, dominant, trapezial-metacarpal (TM) joint. Her thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint hyperextends 30° with lateral pinch. Radiographs demonstrate Eaton stage IV degenerative changes of her TM joint and no arthritis of her thumb MCP joint. She was successfully treated with a modified Burton-Pellegrini arthroplasty and sesamoidesis to the metacarpal head. DISCUSSION: In cases of advanced rhizarthrosis conventional surgery does not serve to correct deformities of the metacarpophalangeal joint that may affect to the postsurgical outcomes. CONCLUSION: rhizarthrosis management must be carried out in a global way. When a surgical treatment is planned, all deformities must be taken into account.

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PURPOSE: The current trend in hallux valgus surgery is directed toward percutaneous procedures. However, no evidence that any of these methods of treatment are superior to the others has been described, excepting studies in the long term. The aim of this study was to analyse a series of patients who had undergone a percutaneous distal retrocapital osteotomy of the first metatarsal, and had been followed up for ten years. METHODS: We carried out a clinical and radiological evaluation of 115 feet ten years after surgery. RESULTS: The AOFAS scale results in the tenth postoperative year remained significantly favourable compared to their corresponding values in the preoperative period, yielding an improvement of 42.2 points overall on average. In relation to radiological findings, the mean hallux angle was maintained below 20 °, with a mean intermetatarsal angle of 8.1 °. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous retrocapital metatarsal osteotomy for treatment of mild to moderate hallux valgus is effective in the long term, with the advantages of a minimally invasive procedure.

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PURPOSE: Surgical treatment options for medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee include high tibial osteotomy, total knee arthroplasty or unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), depending on the patient's age, level of physical activity and the degree of deformity. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the long-term results of patients who underwent the Oxford cemented meniscal-bearing unicondylar knee prosthesis through a minimally invasive approach including a clinical, functional and radiographic assessment. RESULTS: Favourable clinical and radiological outcomes were registered overall at ten years after surgery. Overall results of UKA according to the American Knee Society (AKS) using Insall's criteria showed an excellent or good outcome for 492 knees (96.28 %), fair for 11 (2.15 %) and poor for eight (1.57 %) in the post-operative long term. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that with appropriate surgical technique, patient selection, prosthetic design and specific training, surgeons should achieve good outcomes with the added advantages of a minimally invasive approach. High volume for this technique is important in our opinion.

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PURPOSE: Carpal tunnel release by opening the flexor retinaculum is considered a satisfactory treatment. However, several factors, like ageing, may influence postoperative results. We present the long term outcomes in elderly patients. METHODS: This is an historical prospective long term study of 52 patients who received surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome when they were 65 or older. We have carried out a clinical-functional (with the Levine questionnaire), electromyographic and dynamometric valuation of the patients studied, up to ten years from the surgery. RESULTS: The results of Levine's questionnaire, revealed favourable data for a mean follow-up of 10.35 years, with a mean improvement in the clinical score of 1.93 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72-2.17) and in the functional score of 0.83 points (95% CI: 0.68-0.99). Similarly, the electromyographic values showed a significant improvement compared to preoperative ones (mean difference of sensory velocity of 8.43m/s, 95% CI: 8.17-11.63; mean difference of motor latency of 1.65ms, 95% CI: 1.24-2.25). The data on grip strength did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients, complete section of the carpal transverse ligament, allows maintaining favourable differences in most of the parameters studied, ten years after surgery, making the surgical treatment a recommendable option.

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