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OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: To assess the outcomes of infrainguinal bypass performed for acute limb ischaemia, as well as the predictors of patency, mortality, and amputation. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass between 1998 and 2014. The cohort was stratified according to the indication for surgery into two groups: group A (acute limb ischaemia) and group B (chronic lower extremity ischaemia). Comparative analysis was performed on comorbidities, surgical technique, and outcomes, as well as prognostic factors in group A. RESULTS: In total, 702 bypasses were performed (group A, n = 107; group B, n = 595). Differences between groups were detected in age (65.9 vs. 70.9 years; p = .03), diabetes (16% vs. 49%; p < .01), renal insufficiency (6% vs. 13%; p = .05), stroke (7% vs. 14%; p = .04), and coronary artery disease (13% vs. 28%; p < .01). Patients with acute limb ischaemia more often required general anaesthesia (47% vs. 12%; p < .01) and a short bypass was more often performed (32% vs. 7%; p < .01). Median follow up was 23 and 24 months for groups A and B, respectively. No differences were found in patency rates at 1, 12, and 24 months between groups, but group B had a higher re-intervention rate during follow up. Primary patency in group A was 84%, 63%, and 58%, and in group B it was 88%, 62%, and 53% at 1, 12, and 24 months, respectively (p = .77). Assisted primary patency in group A was 85%, 72%, and 67%, and in group B it was 90%, 74%, and 66% at 1, 12, and 24 months, respectively (p = .61). Secondary patency in group A was 90%, 78%, and 75%, and in group B it was 94%, 80%, and 74% at 1, 12, and 24 months, respectively (p = .80). The freedom from re-intervention rate in group A was 91%, 74%, and 68%, and in group B it was 92%, 76%, and 71%, respectively (p = .04). Acute limb ischaemia was an independent risk factor for amputation (odds ratio [OR] 4.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74-14.09; p < .01) and mortality (OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.53-11.14; p = .01) at 30 days. In group A, female sex, prosthetic conduit, and need of distal thrombectomy were independently associated with worse patency rates. Poor intra-operative runoff was correlated with higher amputation rates. CONCLUSION: Among those undergoing infrainguinal bypass, patients who present with acute limb ischaemia constitute a subset showing higher early rates of amputation and death. In this subset of patients, worse outcomes may be expected for women, prosthetic conduits, need for distal thrombectomy, and patients with poor intra-operative runoff.

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OBJETIVOS: Determinar el crecimiento de la arteria ilíaca común (AIC) ectásica no tratada durante la reparación endovascular del aneurisma aórtico (EVAR), por existir zonas de anclaje proximales más favorables. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, incluyendo pacientes tratados por aneurisma de aorta abdominal de forma electiva, con un seguimiento de 5 años. Se estudiaron los casos con anclaje en AIC, registrando los diámetros máximos basales y a 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 años en el segmento de AIC no tratado, excluyendo aquellos casos con anclaje en la arteria ilíaca externa. Se analizó la muestra en función de: A) Diámetro basal AIC: grupo 1 (G1) (n = 67): < 16 mm; grupo 2 (G2) (n = 23): ≥16 mm. B) Zona de anclaje: 2/3 proximales de AIC (n = 40); 1/3 distal (n = 50). RESULTADOS: Un total de 56 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, con 90 ilíacas analizadas. A) Los diámetros medios en G1 y G2 (basal, 3, 5 años) fueron: 12,8; 13,1; 13,3 vs. 18,0; 19,4; 20,3 mm, con un crecimiento 1,8 mm mayor a 5 años en G2 (p < 0,001). No se registraron fugas tipo IB durante el seguimiento. B) Existió una interacción significativa (p = 0,01) entre la localización del anclaje y el diámetro basal para el crecimiento ilíaco: en AIC ≥ 16 mm el anclaje en el tercio distal fue protector para crecimiento (p = 0,04). CONCLUSIONES: El crecimiento tras EVAR de la AIC no tratada es mayor en las AIC ectásicas. En estos casos, el anclaje en el tercio distal puede disminuir la tasa de crecimiento. No obstante, si el anclaje es más favorable en los 2/3 proximales de la AIC dicho crecimiento no se traduce en mayor número de complicaciones

OBJECTIVE: To assess the enlargement of ectatic common iliac arteries (CIA) which are not covered during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) due to the existence of more favorable proximal sealing zones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients who underwent elective EVAR, with a 5 year follow up were included in a retrospective cohort study. Only cases with distal sealing zones in CIA were studied, recording a maximum basal diameter at the non-covered segment of CIA, and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years. Cases with distal sealing on external iliac artery were excluded. The sample was analyzed according to: A) CIA baseline diameter: group 1 (G1) (n = 67): < 16 mm; group 2 (G2) (n = 23): ≥16 mm. B) Sealing zone: proximal two thirds of CIA (n = 40); distal third (n = 50). RESULTS: A total of 56 patients were included in the study, with 90 CIA analyzed. A) Mean diameters in G1 and G2 (baseline, 3, 5 years) were: 12.8, 13.1, 13.3 versus 18.0, 19.4, 20.3 mm, respectively, with a 1.8 mm greater enlargement for G2 (P<.001) at 5 years. No type IB endoleaks were registered during follow up. B) A significant interaction was observed (P=.01) between the distal sealing zone and basal diameter for iliac enlargement: in CIA ≥16 mm distal sealing in the distal third of the CIA was protective for iliac enlargement (P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: Iliac enlargement in non-treated segments of CIA after EVAR is greater in ectatic arteries. In these cases, distal sealing on the distal third of the CIA can decrease enlargement rate. However, if a more favorable zone for sealing exists proximally, the enlargement of the ectatic CIA does not result in a higher rate of complications

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OBJETIVOS: Los objetivos de este estudio son analizar los resultados del bypass protésico en isquemia crítica, así como evaluar posibles factores asociados a la permeabilidad y el salvamento de la extremidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes con isquemia crítica de miembros inferiores tratados mediante bypass infrainguinal protésico entre 1997-2013 en nuestro centro. Registramos factores preoperatorios e intraoperatorios, dividiendo la muestra en 3 grupos según la localización de la anastomosis distal: primera porción de la arteria poplítea (POP1), tercera porción de la arteria poplítea (POP3) o vaso distal. Analizamos permeabilidad primaria, primaria asistida, secundaria, salvamento de la extremidad y supervivencia. El análisis estadístico de variables se realizó por grupos según test habituales, Kaplan-Meier para permeabilidad, salvamento de la extremidad y supervivencia. El análisis univariable y multivariable de factores asociados a los resultados se llevó a cabo mediante regresión de Cox. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 154 bypass protésicos, divididos en POP1 36,4% (n = 56), POP3 50% (n = 77) y vaso distal 13,6% (n = 21). Encontramos diferencias en la edad media (POP1 68,9 años, POP3 77,2 años, distal 76,8 años; p < 0,001). Seguimiento mediano: 11 meses. Obtuvimos mejores resultados en POP1 y peores en vaso sural para permeabilidad y salvamento de la extremidad (Log Rank P1 0,004, P1A 0,001, P2 0,001 y SE 0,025), sin diferencias en la supervivencia (Log Rank 0,068). Identificamos cardiopatía isquémica y anastomosis en vaso distal como factores de riesgo independientes para permeabilidad y salvamento de la extremidad. Los pacientes con mayor edad y aquellos con insuficiencia renal crónica presentaron mayor mortalidad. CONCLUSIONES: El bypass infrainguinal protésico ofrece resultados aceptables en isquemia crítica, siendo esperable un peor pronóstico en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica y en bypass realizado a vasos distales

OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcomes of prosthetic bypass grafts in critical limb ischemia, as well as to determine the predictors of patency and limb salvage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients with critical limb ischemia undergoing a prosthetic infrainguinal bypass graft between 1997 and 2013 in a single centre. The pre- and post-operative data were collected, and the cohort was divided into 3 groups according to the location of the distal anastomosis: Above-knee popliteal artery (POP1), below-knee popliteal artery (POP3), or femorodistal. An assessment was made of the primary patency, assisted primary patency, secondary patency, limb salvage, and survival. Stratified statistical analysis using the Kaplan-Meier for patency, limb salvage and survival. Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with the results using Cox regression. RESULTS: A total of 154 prosthetic graft bypass, divided into POP1 36.4% (n = 56), POP3 50% (n = 77), and femorodistal 13.6% (n = 21). Differences were found in mean age (POP1 68.9 years, POP3 77.2 years, femorodistal 76.8 years; P < .001). Median follow-up was 11 months. The best outcomes were found in POP1, and the worse in femorodistal in terms of patency and limb salvage (Log Rank P1 0.004, P1A 0.001, P2 0.001 and SE 0.025), with no differences in survival time (Log Rank 0.068). Coronary artery disease and femorodistal bypass were independent risk factors in patency and limb salvage. Older patients and those with chronic renal failure had higher mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: Prosthetic infrainguinal bypass graft has fairly good outcomes in critical limb ischemia. The worst outcomes may be expected in patients with coronary artery disease and femorodistal bypass

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El cuidado minucioso del pie diabético es vital para prevenir infecciones y complicaciones como amputaciones y sepsis. Ese cuidado debe empezar en la identificación y un correcto diagnóstico precoz, prevención y tratamiento de las úlceras diabéticas. Revisamos la epidemiología, características clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de las úlceras diabéticas, fundamentalmente en sus fases iniciales no complicadas (AU)

The meticulous care of the diabetic foot is essential to prevent infections and complications such as amputation and sepsis. This care should begin in the detection, diagnosis and proper treatment and prevention of diabetic ulcers. We review the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diabetic ulcers, mostly in their early stages is not complicated.(AU)

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INTRODUCCIÓN. Los traumatismos de aorta torácica aunque son infrecuentes (5% de los traumatismos vasculares) conllevan una alta mortalidad. En los últimos años han aparecido gran número de artículos en la bibliografía analizando las distintas opciones terapéuticas de esta patología. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de la Nacional Library of Medicine (PubMed). Las palabras clave introducidas para realizar dicha búsqueda fueron: lesiones traumáticas aorta torácica, tratamiento abierto, tratamiento endovascular. Se incluyeron los trabajos publicados desde Enero de 2006 hasta Diciembre 2009, en inglés y español. RESULTADOS. Con los límites citados anteriormente se encontraron 102 artículos y 25 revisiones, de los cuales eran referentes al tema 15 de ellos. CONCLUSIONES. El tratamiento endovascular de las lesiones traumáticas de la aorta torácica se asocia a bajas tasas de mortalidad y de paraplejia respecto a la cirugía abierta convencional (AU)

INTRODUCTION. Injuries of the thoracic aorta are rare (5% of vascular injuries) carry a high mortality. In recent years, a large number of articles in the literature analyzing the different treatment options of this condition. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A bibliographical search has been done in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed). The key words introduced to realize the above mentioned search were traumatic injuries thoracic aorta, open repair, endovascular The included articles published from January 2006 until December of 2009, in English and Spanish. RESULTS. With the limits mentioned previously, we found 102 articles and 25 reviews, 15 of them were relating to the topic. CONCLUSION. Endovascular treatment of traumatic injuries of the thoracic aorta is associated with low rates of mortality and paraplegia respect to conventional open surgery (AU)

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Los traumatismos vasculares abdominales constituyen el 25% de los traumatismos vasculares en general y tienen una importante relevancia en la actualidad debido a su letalidad. Su correcto diagnóstico, manejo y tratamiento son fundamentales para disminuir la mortalidad. Revisamos en este trabajo las generalidades de los traumatismos vasculares abdominales (epidemiología, etiopatogenia, clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento) así como las generalidades y el manejo terapéutico específico de los traumatismos de aorta abdominal y arteria ilíaca

Abdominal vascular injuries constitute 25% of vascular injuries in general and have an important relevance in today because of its lethality. Correct diagnosis, management and treatment are essential to decrease mortality. Reviewed in this paper the generalities of abdominal vascular injuries (epidemiology, etiology, clinical, diagnosis and treatment) as well as the general and specific therapeutic management of abdominal aortic injuries and iliac artery

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A pesar de los recientes avances que han mejorado los resultados de la mayoría de las patologías quirúrgicas en las últimas décadas, la isquemia mesentérica continúa constituyendo una enfermedad con una elevada morbilidad. Una elevada sospecha clínica, así como el conocimiento de las diferentes posibilidades diagnósticas son esenciales para el correcto tratamiento de estos pacientes. El tipo de tratamiento depende en gran medida de la presentación clínica así como del tiempo de evolución puesto que representa el factor de mayor importancia para determinar la viabilidad intestinal. La angioplastia transluminaly el stent de las arteria viscerales son unas alternativas viables en el tratamiento de la isquemia mesentérica crónica. Revisamos la fisiopatología, la presentación clínica y el estado actual de las técnicas diagnósticas y terapéuticas (AU)

Although recent advances have improved outcomes in most surgical diseases over the last several decades, mesenteric ischemiaremains a highly morbid condition. High clinical suspicious and knowledge of the differential diagnostic possibilities inthis clinical setting are essential for the correct management of this patients. The type of the treatment depends largely on the clinical presentation, with time being the most important factor determining viability before irreversible damage occurs to the bowel. Transluminal angioplasty and stenting of the visceral arteries is a viable alternative for treatment of chronic mesentericischemia. We review the pathophysiology, the clinical presentation and the current state of the art in diagnosis and treatment (AU)

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La isquemia aguda de la extremidad es definida como cualquier disminución brusca de la perfusión que cause una posibleamenaza a la viabilidad de la misma. La isquemia aguda de extremidad inferior continua asociada a una alta morbilidady mortalidad a pesar de los avances en los cuidados perioperatorios y en las técnicas de revascularización. En especial lospacientes de edad avanzada están expuestos a un alto riesgo de complicaciones graves tanto locales como sistémicas. Lacomorbilidad, los trastornos metabólicos asociados a la isquemia aguda y el síndrome de reperfusión están asociados a estepobre pronóstico. En este artículo nos proponemos una actualización en el manejo de este tipo de pacientes presentandonovedades en diagnóstico y tratamiento. Para ello hemos realizado una revisión de la literatura publicada en los últimos 5años centrándonos en los trabajos que aportan nuevas herramientas en diagnóstico y tratamiento para reducir la elevadamorbilidad y mortalidad que presentan este tipo de pacientes (AU)

A systematic review of the medical literature was performed for relevant studies. We searched a number of electronic databasesand hand-searched relevant journals since January 2002 until November 2007. We considered studies in which diagnosisand treatment were evaluated to diminish the morbimortality. Isquemia acute of the extremity is defined as any abruptdiminution of the perfusión that causes a possible threat to the viability of the same one. Isquemia acute of continuous inferiorextremity associated to a high morbidity and mortality in spite of the advances in the perioperatorios cares and the techniquesof revascularización. In special the age patients outpost they are exposed to a high risk of local serious complicationsas as much sistémicas. The comorbidity, the metabolic upheavals associated to isquemia acute and the syndrome of reperfusiónare associate to this poor prognosis. In this article we set out an update in the handling of this type of patients presenting/displaying new features in diagnosis and treatment. For it we have made a revision of Literature published in the last5 years having centered in the works that contribute to new tools in diagnosis and treatment to us to reduce the high morbidityand mortality who present/display this type of patients (AU)

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