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PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize the histopathological immunohistochemical features of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, emphasizing the IgG4-related disease. METHODS: Seventeen cases of chronic sclerosing sialoadenitis were examined for histopathological aspects, (inflammation, fibrosis, glandular parenchyma, and lymphoid follicles) and immunohistochemistry (BCL2, CD3, CD20, CD34, CD163, p63, cyclin D1, mast cell, SMA, S100A4, IgG, and IgG4) which were scored. IgG4-related disease features were investigated. Demographic and clinical data were also collected. RESULTS: Males predominated (10:7), with an average lesion size of 3.9 cm. Common histopathological findings included reduced acinar parenchyma, lymphoid follicle formation, and ductular proliferation. CD3-positive T lymphocytes and CD34- and SMA-positive stromal fibroblasts were abundant. Nine cases (53%) showed sialoliths and three cases met the criteria for IgG4-related disease. CONCLUSION: CSS of the submandibular gland represents a reactive pattern rather than IgG4-RD as only 3 cases seemed to be related to IgG4-RD. The immunohistochemical profile revealed an abundant population of CD3-positive T lymphocytes, as opposed to regulatory proteins such as cyclin D1, demonstrating that populations of CD34- and SMA-positive stromal fibroblasts contribute to the fibrosis characteristic of CSS. In addition, our results provide a comprehensive insight into the study of CSS and its relationship with IgG4-RD.

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Psychoactive substances act on the central nervous system producing changes in mental processes, such as perception, consciousness, cognition or mood and emotions. The present study aims to identify: (i) the most used psychoactive substances, (ii) how psychoactive substances are acquired, (iii) and possible reasons for the use of psychoactive substances amongst university students. A literature search was carried out without language restrictions and included articles published between 2019 and 2020 in journals indexed in the electronic databases of Pubmed and Scielo. The inclusion criteria considered were: (i) original articles, (ii) studies carried out with university students, (iii) providing data on the use of psychoactive substances. 15 studies were included in this review, of which: 4 studies addressed possible reasons that lead to use of psychoactive substances, 10 studies reported usage profile and demographic data, and 1 study addressed how students acquire psychoactive substances. Reasons that led to the consumption of psychoactive substances include: feelings of loneliness after moving away from family; difficulty making new friends; poor academic performance and susceptible environment to acquisition of these substances. In the selected studies, alcohol was identified as the main drug used. In light of the findings reported in this review, new prevention and harm reduction measures can be formulated, based mainly on the reasons that lead to the use of psychoactive drugs, consumption patterns and how the drugs were acquired by university students.

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BACKGROUND: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. A major factor in brain damage following ischemia is excitotoxicity caused by elevated levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate. In the brain, glutamate homeostasis is a primary function of astrocytes. Amburana cearensis has long been used in folk medicine and seed extract obtained with dichloromethane (EDAC) have previously been shown to exhibit cytoprotective activity in vitro. The aim of the present study was to analyse the activity of EDAC in hippocampal brain slices. METHODS: We prepared a dichloromethane extract (EDAC) from A. cearensis seeds and characterized the chemical constituents by 1H and 13C-NMR. Hippocampal slices from P6-8 or P90 Wistar rats were used for cell viability assay or glutamate uptake test. Hippocampal slices from P10-12 transgenic mice SOX10-EGFP and GFAP-EGFP and immunofluorescence for GS, GLAST and GLT1 were used to study oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. RESULTS: Astrocytes play a critical role in glutamate homeostasis and we provide immunohistochemical evidence that in excitotoxicity EDAC increased expression of glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase, which is essential for detoxifying glutamate. Next, we directly examined astrocytes using transgenic mice in which glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) drives expression of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and show that glutamate excitotoxicity caused a decrease in GFAP-EGFP and that EDAC protected against this loss. This was examined further in the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model of ischemia, where EDAC caused an increase in astrocytic process branching, resulting in an increase in GFAP-EGFP. Using SOX10-EGFP reporter mice, we show that the acute response of oligodendrocytes to OGD in hippocampal slices is a marked loss of their processes and EDAC protected oligodendrocytes against this damage. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that EDAC is cytoprotective against ischemia and glutamate excitotoxicity by modulating astrocyte responses and stimulating their glutamate homeostatic mechanisms.

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the morphology and chemical composition of dental caries related to ionizing radiation (DCIR), an aggressive and progressive disease that affects dental hard tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight human teeth with DCIR were paired with sixteen control teeth (8 teeth with conventional caries and 8 without caries) and included in this study. An analysis of the morphology of the lesions was performed using the following techniques: periapical radiography, cone beam computed tomography, computed microtomography, and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition was assessed using X-ray dispersive spectroscopy. RESULTS: There was more demineralization in DCIR lesions when compared to conventional dental caries, even though there was no cavitation in the cervical region of the teeth. The superficial roughness and topography of DCIR lesions were similar to those of healthy teeth. On the other hand, lesions of conventional dental caries showed greater surface and topographic irregularity when compared to DCIR and healthy teeth (p = 0.001). Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels were lower in DCIR lesions when compared to controls. However, higher levels of carbon (C) have been observed in DCIR lesions. There was a greater loss of the mineral matrix in DCIR followed by conventional caries. The reduction in the mineral matrix (Ca and P) was compatible with the imaging patterns observed in teeth with DCIR and conventional caries. CONCLUSION: Despite their rapid evolution, DCIR presents an irregular, apparently intact surface with significant changes in the amount of Ca, P, and C.

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This research investigated the spatial association between socioenvironmental factors and gastroschisis in Brazilian triple side border. A geographic analysis for gastroschisis prevalence was performed considering census sector units using Global Moran Index, Local Indicator of Spatial Association Analysis and Getis Ord statistics. Sociodemographic factors included rate of adolescent and parturients over 35 years; population with no income and above 5 minimum wages; rate of late prenatal; and proximity to power transmission lines. Logistic regression models were applied to verify the association between socio-environmental factors and prevalence of gastroschisis. No global spatial correlation was observed in the distribution of gastroschisis (Moran´s I = 0.006; p = 0.319). However, multiple logistic regression showed census sectors with positive cases had higher probability to power transmission lines proximity (OR 3,47; CI 95% 1,11-10,79; p = 0,031). Yet, spatial scan statistic showed low risk for gastroschisis in southern city region (OR = 0; p = 0.035) in opposite to power transmission lines location. The study design does not allow us to attest the causality between power transmission lines and gastroschisis but these findings support the potential exposure risk of pregnant to electromagnetic fields.

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Benign nerve sheath tumours include perineuriomas, schwannomas and neurofibromas. Hybrid schwannoma-perineurioma represents a cutaneous, subcutaneous or occasionally intra-osseous tumour with schwannian cytomorphology and perineurioma-like architecture consisting of a mixture of both types of cells. These tumours can develop at any age and there is no gender-predilection. Tongue is the most frequently affected site, followed by palate, mouth floor, jugal mucosa, lips and, more rarely, mandible. We present a case of hybrid tumour with schwannoma-perineurioma morphology located on the right mandibular body (intra-osseous) of a 54-year-old female patient. The tumour was symptomatic and evolving for six months. Microscopically, it was encapsulated and highly cellularised, presenting fascicular aspect and exhibiting scant mitotic activity. The tumour consisted of distinct cellular populations involving fusiform cells, cells with wavy and hyperchromatic nucleus or even epithelioid cells. Positive immunostaining for S-100 and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) was observed. The lesion was completely removed under general anaesthesia, with the patient showing no clinical or radiographic sign of relapse after two-year follow-up. Despite the limited knowledge on the pathogenesis of Hybrid Schwannoma-Perineurioma, these tumours seem to present a non-aggressive biological behaviour. Conservative surgery provides adequate solution without recurrence, even after a long-term follow-up. Key words:Nerve sheath tumours, Schwannoma, Perineurioma, Immunohistochemistry.

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BACKGROUND: Major birth defects increase the risk of fetal death and pediatric hospitalization, which also impact on healthcare costs. Sociodemographic factors can drastically affect reproductive health and be used to discriminate the exposure to hidden risk factors. Foz do Iguassu is a Brazilian city located in the triple-border region of Brazil / Paraguay / Argentina with high rates of birth defects. However no study aimed to verify factors associated with this incidence or preventive care is reported. The current work investigated the prevalence of major birth defects and its association with maternal sociodemographic factors in Foz do Iguassu. METHODS: In this population-based cross-sectional study we used data of all live births occurred in Foz do Iguassu from 2012 to 2017. The associated sociodemographic variables such as maternal age, maternal education, maternal race, country of residence, maternal parity and onset of prenatal care were analyzed. Each major birth defect was described according to absolute and relative frequencies, Kruskal-Wallis and logistic regression models were used to evaluate variables associated with selected birth defects. RESULTS: The most prevalent major birth defects were Cleft Lip and/or Palate (9.5/10,000), gastroschisis (6.93/10,000), spina bifida (5.53/10,000), hydrocephalus (5.53/10,000), hypospadias (4.55/10,000), Down syndrome (4.23/10,000), anencephaly (2.93/10,000), anorectal atresia / stenosis (1.95/10,000), undetermined sex (1.95/10,000), esophageal atresia / stenosis with or without fistula (1.63/10,000) and limb reduction defects (1.30/10,000). Maternal age was associated with gastroschisis and Down syndrome. Only maternal education up to 7 years was statistically associated with major birth defects considering all other sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSION: Cleft Lip and/or Palate and Gastroschisis prevalence were higher than those found in the literature. This findings may suggest a distinct epidemiological behavior regarding major birth defects in the region. The work opens new perspectives for birth defects risk factors in the triple-border.

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Amburana cearensis A.C. Smith is an endemic tree from Northeastern Brazil used in folk medicine as teas, decocts and syrups for the treatment of various respiratory and inflammatory diseases, since therapeutic properties have been attributed to compounds from its stem bark and seeds. Numerous pharmacological properties of semi-purified extracts and isolated compounds from A. cearensis have been described in several biological systems, ranging from antimicrobial to anti-inflammatory effects. Some of these activities are attributed to coumarins and phenolic compounds, the major compounds present in A. cearensis seed extracts. Multiple lines of research demonstrate these compounds reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and neuronal death induced by glutamate excitotoxicity, events central to most neuropathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). This review focuses on the botanical aspects, folk medicine use, biological effects and pharmacological activities of A. cearensis compounds and their potential as novel non-toxic drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

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BACKGROUND: Foz do Iguassu is a Brazilian municipality located in the most populous international border of the country and provides medical care to foreigners. Neonatal mortality in the city is higher than Brazil's average and corresponds to 61% of all deaths in children under five. The current study aimed to identify the determinants of neonatal mortality in Foz do Iguassu. METHODS: In this case-control study, we analyzed all neonatal deaths occurred in Foz do Iguassu from 2012 to 2016. Birth and mortality data were extracted from two national governmental databases (SINASC and SIM). We extracted data on (i) maternal sociodemographic characteristics, (ii) pregnancy care, and (iii) newborn characteristics. Multiple logistic regression with the conceptual framework was applied to examine the factors associated with neonatal mortality. RESULTS: Most of the deaths occurred in the early neonatal period (65.9%). The factors associated with neonatal death were fetal congenital anomaly (OR 22.49; CI 95% 7.44-67.95; p = < 0.001); low birth weight (OR 17.15; CI 95% 8.56-34.37; p = < 0.001), first minute Apgar score under 7 (OR 15.60; CI 95% 8.23-29.67; p = < 0.001); zero to 3 prenatal appointments (OR 3.34; CI 95% 1.28-8.73; p = 0.014) and prematurity (OR 3.60; CI 95% 1.87-7.11; p = < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The high rate of neonatal death in Foz do Iguassu is strongly associated with newborn characteristics and not associated with maternal sociodemographic characteristics. Thus, the health services in the Brazilian side of this international borders should be aware of the quality of the prenatal care and childbirth attention provided.

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The flavonoid apigenin, extracted from the Brazilian plant Croton betulaster Müll. has demonstrated the ability to inhibit proliferation, induce differentiation, and modify the inflammatory profile of glioma cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of apigenin on chemotaxis and regulation of inflammatory cytokines of microglia cells and these impacts on glioma cell growth. In cultures of isolated rat microglia, it was observed that apigenin induced changes in Iba1-positive cells to an ameboid phenotype, associated to an increase in the expression of the activated M1 profile marker OX-42 and iNOS and a reduction in the expression of the M2 profile marker CD206. Besides, apigenin modulated the tumor necrosis factor and IL-10 release by microglia. Treatment of C6 glioma cells with conditioned medium of microglia treated with apigenin-induced reduction of tumor migration and viability, associated with significant reduction in IL-6 levels. On the other hand, treatment of C6 cells with apigenin-induced microglia chemotaxis to glioma in vitro. Moreover, apigenin treatment of microglia/C6 co-cultures induced preferentially reduction in the viability of C6 cells and increased microglia-activated phenotype, associated with a change in the balance of TNF/IL-10 levels. Together, these results demonstrated that the flavonoid apigenin restores the immune profile of microglia against glioma cells.

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Frailty is a dynamic process in which there is a reduction in the physical, psychological and/or social function associated with aging. The aim of this study was to identify instruments for the detection of frailty in older adults, characterizing their components, application scenarios, ability to identify pre-frailty and clinimetric properties evaluated. The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), under registration number CRD42017039318. A total of 14 electronic sources were searched to identify studies that investigated instruments for the detection of frailty or that presented the construction and/or clinimetric evaluation of the instrument, according to criteria established by the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN). 96 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis: 51 instruments for the detection of frailty were identified, with predominantly physical domains; 40 were constructed and/or validated for use in the older adult community population, 28 only highlighted the distinction between frail and non-frail individuals and 23 presented three or more levels of frailty. The FRAGIRE, FRAIL Scale, Edmonton Frail Scale and IVCF-20 instruments were the most frequently analyzed in relation to clinimetric properties. It was concluded that: (I) there is a large number of instruments for measuring the same construct, which makes it difficult for researchers and clinicians to choose the most appropriate; (II) the FRAGIRE and CFAI stand out due to their multidimensional aspects, including an environmental assessment; however, (III) the need for standardization of the scales was identified, since the use of different instruments in clinical trials may prevent the comparability of the results in systematic reviews and; (IV) considering the different instruments identified in this review, the choice of researchers/clinicians should be guided by the issues related to the translation and validation for their location and the suitability for their context.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different fluoride- and calcium- and/or phosphate-containing products on their ability to prevent enamel demineralization under pH cycling conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enamel bovine specimens were assigned to the following groups: G1-MPP (MI Paste Plus, 0.2% NaF, Recaldent™, GC Corporation Tokyo, Japan); G2-FD (Crest™ Cavity Protection, 0.243% NaF, Procter & Gamble, USA); G3-CLP (Clinpro™ 5000, 1.1% NaF, 3M ESPE, USA); and G4-CO (Control without fluoride, Silica-based dentifrice; Daudt Ltda, Brazil). The specimens were soaked in demineralizing solution for 6 h and remineralizing solution for 18 h alternatively for 10 days. The toothpaste was prepared with deionized water in a 1:3 ratio (w/v) for three minutes daily. The solutions were renewed every 48 h. After cycling, enamel changes were analysed by percentage change of SMH (%SMH) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The %SMH value observed for G3-CLP (2.9 ± 39.2) was higher than that found in G4-CO (-13.0 ± 20.7), G1-MPP (-8.9 ± 20.9) and G2-FD (-3.9 ± 27.1). The %SMH was similar for all treatment groups (one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD; p < .05). The pH, Ca2+ and Ptotal in the remineralization solutions were not different among all groups (Kruskal-Wallis; p < .05). At 24 h, the Ca2+ concentration in the demineralization solution was significantly lower in G1-MPP. Ca2+ concentration increased in all groups after 48 h, except for G3-CLP. The EDX quantitative analysis showed that the atomic % of elements is lower level at G4-CO. CONCLUSIONS: The Clinpro™ 5000 demonstrated having the most protective effect against demineralization; however, the % SMH was similar for all groups.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A.C.Sm. is a medicinal plant of the Brazilian Caatinga reported to present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the extracts obtained from the seeds of A. cearensis in primary cultures of cerebellar cells subjected to excitotoxicity induced by glutamate and brain mitochondria submitted to oxidative stress. MATERIALS: and methods: Primary cultures of cerebellar cells were treated with the ethanol (ETAC), hexane (EHAC), dichloromethane (EDAC) and ethyl acetate (EAAC) extracts of the seeds of A.cearensis and subjected to excitotoxicity induced by glutamate (10µM). Mitochondria isolated from rat brains were submitted to oxidative stress and treated with ETAC. RESULTS: Only the EHAC extract reduced cell viability by 30% after 72h of treatment. Morphological analyses by Immunofluorescence showed positive staining for glutamine synthetase, ß-III tubulin, GFAP and IBA1 similar to control cultures, indicating a better preservation of astrocytes, neurons and microglia, after excitotoxic damage induced by glutamate in cerebellar cultures treated with the extracts. The ETAC extract also protected mitochondria isolated from rat brains from oxidative stress, reducing the swelling, dissipation of the membrane potential, ROS production and calcium influx. CONCLUSION: Thus, this study suggests that the seed extracts from A. Cearensis exhibit neuroprotective potential against oxidative stress and excitotoxicity induced by glutamate and can be considered a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

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ABSTRACT Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Sm., Fabaceae, has been widely studied for its medicinal activities. Many neurodegenerative disorders are caused by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity induced by glutamate and ultimately cell death. This study describes the chemical profile of the ethanolic, hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate extracts obtained from seeds of A. cearensis. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical profile of extracts obtained from seeds of A. cearensis, as well as their cytotoxicity and neuroprotective effects in cultures of neural PC12 cells. Metabolite profile was performed by GC–MS. PC12 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of the extracts (0.01–2000 µg/ml) and the cell viability was analyzed after 24 and 72 h using an MTT test. For the excitotoxicity assay, PC12 cells were pre-treated with glutamate (1 mM) for 6 h and treated with increasing concentrations (0.1–1000 µg/ml) of the extracts. The chromatographic analysis of the extracts detected various compounds with antioxidant properties, with the majority of peaks corresponding to the isoflavone coumarin. Only the hexane extract showed toxicity after 72 h exposure at the highest concentration (1000 µg/ml). By contrast, all extracts increased the cellular viability of PC12 cells against the toxicity caused by glutamate. Therefore, the extracts from the seeds of A. cearensis showed no toxicity and have neuroprotective potential against neuronal damage induced by glutamate, which may be related to their antioxidant properties.

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This study aimed to investigate the antitumor and immunomodulatory properties of the flavonoid apigenin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone), which was extracted from Croton betulaster Mull, in glioma cell culture using the high-proliferative rat C6 glioma cell line as a model. Apigenin was found to have the ability to reduce the viability and proliferation of C6 cells in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 22.8 µmol/l, 40 times lower than that of temozolomide (1000 µmol/l), after 72 h of apigenin treatment. Even after C6 cells were treated with apigenin for 48 h, high proportions of C6 cells entered apoptosis (39.56%) and autophagy (22%) as shown by flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide and acridine orange staining, respectively. In addition, the flavonoid apigenin induced cell accumulation in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and inhibited glioma cell migration efficiently. Moreover, apigenin induced astroglial differentiation and morphological changes in C6 cells, characterized by increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and decreased expression of nestin protein, a typical marker of neuronal precursors. The immunomodulating effects of apigenin were also characterized by a change in the inflammatory profile as evidenced by a significant decrease in interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor production and increased nitric oxide levels. Because apigenin can induce differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy, can alter the profile of cytokines involved in regulating the immune response, and can reduce the survival, growth, proliferation, and migration of C6 cells, this flavonoid may be considered a potential antitumor drug for the adjuvant treatment of malignant gliomas.

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Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa; Sarcocystidae) is a protozoan that causes abortion in cattle, horses, sheep, and dogs as well as neurological and dermatological diseases in dogs. In the central nervous system of dogs infected with N. caninum, cysts were detected that exhibited gliosis and meningitis. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that exhibit antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antiviral properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of flavonoids in a well-established in vitro model of N. caninum infection in glial cell cultures. Glial cells were treated individually with 10 different flavonoids, and a subset of cultures was also infected with the NC-1 strain of N. caninum. All of the flavonoids tested induced an increase in the metabolism of glial cells and many of them increased nitrite levels in cultures infected with NC-1 compared to controls and uninfected cultures. Among the flavonoids tested, 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone, 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone (luteolin), and 3,3',4',5,6-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin), also inhibited parasitophorous vacuole formation. Taken together, our findings show that flavonoids modulate glial cell responses, increase NO secretion, and interfere with N. caninum infection and proliferation.

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The use of triple therapy for hepatitis C not only increases the rate of sustained virological responses compared with the use of only interferon and ribavirin (RBV) but also leads to an increased number of side effects. The subject of this study was a 53-year-old male who was cirrhotic with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 A and was a previous null non-responder. We initially attempted retreatment with boceprevir (BOC), Peg-interferon and RBV, and a decrease in viral load was observed in the 8(th) week. In week 12, he presented with disorientation, flapping, fever, tachypnea, arterial hypotension and tachycardia. He also exhibited leucopenia with neutropenia. Cefepime and filgrastim were initiated, and treatment for hepatitis C was suspended. A myelogram revealed hypoplasia, cytotoxicity and maturational retardation. After 48 h, he developed bilateral inguinal erythema that evolved throughout the perineal area to the root of the thighs, with exulcerations and an outflow of seropurulent secretions. Because we hypothesized that he was suffering from Fournier's Syndrome, treatment was replaced with the antibiotics imipenem, linezolid and clindamycin. After this new treatment paradigm was initiated, his lesions regressed without requiring surgical debridement. Triple therapy requires knowledge regarding the management of adverse effects and drug interactions; it also requires an understanding of the importance of respecting the guidelines for the withdrawal of treatment. In this case report, we observed an adverse event that had not been previously reported in the literature with the use of BOC.

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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common neoplasm of the oral cavity. It is aggressive, highly proliferative, and metastatic. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of LLLT and imiquimod on DMBA chemically induced lesions on the oral mucosa of hamsters. SCCs were induced on 25 hamsters. Animals of G1 (control 1) were killed and the presence of tumors confirmed; G2 (control 2) suffered no interventions for additional 4 weeks; animals of G3 (laser treatment) were irradiated (λ660 nm, 50 mW, CW, Ø=3 mm, 0.07 cm(2), 714.2 mW/cm(2), 133 s, 95 J/cm(2), 6.65 J) at every other day for 4 weeks; animals of G4 (imiquimod treatment) received 5 % imiquimod three times a week for 4 weeks; and animals of G5 (imiquimod and laser treatment) received both treatments for the same period. Samples were taken and underwent histological analysis by light microscopy and were investigated using immunohistochemistry for S-100(+) dendritic cells. In G1, G2, and G3, the evaluations showed malignant tumors and the absence of S-100(+) dendritic cells in the tumor stroma. In G4, 60 % of the animals had no malignant tumors, and S-100(+) dendritic cells were present in the stroma of the tumors as well as dysplasia. In G5, 40 % of the animals presented SCC, with scarce or no S-100(+) dendritic cells. The imiquimod treatment played a direct effect on SCC, demonstrated by the increased number of S-100(+) dendritic cells, which could suggest an important role of immune surveillance against neoplastic proliferation. Furthermore, its association with laser needs to be further investigated.

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OBJECTIVE: Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs) are dendritic cells found in lymphoid follicles, reactive follicles and in lymphomas. The goal of this study was to evaluate the presence and distribution of FDCs and IDCs in oral lymphomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry reactions were applied to 50 oral lymphomas using the antibodies anti-CD21, anti-CD35 and anti-caldesmon to FDCs, and anti-S100 protein to IDCs. Caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs were quantified in Imagelab software. RESULTS: FDCs revealed by CD21 and CD35 were positively stained in two cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, one MALT lymphoma, and in one case of mantle cell lymphoma. FDCs were immunopositive to caldesmon in all cases, as well as IDCs to S100 protein. Burkitt lymphoma presented a lower amount of caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type. CONCLUSIONS: The microenvironment determined by neoplastic lymphoid cells in oral lymphomas is responsible by the development and expression of dendritic cells types.

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Regional odontodysplasia (RO), also known as ghost teeth, is an unusual nonhereditary developmental anomaly of tooth formation that characteristically affects enamel and dentin formation of the primary and/or permanent dentition. In the present paper, we report a case of RO affecting a 7-year-old boy, with 9 years of follow-up. During this time, progressive development of dental tissue was observed, including complete root formation. However, delayed dental eruption was evident. In view of these findings, we discuss the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of RO.

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