RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Parasitic infestations are known to elicit T-helper lymphocyte type 2 (Th-2) reactions, characterized by a pronounced eosinophila and high IgE levels. In humans both elevated specific IgE levels and eosinophil counts are associated with resistance to reinfection with schistosomiasis. This study aimed to establish whether the Th-2 reaction could be enhanced with calcitriol (vitamin D3). Calcitriol has been shown to cause a shift from Th-1 to Th-2 type reactions when applied locally to the skin. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with Schistostoma haematobium infection were randomized to one of four treatment modalities, i.e. (a) praziquantel (PZQ) 60 mg.kg-1 orally on day 1, (b) PZQ 60 mg.kg-1 on day 1 plus calcitriol 1 microgram per day orally for 5 consecutive days, (c) calcitriol 1 microgram per day for 5 consecutive days or (d) placebo. Blood for differential counts, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), specific IgE and IgG to whole-worm antigen, as well as urine samples for egg counts, were collected on days 0 and 21. RESULTS: Baseline values did not differ significantly between the groups. Calcitriol alone resulted in significant increases in circulating lymphocytes (median increase of 5.5%) and the percentage of eosinophil vacuolization (mean increase 28%). It, however, significantly decreased ECP levels (mean decrease 46%). PZQ in combination with calcitriol significantly enhanced production of specific IgE (mean increase 213%) and IgG (mean increase of 170%) and tended to increase eosinophil vacuolization (mean increase 22%). All these changes also differed significantly from those in the placebo group. The specific IgE and IgG levels were also significantly higher than the already increased levels seen with PZQ treatment only. ECP levels were, however, not significantly affected by combination therapy, whereas PZQ alone significantly enhanced ECP production (mean increase 93%). CONCLUSIONS: The increases in specific IgE responses and percentage of eosinophil vacuolization favour a Th-2 type of reaction. The ECP values viewed in isolation may, paradoxically, indicate a Th-1 response; this could, however, have been an artefact due to the method of ECP detection ex vivo. Finally, it would seem that calcitriol does cause some immune augmentation when combined with PZQ therapy in patients with schistosomiasis. However, long-term follow-up is needed to prove that these findings would translate into resistance against re-infection.
Asunto(s)
Calcitriol/farmacología , Eosinófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Ribonucleasas , Esquistosomiasis Urinaria/inmunología , Adolescente , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Calcitriol/administración & dosificación , Calcitriol/uso terapéutico , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Proteínas en los Gránulos del Eosinófilo , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Recuento de Leucocitos , Recuento de Linfocitos , Masculino , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Praziquantel/uso terapéutico , Esquistosomiasis Urinaria/sangre , Esquistosomiasis Urinaria/orina , Esquistosomicidas/administración & dosificación , Esquistosomicidas/uso terapéutico , Método Simple CiegoRESUMEN
The effects of a single oral dose of alprazolam (1 mg), quazepam (15 mg) and diazepam (10 mg) on the peak saccadic velocity (PSV) of saccadic eye movements (SEM), the Sternberg memory scanning and choice reaction time (SMS-CRT), critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF), spectral analysis of the EEG and a mood scale were assessed in 9 healthy volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Alprazolam revealed greater sedative effects than diazepam in the above-mentioned tests. Quazepam had the least sedative effect of the 3 drugs tested, showed a time lag at the onset of its effects and a more prolonged effect on psychomotor impairment than reported previously.
Asunto(s)
Alprazolam/farmacología , Ansiolíticos/farmacología , Benzodiazepinas/farmacología , Diazepam/farmacología , Electroencefalografía/efectos de los fármacos , Desempeño Psicomotor/efectos de los fármacos , Movimientos Sacádicos/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Oral , Adulto , Afecto/efectos de los fármacos , Fusión de Flicker/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Twenty-four unfit volunteers and twenty-three superfit athletes were subjected to a progressive intensity treadmill exercise to total exhaustion in order to study the plasma met-enkephalin response to exercise. Blood samples were collected before and 5 min post-exercise. The basal met-enkephalin levels were significantly higher in the superfit individuals (180 fmol.ml-1) than in the unfit individuals (126 fmol.ml-1). Post-exercise the increase from basal levels of plasma met-enkephalin was significantly higher in the superfit athletes (180-278 fmol.ml-1) than in the unfit individuals (126-157 fmol.ml-1). The magnitude of the met-enkephalin responses to exercise therefore appears to be dependent on the amount of work performed and the degree of previous physical training. Peripherally circulating opioid peptides may, therefore, possibly play a role in the body's adaptation to exercise training.