RESUMEN
Las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) son uno de los problemas de salud pública más frecuentes y universales. Debido a que las ITS son responsables de una alta morbilidad, así como de secuelas graves, es muy importante que todos los profesionales de la salud las tengan en cuenta en el momento de valorar al paciente. La dificultad en el control de las ITS se debe principalmente al retraso diagnóstico. Las pruebas diagnósticas permiten realizar un manejo etiológico, así como facilitar un tratamiento más efectivo tanto de los pacientes sintomáticos como de los asintomáticos, y finalmente permitirán interrumpir de una forma más precoz la cadena epidemiológica de transmisión. En la presente revisión se ha llevado a cabo una actualización acerca de los principales métodos diagnósticos existentes en las ITS más relevantes
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the most frequent and universal Public Health problems. Health professionals should be aware of the possibility of STIs due to their high morbidity and the presence of sequelae. The delay in the diagnosis is one of the factors that justifies the difficulty to infections control. Diagnostic tests allow the introduction of aetiological treatment and also lead to treating symptomatic and asymptomatic patients more effectively, as well as to interrupt the epidemiological transmission chain without delay. In this review we have made an update of the main existing diagnostic methods for the more important STIs
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Humanos , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Pruebas en el Punto de Atención/normas , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Microscopía , Treponema pallidum/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Gonorrea/diagnóstico , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada/métodos , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción/métodosRESUMEN
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the most frequent and universal Public Health problems. Health professionals should be aware of the possibility of STIs due to their high morbidity and the presence of sequelae. The delay in the diagnosis is one of the factors that justifies the difficulty to infections control. Diagnostic tests allow the introduction of aetiological treatment and also lead to treating symptomatic and asymptomatic patients more effectively, as well as to interrupt the epidemiological transmission chain without delay. In this review we have made an update of the main existing diagnostic methods for the more important STIs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual , Pruebas Diagnósticas de Rutina , Humanos , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/diagnósticoRESUMEN
The aging of the population underlines an important challenge for the health system not only from sanitary and economic reasons but also by quality perspectives concerning preventive care, where precision nutrition (PN) and the prescription or advice on healthy habits becomes relevant. PN focuses on provide nutrition adapted to each individual, understanding that the prevention or treatment of chronic disorders (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.) must be addressed in a comprehensive way, considering not only relevant personal and clinical information, but also healthy aging and phenotypical and genotypical features. This guide was prepared due to the need to develop precision nutritional models that allow individualized nutritional treatment for each subject and physiopathological particularities with emphasis on the elderly. Therefore, the requirements of the Spanish pre-senior and senior populations, dietary recommendations and precision foods are reviewed in this document: have at least three daily meals, reduce total calories, choose a varied and balanced diet with fresh foods and high nutritional density, add vegetables, legumes and fish, consume dairy products and fiber, prefer white meat instead of red, avoid fried foods, sausages and processed foods, moderate the consumption of salt, coffee and alcohol, and get hydrated.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Crónica/terapia , Política Nutricional , Necesidades Nutricionales , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Humanos , Medicina de PrecisiónRESUMEN
El envejecimiento de la población supone un importante reto, económico y cualitativo, para el sistema de salud orientándolo hacia una atención de tipo preventivo, en la que la nutrición de precisión (NP) y la prescripción de hábitos saludables adquieren relevancia capital. El fin de la NP es procurar una nutrición adaptada a cada individuo, entendiendo que la prevención o el tratamiento de trastornos crónicos (obesidad, diabetes, enfermedad cardiovascular, etc.) deben abordarse de un modo integral, considerando información personal y clínica relevante, edad y características feno- y genotípicas. La elaboración de la presente guía surge de la necesidad de desarrollar modelos nutricionales de precisión que permitan la individualización del tratamiento nutricional, con énfasis en el adulto mayor. Las necesidades nutricionales, las recomendaciones dietéticas y los ingredientes para una NP en las personas pre-sénior y sénior quedan resumidas en realizar al menos 3 comidas diarias, reducir las calorías totales, optar por una alimentación variada y equilibrada con alimentos frescos y de alta densidad nutricional, incorporar verduras, legumbres y pescado, consumir productos lácteos y fibra, preferir carnes blancas en lugar de rojas, evitar frituras, embutidos y alimentos procesados, moderar el consumo de sal, café y alcohol, e hidratarse adecuadamente
The aging of the population underlines an important challenge for the health system not only from sanitary and economic reasons but also by quality perspectives concerning preventive care, where precision nutrition (PN) and the prescription or advice on healthy habits becomes relevant. PN focuses on provide nutrition adapted to each individual, understanding that the prevention or treatment of chronic disorders (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.) must be addressed in a comprehensive way, considering not only relevant personal and clinical information, but also healthy aging and phenotypical and genotypical features. This guide was prepared due to the need to develop precision nutritional models that allow individualized nutritional treatment for each subject and physiopathological particularities with emphasis on the elderly. Therefore, the requirements of the Spanish pre-senior and senior populations, dietary recommendations and precision foods are reviewed in this document: have at least three daily meals, reduce total calories, choose a varied and balanced diet with fresh foods and high nutritional density, add vegetables, legumes and fish, consume dairy products and fiber, prefer white meat instead of red, avoid fried foods, sausages and processed foods, moderate the consumption of salt, coffee and alcohol, and get hydrated
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Anciano , Medicina de Precisión/métodos , Terapia Nutricional/métodos , Enfermedad Crónica/terapia , Trastornos Nutricionales/dietoterapia , Modelación Específica para el Paciente , Afecciones Crónicas Múltiples/terapia , Estado Nutricional , Nutricion del AncianoRESUMEN
Understanding individuals' response to dietary bioactives is crucial for personalized nutrition. We report here for the first time in a Caucasian cohort (5-90 years, n = 839) that aging is the main factor that determines the gut microbiota involved in the ellagic acid-ellagitannin metabolism (urolithin metabotypes), with potential consequences for human health.
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Envejecimiento/fisiología , Cumarinas/metabolismo , Cumarinas/orina , Ácido Elágico/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Dieta , Femenino , Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Ovine interferon tau (IFN-τ) is a unique type I interferon with low toxicity and a broad host range in vivo. We report the generation of a nonreplicative recombinant adenovirus expressing biologically active IFN-τ. Using the B6.A2G-Mx1 mouse model, we showed that single-dose intranasal administration of recombinant Ad5-IFN-τ can effectively prevent lethality and disease induced by highly virulent hv-PR8 influenza virus by activating the interferon response and preventing viral replication.
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Adenoviridae/genética , Vectores Genéticos , Interferón Tipo I/biosíntesis , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/prevención & control , Orthomyxoviridae/inmunología , Proteínas Gestacionales/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Terapia Genética/métodos , Interferón Tipo I/genética , Ratones , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/inmunología , Proteínas Gestacionales/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Análisis de Supervivencia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The anticarcinogenic activity of synthetic 1-O-octadecyl-2,3-dibutyroilglycerol (D-SCAKG) in tumor-cell line of colonocytes (SW620) was performed. The effect of the previously digested D-SCAKG under in vitro intestinal conditions was compared to the bioactivity of non-digested D-SCAKG. Antiproliferative activity of each individual product from digestion (1-O-octadecyl-2-butyroilglycerol; 1-O-octadecyl glycerol; butyric acid) was also performed. The impact of solubilization of lipid products within micellar structures was also tested. The 1-O-octadecyl glycerol was the most active compound, followed by 1-O-octadecyl-2-butyroilglycerol, D-SCAKG and butyric acid. The 1-O-octadecyl glycerol and butyric acid were the only molecules that showed antiproliferative effect in absence of micelles. Digested D-SCAKG was 4-fold more effective than non-digested D-SCAKG. A synergism between 1-O-octadecyl-2-butyroilglycerol and 1-O-octadecyl glycerol was evidenced. As summary, the synthetic D-SCAKG seems to be an interesting antitumoral lipid against colonocytes, especially after previous intestinal digestion, and mainly due to the synergism of the major products, namely 1-O-octadecyl-2-butyroilglycerol and 1-O-octadecyl glycerol. At the same time, 1-O-octadecyl-2-butyroilglycerol would constitute a stable esterified form of butyric acid for its vehiculization.
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Anticarcinógenos/química , Anticarcinógenos/farmacología , Ácido Butírico/química , Ácido Butírico/farmacología , Neoplasias del Colon/tratamiento farmacológico , Glicerol/química , Glicerol/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , HumanosRESUMEN
We have analyzed the response of primary cultures derived from tumor specimens of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to choline kinase α (ChoKα) inhibitors. ChoKα inhibitors have been demonstrated to increase ceramides levels specifically in tumor cells, and this increase has been suggested as the mechanism that explain its proapoptotic effect in cancer cells. Here, we have investigated the molecular mechanism associated to the intrinsic resistance, and found that other enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, acid ceramidase (ASAH1), is specifically upregulated in resistant tumors. NSCLC cells with acquired resistance to ChoKα inhibitors also display increased levels of ASAH1. Accordingly, ASAH1 inhibition synergistically sensitizes lung cancer cells to the antiproliferative effect of ChoKα inhibitors. Thus, the determination of the levels of ASAH1 predicts sensitivity to targeted therapy based on ChoKα specific inhibition and represents a model for combinatorial treatments of ChoKα inhibitors and ASAH1 inhibitors. Considering that ChoKα inhibitors have been recently approved to enter Phase I clinical trials by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), these findings are anticipating critical information to improve the clinical outcome of this family of novel anticancer drugs under development.
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Ceramidasa Ácida/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/enzimología , Colina Quinasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/enzimología , Ceramidasa Ácida/genética , Ceramidasa Ácida/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Butanos/farmacología , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colina Quinasa/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Endocannabinoides , Etanolaminas/farmacología , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Miristatos/farmacología , Ácidos Oléicos , Propanolaminas/farmacología , Compuestos de Piridinio/farmacología , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
Recent evidence shows increased and decreased expression of Ezh2 in cancer, suggesting a dual role as an oncogene or tumour suppressor. To investigate the mechanism by which Ezh2-mediated H3K27 methylation leads to cancer, we generated conditional Ezh2 knock-in (Ezh2-KI) mice. Here we show that induced Ezh2 haematopoietic expression increases the number and proliferation of repopulating haematopoietic stem cells. Ezh2-KI mice develop myeloproliferative disorder, featuring excessive myeloid expansion in bone marrow and spleen, leukocytosis and splenomegaly. Competitive and serial transplantations demonstrate progressive myeloid commitment of Ezh2-KI haematopoietic stem cells. Transplanted self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells from Ezh2-KI mice induce myeloproliferative disorder, suggesting that the Ezh2 gain-of-function arises in the haematopoietic stem cell pool, and not at later stages of myelopoiesis. At the molecular level, Ezh2 regulates haematopoietic stem cell-specific genes such as Evi-1 and Ntrk3, aberrantly found in haematologic malignancies. These results demonstrate a stem cell-specific Ezh2 oncogenic role in myeloid disorders, and suggest possible therapeutic applications in Ezh2-related haematological malignancies.
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Proteínas de Unión al ADN/biosíntesis , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/citología , Factores de Transcripción/biosíntesis , Animales , Proliferación Celular , Separación Celular , Trasplante de Células , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2 , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/metabolismo , Histonas/genética , Sistema Inmunológico , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Genéticos , Trastornos Mieloproliferativos/genética , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 2 , Factores de Tiempo , TransgenesRESUMEN
Bladder cancer is one of the most common causes of death in industrialized countries. New tumor markers and therapeutic approaches are still needed to improve the management of bladder cancer patients. Choline kinase-alpha (ChoKalpha) is a metabolic enzyme that has a role in cell proliferation and transformation. Inhibitors of ChoKalpha show antitumoral activity and are expected to be introduced soon in clinical trials. This study aims to assess whether ChoKalpha plays a role in the aggressiveness of bladder tumors and constitutes a new approach for bladder cancer treatment. We show here that ChoKalpha is constitutively altered in human bladder tumor cells. Furthermore, in vivo murine models, including an orthotopic model to mimic as much as possible the physiological conditions, revealed that increased levels of ChoKalpha potentiate both tumor formation (P< or =0.0001) and aggressiveness of the disease on different end points (P=0.011). Accordingly, increased levels of ChoKalpha significantly reduce survival of mice with bladder cancer (P=0.05). Finally, treatment with a ChoKalpha-specific inhibitor resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth (P=0.02) and in a relevant increase in survival (P=0.03).
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Colina Quinasa/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Activación Enzimática , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Ratones , Invasividad Neoplásica , Tasa de SupervivenciaAsunto(s)
Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapéutico , Hospitales Generales , Accidente Cerebrovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Terapia Trombolítica , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno/uso terapéutico , Daño Encefálico Crónico/prevención & control , Humanos , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéutico , España , Accidente Cerebrovascular/complicaciones , Accidente Cerebrovascular/epidemiología , Terapia Trombolítica/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To obtain objective information about the effects of different amounts and directions of superior oblique muscle (SO) recession, on its three force components: torsional (incyclotorsion), vertical (depression), and horizontal (abduction). METHODS: A well known Biomechanical Model of Ocular Motility (Orbit 1.8 Gaze Mechanics Simulation), was used to simulate different amounts of recession of the superior oblique muscle, along three different and commonly used axes of recession: a) along its anatomical path (the hypothetical line uniting the trochlea and the scleral insertion of the SO); b) anteroposteriorly on the nasal side of the superior rectus muscle (recession with posterior transposition); and c) straightforward nasal transposition around the globe. Changes in its force fraction components (torsional, vertical and horizontal) were obtained from the "Mechanical State Viewer" of Orbit, for each amount of recession in three gaze positions: in and down (infra-adduction), downgaze, and out and down (infra-abduction). Several graphics were created with these data for comparison of results. RESULTS: Any one of the axes of simulated recession of the SO proved to be effective in changing the main actions of the muscle in the gaze positions that were analyzed. The effects upon any one of the oblique muscle force components, were typical for any type of recession, as would be expected from its relationships to the three axes of rotation of the globe. Significant differences were noted among procedures when progressivity of effects, according to the amount of the simulated recession, was analyzed. Qualitative changes in one or more of the force components of the SO were also found with some procedures and amounts of recession, thus confirming some complications reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: A separate analysis of the effects of surgery upon any one of the three force components of the SO can best be obtained with the help of biomechanical models of ocular motility as the one herein tested. Such an analysis may help dilucidate the most convenient point of recession of the SO, when seeking for a specific effect (torsional, vertical or horizontal) along with a minimization of the effects upon the rest of them.
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Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Estrabismo/cirugía , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Movimientos Oculares , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Estrabismo/fisiopatología , Visión Binocular/fisiologíaAsunto(s)
Diplopía/etiología , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Lectura , Estrabismo/cirugía , Trastornos de la Visión/etiología , Diplopía/cirugía , Movimientos Oculares , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Técnicas de Sutura , Trastornos de la Visión/cirugía , Visión Binocular , Campos VisualesRESUMEN
An increasing amount of evidence suggests that elevated PCho levels are related to the transforming properties of the H-Ras oncoprotein. Based on these observations, we have designed an antitumor strategy using choline kinase, the enzyme responsible of PCho production, as a novel target for drug discovery. However, little relationship between this lipid-related pathway and the other two Ras members, N- and K-ras, has been established. Since N- and K-ras are the most frequently mutated ras genes in human tumors, we have analyzed the PC-PLD/ChoK pathway and the sensitivity to ChoK inhibition of all three ras-transformed cells. Here we demonstrate that transformation by the three Ras oncoproteins results in increased levels of PCho to a similar extent, resulting from a similar constitutive increase of ChoK activity. As well, sensitivity to choline kinase inhibitors as antiproliferative drugs is similar in cell lines transformed by each of the three ras oncogenes, being in all cases higher than parental, nontransformed cells. In addition, H, K and N-ras-induced alterations in PC metabolism is discussed. These results indicate that ChoK can be used as a general target for anticancer drug design against Ras-dependent tumorigenesis.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , Colina Quinasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Genes ras , Células 3T3 , Animales , Colina/metabolismo , Diseño de Fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Ratones , Fosfolipasa D/análisisRESUMEN
A dynamic equilibrium or is responsible for the proper function of a living organism. Physiological events regulating proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and cell arrest, modulates the correct homeostasis and functionality of all tissues. Cancer is a consequence of a disorder in these sequential events, which results in the alteration of the ratio between cell death, cell differentiation and cell proliferation that ultimately leads to an increase in the number of dysregulated cells. Most of the processes which control the are regulated by signalling pathways, whose components are currently being explored as potential targets for the design of antitumoral drugs. Many in vivo studies have shown that Ras and Rho proteins are key modulators of mitogenic signalling, and are involved in the carcinogenesis of several human tumors. The development of recent drugs that elicit antitumoral activity by blocking some of the Ras and/or Rho effects, is discussed in this review.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Activadores de GTP Fosfohidrolasa/metabolismo , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Activadoras de ras GTPasa/metabolismo , Animales , Diseño de Fármacos , Activadores de GTP Fosfohidrolasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Humanos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteínas Activadoras de ras GTPasa/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of postoperative persistent or recurrent, true or pseudo, superior oblique muscle overaction (SOOA) following treatment of A-pattern strabismus by a selective surgical approach; and to seek its cause. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the records of 104 consecutive patients with A-pattern strabismus and SOOA treated, with 4 different superior oblique (SO) weakening procedures, selected according to the amount of preoperative anisotropia (in order, smallest to largest): posterior (partial) tenectomy, scleral disinsertion, tenectomy at the insertion and recession with posterior transposition. After exclusions for cause, there were 93 patients who received the same procedure in both eyes. The mean preoperative A anisotropia was 18.30delta+/-8.05delta (range 8delta to 50delta). The mean preoperative SOOA was +2.06 (range +1 to +4). RESULTS: The mean correction obtained by surgery was 16.20delta+/-8.7delta (88.5% of the preoperative deviation). The mean reduction of SOOA was -1.89 (-91. 7% of the preoperative SOOA, range -75.8% to - 103.1%). During postoperative followup, a pattern of persistence of downshoot in the infra-adducted position of gaze (true/pseudo SOOA) was found in 37. 6% of the cases (28% following tenectomy, 30.7% after recession, 40. 4% after posterior tenectomy and 62.5% after disinsertion). A complication, Superior Oblique Inclusion Syndrome was discovered in two cases. CONCLUSIONS: Persistence or recurrence of postoperative downshoot in the infra-adducted position is a common finding following any of the SO weakening procedures analyzed in this study. Its occurrence does not seem to be related either to the amount of preoperative SOOA and/or A anisotropia, nor to the amount of A anisotropia correction obtained. Relatively uncontrolled procedures, such as disinsertion, showed the highest incidence of this sequel of surgery.
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Trastornos de la Motilidad Ocular/etiología , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Estrabismo/cirugía , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos de la Motilidad Ocular/epidemiología , Recurrencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Síndrome , Tendones/cirugíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of a computer assisted model of ocular motility, to reproduce this syndrome using known ocular anatomic biomechanical muscular parameters, and to hypothesize pathogenetic mechanisms deduced from clinical and laboratory experiences. METHODS: The manipulation of anatomic, elastic, contractile and innervational parameters available in the computer software program Orbit 1.6, were used to model: a) anatomic ocular and orbital parameters found in the 12 months old infant; b) static (biomechanical) changes measured intraoperatively in the extraocular muscles (medial and lateral rectus muscles) of infantile esotropes; and c) dynamic components of the horizontal deviation, including crossed fixation and bilateral limitation of abduction. Bilateral medial rectus recession surgery was also simulated on the completed model by moving backwards the insertions of both medial rectus muscles. RESULTS: Small, fairly comitant, esotropic deviation were simulated using real data of the mechanical status of medial and lateral rectus muscles collected intraoperatively (length-tension measurements). The more typical large esotropic deviations with bilateral limitation of abduction of the congenital/infantile esotropia syndrome were only obtained when subtle modifications of the medial and lateral rectus muscles' thresholds to innervation were added to the anatomical-mechanical model. An orthotropic primary position binocular alignment with full rotations was obtained in this model following standard bilateral medial rectus recessions, showing surgical dose/response figures close to those usually found in the treatment of real cases of congenital/infantile esotropia. CONCLUSIONS: This biomechanical computer-assisted model may provide a very useful tool not only to test new or different surgical procedures and dosages but also to explore different pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Simulación por Computador , Esotropía/congénito , Esotropía/cirugía , Modelos Biológicos , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Adulto , Esotropía/patología , Movimientos Oculares , Humanos , Lactante , Contracción Muscular , Músculos Oculomotores/inervación , Músculos Oculomotores/patología , Órbita/patología , Visión BinocularAsunto(s)
Red Nerviosa/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Sinapsis/fisiología , Transmisión Sináptica/fisiología , Potenciales de Acción/fisiología , Animales , Aves , Encéfalo/fisiología , Técnicas Histológicas , Humanos , Uniones Intercelulares/fisiología , Interneuronas/fisiología , Microscopía Electrónica , Conducción Nerviosa , Unión Neuromuscular/fisiología , Neurotransmisores/fisiología , Ranidae , Médula Espinal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To find the prevalence of markers of rubeola, Toxoplasma, lues, HIV and hepatitis A, B and C viruses in the pregnant women of a health district; and these markers' correlations with epidemiological and socio-demographic antecedents. PATIENTS: 129 pregnant women from the 5.3 Health District in Asturias with birth predicted for between August 1994 and October 1995. A descriptive study of epidemiological, socio-demographic and serological data; statistical calculation with RSigma. RESULTS: 109 pregnant women (84.5%) were assessed, average age 28.6, including 9 abortions with path. analysis in the first three months. HIV was tested in 15 cases, all negative. Toxoplasma was positive in 46 cases, with no association with other variables. Rubeola was negative in 6 cases, all > 25 years old, with overall vaccination coverage of 42.2% and 64.7% for < 26-year-olds. One case of lues was found. The HC test was negative in all the pregnant women, with 4% of HBsAg+, related to being gypsy and to AF of hepatopathy. HA IgG was positive in 52 cases (52%) and more common among gypsies vs. the rest. In the latter group there was increasing prevalence according to age. CONCLUSIONS: 1) HIV screening is not common. 2) There is a high percentage of pregnant women with no immunity to Toxoplasma. 3) Low rubeola vaccination coverage among women under 26 was found. 4) There is a higher percentage of HBsAg+ cases in comparison with other areas, but not with the HC virus. 5) A high percentage of cases had no previous contact with the HA virus.