RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of chondrocalcinosis (CC) was reported as variable according to the geographic populations. However, there are no data regarding its prevalence in Mexico. Thus, we decided to investigate the Mexican prevalence of CC in a cohort of patients from a tertiary health care institution. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of radiographs of knees and wrists from our institution was performed. Inclusion criteria included patients > 50 years old having radiographs of knees and wrists. Radiographic presence of CC was classified according to a dichotomous evaluation assayed by two rheumatologists experts on the area. RESULTS: A total of 3.350 radiographs from 1.602 patients were evaluated. Forty-seven patients showed calcifications in at least one knee or wrist for an overall prevalence of 3%, of which 23.4% were men and 76.6% women. The knee was more commonly affected than the wrist (85.1% and 14.9% respectively). The prevalence according to gender was 2.9% in women, whereas, it was 3.2% in men. Only two patients (4.3%) showed a contemporaneous presence of CC in both hands and both knees. At knee level, the prevalence was 2.7%, whereas at the wrist, we reported a prevalence of 4.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CC for Mexican population had not been reported so far. This a starting point to break the silence and encourage the knowledge of how this disease is associated with possible risk factors in Mexican population. Key Points â¢The prevalence of chondrocalcinosis in Mexico was 3%. â¢The prevalence of knee chondrocalcinosis increases according to the age in women's. â¢The nixtamalized meals could be a protective factor for CC in Mexican population.
Asunto(s)
Condrocalcinosis/epidemiología , Articulación de la Rodilla/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación de la Muñeca/diagnóstico por imagen , Anciano , Condrocalcinosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Radiografía , Centros de Atención TerciariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prenatal protein malnutrition disrupts the pattern of maturation and development of the hippocampus and its neuroanatomy and increases inhibition of the granular cell layer of the fascia dentata. If local gamma-aminobutyric acid inter-neurons are partly responsible for inhibition of the hippocampus, it is reasonable to assume that there may be an increase in the gamma-aminobutyric acid cell population of prenatal protein malnutrition rats. OBJECTIVE: This experimental study was conducted to ascertain the effects of prenatal protein malnutrition on the density of GABAergic interneurons at the cornus ammonis and fascia dentata in rats. METHODS: Animals were investigated under two nutritional conditions: (i) prenatal protein malnutrition group fed 6% protein, and (ii) well-nourished control group fed 25% protein. Using an antibody for gamma-aminobutyric acid, immunoreactive cells (GABAergic) were assessed in the rostral-caudal direction of the dorsal hippocampus at four levels. RESULTS: (i) In 30-day-old rats with prenatal malnutrition, the fascia dentata had an average of 27% more GABAergic cells than the control group; this higher amount was not detectable at 90 days. (ii) There was a significant 18% increase in GABAergic neurons at level 1 of the cornus ammonis at 90 days of age. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase in the population of interneurons in the fascia dentata and cornus ammonis in prenatal protein malnutrition rats. We conclude that prenatal hypoprotein malnutrition produces changes at 30 days in the fascia dentata. Results suggest that prenatal malnutrition also produces a delay in the programmed chronology of gamma-aminobutyric acid interneurons. Finally, in cornus ammonis, at 90 days of age, prenatal protein malnutrition showed an increase only at level 1; this effect may be evidenced in the long term, despite postnatal rehabilitation.
Asunto(s)
Hipocampo/patología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/complicaciones , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Factores de Edad , Animales , Giro Dentado/metabolismo , Femenino , Interneuronas/metabolismo , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BCa) is the most common malignancy in Mexican women. A set of histopathological markers has been established to guide BCa diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Nevertheless, in only a few Mexican health services, such as that of the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA for its acronym in Spanish), are these markers commonly employed for assessing BCa. The aim of this study was to explore the association of Ki67, TP53, HER2/neu, estrogenic receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs) with BCa risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical histories provided background patient information. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was conducted on 48 tissue samples from women diagnosed with BCa and treated with radical mastectomy. The Chi square test or Fisher exact test together with the Pearson and Spearman correlation were applied. RESULTS: On average, patients were 58±10.4 years old. It was most common to find invasive ductal carcinoma (95.8%), histological grade 3 (45.8%), with a poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI; 80.4%). ERs and PRs were associated with smoking and alcohol consumption, metastasis at diagnosis and Ki67 expression (p<0.05). PR+ was also related to urea and ER+ (p<0.05). Ki67 was associated with TP53 and elevated triglycerides (p<0.05), and HER2/neu with ER+, the number of pregnancies and tumor size (p<0.05). TP53 was also associated with a poor NPI (p <0.05) and CD34 with smoking (p<0.05). The triple negative status (ER-/PR-/HER2/neu-) was related to smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to biomass, number of pregnancies, metastasis and a poor NPI (p<0.05). Moreover, the luminal B subtype was associated with histological type (p=0.007), tumor size (p=0.03) and high cholesterol (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Ki67, TP53, HER2/neu, ER and PR proved to be related to several clinical and pathological factors. Hence, it is crucial to determine this IHC profile in women at risk for BCa. Certain associations require further study to understand physiological/biochemical/molecular processes.