RESUMEN
Freshwater cetaceans play a significant role as sentinel animals, providing important data on animal species and aquatic ecosystem health. They also may serve as potential reservoirs of emerging pathogens and host virulence genes in their microbiota. In this study, we evaluated virulence factors produced by Gram-negative bacteria recovered from individuals belonging to two populations of free-ranging Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis). A total of 132 isolates recovered from the oral cavity, blowhole, genital opening and rectum of 21 river dolphins, 13 from Negro River and 8 from Tapajós River, Brazil, were evaluated for the production of virulence factors, such as biofilms and exoproducts (proteases, hemolysins and siderophores), in planktonic and biofilm forms. In planktonic form, 81.1% (107/132) of the tested bacteria of free-ranging Amazon river dolphins were able to produce virulence factors, with 44/132 (33.4%), 65/132 (49,2%) and 54/132 (40,9%) positive for protease, hemolysin and siderophore production, respectively. Overall, 57/132 (43.2%) of the isolates produced biofilms and, under this form of growth, 66/132 (50%), 88/132 (66.7%) and 80/132 (60.6%) of the isolates were positive for protease, hemolysin and siderophore production. In general, the isolates showed a higher release of exoproducts in biofilm than in planktonic form (P < 0.001). The present findings show that Amazon river dolphins harbor potentially pathogenic bacteria in their microbiota, highlighting the importance of monitoring the micro-organisms from wild animals, as they may emerge as pathogens for humans and other animals.
Asunto(s)
Delfines , Humanos , Animales , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Ecosistema , Proteínas Hemolisinas , Sideróforos , Bacterias Gramnegativas , Péptido HidrolasasRESUMEN
Studies on the microbiota of freshwater cetaceans are scarce and may provide important data on animal and environmental health. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria recovered from two populations of free-ranging Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis). Twenty-one animals were captured and released, 13 from Negro River and 8 from Tapajós River, Brazil. Swab samples were obtained from the oral cavity, blowhole, genital opening and rectum and were cultured on MacConkey agar. Isolates were biochemically identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disk diffusion method. Overall, 132 isolates were recovered, of which 71 were recovered from animals from Negro River and 61 from Tapajós River. The most commonly recovered bacterial species were Enterobacter cloacae, Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, 51.6% (63/122) of the isolates were not-susceptible (intermediate resistance and resistance), of which 28/122 (22.9%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Cephalothin, cefuroxime and cefepime were the drugs to which more resistant and intermediate results were observed (P < 0.001). The results indicate that free-ranging Amazon river dolphins host resistant bacteria, contributing for their maintenance in the environment. This study highlights the importance of the One Health approach to monitor the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Summary Gram-negative bacteria recovered from 21 free-ranging Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) from the Negro River and the Tapajós River populations were evaluated for their antimicrobial susceptibility. Overall, 51.6% (63/122) of the isolates were not-susceptible (intermediate resistance and resistance), of which 28/122 (22.9%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Cephalothin, cefuroxime and cefepime were the drugs to which more resistant and intermediate results were observed. Thus, free-ranging Amazon river dolphins, never treated with antimicrobials, host resistant bacteria, contributing for their maintenance in the environment and highlighting the importance of the One Health approach to monitor the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Asunto(s)
Delfines , Salud Única , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Usually, the teaching process of eutocia and dystocia on large animals is supported by the use of photographs, videos, animations and texts with descriptions of the births and the difficulties of delivery, being not enough to provide an effective experiential learning process in veterinary obstetrics. This study aimed to evaluate the learning and the student's perception of the impact of using an obstetric box and an articulated dummy as a teaching resource in a dynamic game methodology on learning obstetric diagnoses and procedures. METHODS: Veterinary students attended a theoretical class about foetal disposition and obstetrics manoeuvres and later attended a practical class about the same topic using an obstetric box and an articulated foal dummy. All students were evaluated by questionnaires and tests after each class addressing the topics of the objectives of this study. RESULTS: The teaching methodologies facilitated students' understanding of how to perform obstetric manoeuvres and significantly increased their test scores and their confidence to execute obstetric procedures in a real professional situation in the future. CONCLUSION: The use of obstetric box and dummy combined with a dynamic game methodology in practical classes stimulated the students' learning process and helped graduate more confident professionals.
Asunto(s)
Educación en Veterinaria/métodos , Obstetricia/educación , Autoeficacia , Estudiantes de Medicina/psicología , Animales , Evaluación Educacional/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Caballos , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Embarazo , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
In this study we report the hematological, biochemical and hormonal parameters in a juvenile male Amazonian manatee measured before transport, immediately after transport, and during adaptation to a new facility. The animal was transported from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, to São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (2,733 km) within 6 hours. Among all blood parameters analyzed, we observed obvious neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and increases in the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and serum glucose and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, but these parameters subsequently returned to normal. These results suggest that transport and changes in the environment are temporary stressful events for Amazonian manatees. We, therefore, recommend monitoring the hematological and biochemical parameters before and after translocation to minimize the effects of handling stressors in this species
RESUMEN
In this study we report the hematological, biochemical and hormonal parameters in a juvenile male Amazonian manatee measured before transport, immediately after transport, and during adaptation to a new facility. The animal was transported from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, to São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, (2,733 km) within 6 hours. Among all blood parameters analyzed, we observed obvious neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and increases in the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and serum glucose and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, but these parameters subsequently returned to normal. These results suggest that transport and changes in the environment are temporary stressful events for Amazonian manatees. We, therefore, recommend monitoring the hematological and biochemical parameters before and after translocation to minimize the effects of handling stressors in this species
RESUMEN
Thirty two Santa Inês ewes were synchronized and bred, resulting in 18 pregnancies. These were use to inves-tigate the reliability of developmental parameters in the estimation of gestational age. The ultra-sound evaluations were carried out from day 8 to 55 of pregnancy, with day zero being the first day of breeding. For positive pregnancy diagnosis the visualization of the fetus and heart beat were considered. Gestational age was determined using: cranial-caudal length (CCC), biparietal diameter (DBP), thoracic diameter (DT), and measurements of the gestational sac. All parameters had a positive correlation with gestational age, especially DBP which was more reliable and easier to measure. In addition, growth equations were calculated to determine gestational age from the measurements. In terms of methods of carrying out the ecograph, the trans-rectal route was more practical up to 45 days after service. After this the transabdominal route was seen to be more adequate. KEY-WORDS: Age, ewe, fetal measuring, gestational.
Tendo como objetivo principal investigar a confiabi-lidade dos parâmetros de desenvolvimento para estimativa da idade gestacional, 32 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês foram submetidas a um programa de sincronização estral e aca-saladas, resultando na gestação de 18 delas. As avaliações ultra-sonográficas foram realizadas do 8 ao 55 dia de prenhez, considerando dia zero como o primeiro dia da cobertura. Estabeleceram-se como critérios para o diag-nóstico, de prenhez, a visualização do feto e os batimentos cardíacos. Para avaliação da idade gestacional, utilizaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: o comprimento crânio-caudal (CCC), o diâmetro biparietal (DBP), o diâmetro torácico (DT), e a mensuração da vesícula gestacional. Todos os parâmetros apresentaram correlação positiva com a idade gestacional, com destaque para o DBP, tanto pela maior confiança como facilidade de avaliação. Adicionalmente, foram elaboradas equações de crescimento para determina-ção da idade gestacional a partir das medidas realizadas. Em relação à via de acesso para exame ecográfico, a transretal evidenciou maior praticidade até os 45 dias pós-serviço. A partir desse período, a transabdominal demonstrou ser mais adequada. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Fetometria, idade gestacional, ovelha.
RESUMEN
Thirty two Santa Inês ewes were synchronized and bred, resulting in 18 pregnancies. These were use to inves-tigate the reliability of developmental parameters in the estimation of gestational age. The ultra-sound evaluations were carried out from day 8 to 55 of pregnancy, with day zero being the first day of breeding. For positive pregnancy diagnosis the visualization of the fetus and heart beat were considered. Gestational age was determined using: cranial-caudal length (CCC), biparietal diameter (DBP), thoracic diameter (DT), and measurements of the gestational sac. All parameters had a positive correlation with gestational age, especially DBP which was more reliable and easier to measure. In addition, growth equations were calculated to determine gestational age from the measurements. In terms of methods of carrying out the ecograph, the trans-rectal route was more practical up to 45 days after service. After this the transabdominal route was seen to be more adequate. KEY-WORDS: Age, ewe, fetal measuring, gestational.
Tendo como objetivo principal investigar a confiabi-lidade dos parâmetros de desenvolvimento para estimativa da idade gestacional, 32 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês foram submetidas a um programa de sincronização estral e aca-saladas, resultando na gestação de 18 delas. As avaliações ultra-sonográficas foram realizadas do 8 ao 55 dia de prenhez, considerando dia zero como o primeiro dia da cobertura. Estabeleceram-se como critérios para o diag-nóstico, de prenhez, a visualização do feto e os batimentos cardíacos. Para avaliação da idade gestacional, utilizaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: o comprimento crânio-caudal (CCC), o diâmetro biparietal (DBP), o diâmetro torácico (DT), e a mensuração da vesícula gestacional. Todos os parâmetros apresentaram correlação positiva com a idade gestacional, com destaque para o DBP, tanto pela maior confiança como facilidade de avaliação. Adicionalmente, foram elaboradas equações de crescimento para determina-ção da idade gestacional a partir das medidas realizadas. Em relação à via de acesso para exame ecográfico, a transretal evidenciou maior praticidade até os 45 dias pós-serviço. A partir desse período, a transabdominal demonstrou ser mais adequada. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Fetometria, idade gestacional, ovelha.