RESUMEN
In this study, we investigate the toxicity of commercial formulations based on glyphosate, 2,4-D, imidacloprid, and iprodione, in isolation and mixed, on Allium cepa. The mixtures consisted of combinations in the lowest (M1), intermediate (M2), and highest concentrations (M3) of each pesticide. We measured physiological (germination rate, germination speed, and radicular length) and cyto-genotoxic (mitotic index and frequency of aberrant cells) parameters. In addition, we analyzed the cell cycle progression and cell death induction by flow cytometry. When applied in isolation, the pesticides changed the parameters evaluated. M1 and M2 inhibited root length and increased the frequency of aberrant cells. Their genotoxic effect was equivalent to that of pesticides applied in isolation. Furthermore, M1 and M2 caused cell death and M2 changed the cell cycle progression. M3 had the greatest deleterious effect on A. cepa. This mixture inhibited root length and promoted an additive or synergistic effect on the mitotic index. In addition, M3 changed all parameters analyzed by flow cytometry. This research clearly demonstrates that the pesticides tested, and their mixtures, may pose a risk to non-target organisms.
Asunto(s)
Plaguicidas , Toxinas Biológicas , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Cebollas , Índice Mitótico , Raíces de Plantas , Daño del ADN , Aberraciones CromosómicasRESUMEN
The rupture of Fundão Dam is considered one of the largest environmental disasters in Brazilian history and one of the largest in the world involving tailings dams. The present study analyzed the changes in metal concentrations in the dissolved, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment in the period just after (15 days) and six months after the dam rupture, together with the biological and cytogenotoxic effects, from the collapse site until the Doce River mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. After the dam rupture, the tailings were mainly transported as SPM. After six months, with the deposition, there was a decrease in metal concentrations in dissolved and SPM and increased levels were observed in the sediment. Cr, Ni, Cd and Hg levels in sediment were higher than the threshold effects level (TEL/NOAA), especially six months after the dam rupture. The water induced immediate negative biological effects at different levels of the trophic chain, together with Al, Fe, Mn and Zn accumulation in fish muscle. Both water and sediment also showed cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects. These data demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring with abiotic and biotic parameters to clarify the impacts of mining tailings and can help to direct future monitoring programs.
Asunto(s)
Metales Pesados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Océano Atlántico , Brasil , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Metales Pesados/análisis , Minería , Propanolaminas , Ríos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
This study aimed to assess the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potentials of water samples collected in the Alegre River Basin, located in a predominantly rural area with no sewage treatment facilities in the Espírito Santo State, Brazil, using Allium cepa test. Also, gills and liver of Rhamdia quelen, a common fish species of the region, were histologically analyzed. A semi-quantitative analysis was performed and a histopathological alterations index (HAI) was determined. Our findings indicated that the waters of this river basin were cytotoxic (mitotic index reduction) and/or genotoxic (chromosomal abnormalities induction). Mutagenicity (micronuclei induction) was not observed for any water sample. The values for HAI showed that the waters caused moderate histological alterations in R. quelen. Liver was more sensitive than gills. It is necessary to implement a sewage treatment system and raise awareness on inappropriate management and disposal of agrochemicals in order to allow the recovery of Alegre River.
Asunto(s)
Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Cebollas/fisiología , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Brasil , Bagres , Daño del ADN , Índice Mitótico , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Mutágenos/análisis , Cebollas/efectos de los fármacos , Ríos , Aguas del Alcantarillado/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to ascertain the cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic potential of sewage sludge using Allium cepa bioassay. Solubilized and crude sludge from two sewage treatment stations (STSs), herein named JM and M, were tested. In addition, sanitized, crude and solubilized sludge were also analyzed from STS M. The treatments showed positive response to phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and/or mutagenicity. Despite negative results for MN F1 (micronuclei counted in F1 root cells, derived from meristematic cells), the monitoring of genotoxic and mutagenic activities of sewage sludge are recommended because in agricultural areas this residue is applied in large scale and continuously. Based on our results we advise caution in the use of sewage sludge in agricultural soils.
Asunto(s)
Cebollas/efectos de los fármacos , Aguas del Alcantarillado/efectos adversos , Bioensayo , Citotoxinas/toxicidad , Daño del ADN , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Cebollas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/citologíaRESUMEN
Sewage treatment yields sludge, which is often used as a soil amendment in agriculture and crop production. Although the sludge contains elevated concentrations of macro and micronutrients, high levels of inorganic and organic compounds with genotoxic and mutagenic properties are present in sludge. Application of sludge in agriculture is a pathway for direct contact of crops to toxic chemicals. The objective of this study was to compile information related to the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of sewage sludge in different plant species. In addition, data are presented on toxicological effects in animals fed with plants grown in soils supplemented with sewage sludge. Despite the benefits of using sewage sludge as organic fertilizer, the data showcased in this review suggest that this residue can induce genetic damage in plants. This review alerts potential risks to health outcomes after the intake of food cultivated in sewage sludge-amended soils.