RESUMEN
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are a highly complex protein family associated with host defense and developmental processes in plants, animals, and fungi. They are highly diverse in angiosperms, for which they are classified as the PR-5 (Pathogenesis-Related-5) protein family. In plants, TLPs have a variety of properties associated with their structural diversity. They are mostly associated with responses to biotic stresses, in addition to some predicted activities under drought and osmotic stresses. The present review covers aspects related to the structure, evolution, gene expression, and biotechnological potential of TLPs. The efficiency of the discovery of new TLPs is below its potential, considering the availability of omics data. Furthermore, we present an exemplary bioinformatics annotation procedure that was applied to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) transcriptome, including libraries of two tissues (root and leaf), and two stress types (biotic/abiotic) generated using different sequencing approaches. Even without using genomic sequences, the pipeline uncovered 56 TLP candidates in both tissues and stresses. Interestingly, abiotic stress (root dehydration) was associated with a high number of modulated TLP isoforms. The nomenclature used so far for TLPs was also evaluated, considering TLP structure and possible functions identified to date. It is clear that plant TLPs are promising candidates for breeding purposes and for plant transformation aiming a better performance under biotic and abiotic stresses. The development of new therapeutic drugs against human fungal pathogens also deserves attention. Despite that, applications derived from TLP molecules are still below their potential, as it is evident in our review.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Familia de Multigenes , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Vigna/genética , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Biología Computacional/métodos , Deshidratación , Sequías , Aromatizantes/química , Aromatizantes/farmacología , Presión Osmótica , Filogenia , Fitomejoramiento/métodos , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Plantas/clasificación , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacología , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Transcriptoma , Vigna/metabolismoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Garlic is one of the most important crops in Brazil and in the world. In Piauí State, specifically in micro region of Picos, semi-noble garlic was once grown on a large scale and supplied the demand of various municipalities in the state. After the noble garlic was introduced to the Brazilian market, the production of semi-noble garlic reduced which may have led to loss of genetic diversity.This study investigated the genetic diversity in twelve varieties of garlic, four originally from Piauí State and eight from the Garlic Germplasm Collection of the College of Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ / USP). The present study characterized the germplasm based on descriptions proposed by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), currently Bioversity International, and conducted the genotyping of varieties from eight SSR loci. The agronomic characters and microsatellite genotyping were efficient to estimate genetic diversity among the garlic varieties. The results obtained with the morphological analysis corroborated the molecular analyses, demonstrating complementarity of these analyses dimensions in the study of genetic diversity in garlic. Thus, we concluded that genetic diversity exists among the varieties of garlic studied in terms of the germplasm origin and suggests that the material from the ESALQ / USP is a germplasm distinct from that grown in Piauí State. The genetic divergence among varieties of garlic in Piauí State indicates the possibility of selecting superior genotypes that increase the competitiveness of garlic from Piauí State against imported garlic.
RESUMO: O alho é uma das hortaliças mais importantes no mercado brasileiro e mundial. No Piauí, mais especificamente na microrregião de Picos, o alho semi-nobre foi cultivado em larga escala e supria a demanda de vários municípios do estado. Devido à entrada do alho nobre no mercado brasileiro, houve redução na produção de alho semi-nobre que pode ter levado à perda de diversidade genética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a diversidade genética em doze variedades de alho, sendo quatro de origem piauiense e oito da Coleção de Germoplasma de Alho da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP). Para isso, caracterizou-se o germoplasma com base nos descritores propostos pelo International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), atualmente Bioversity International, e realizou-se a genotipagem das variedades a partir de oito locos SSR. Os resultados obtidos com a análise morfológica corroboraram as análises moleculares, evidenciando complementaridade dessas dimensões de análise no estudo da diversidade genética em alho. Assim, conclui-se que existe divergência genética entre as variedades de alho estudadas em função da procedência do germoplasma e sugere-se que o material oriundo da ESALQ/USP trata-se de um germoplasma distinto do cultivado no Piauí. A divergência genética existente entre as variedades de alho no Piauí indica a possibilidade de seleção de genótipos superiores que aumentem a competitividade do alho piauiense frente ao alho importado.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Garlic is one of the most important crops in Brazil and in the world. In Piauí State, specifically in micro region of Picos, semi-noble garlic was once grown on a large scale and supplied the demand of various municipalities in the state. After the noble garlic was introduced to the Brazilian market, the production of semi-noble garlic reduced which may have led to loss of genetic diversity.This study investigated the genetic diversity in twelve varieties of garlic, four originally from Piauí State and eight from the Garlic Germplasm Collection of the College of Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ / USP). The present study characterized the germplasm based on descriptions proposed by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), currently Bioversity International, and conducted the genotyping of varieties from eight SSR loci. The agronomic characters and microsatellite genotyping were efficient to estimate genetic diversity among the garlic varieties. The results obtained with the morphological analysis corroborated the molecular analyses, demonstrating complementarity of these analyses dimensions in the study of genetic diversity in garlic. Thus, we concluded that genetic diversity exists among the varieties of garlic studied in terms of the germplasm origin and suggests that the material from the ESALQ / USP is a germplasm distinct from that grown in Piauí State. The genetic divergence among varieties of garlic in Piauí State indicates the possibility of selecting superior genotypes that increase the competitiveness of garlic from Piauí State against imported garlic.
RESUMO: O alho é uma das hortaliças mais importantes no mercado brasileiro e mundial. No Piauí, mais especificamente na microrregião de Picos, o alho semi-nobre foi cultivado em larga escala e supria a demanda de vários municípios do estado. Devido à entrada do alho nobre no mercado brasileiro, houve redução na produção de alho semi-nobre que pode ter levado à perda de diversidade genética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a diversidade genética em doze variedades de alho, sendo quatro de origem piauiense e oito da Coleção de Germoplasma de Alho da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP). Para isso, caracterizou-se o germoplasma com base nos descritores propostos pelo International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), atualmente Bioversity International, e realizou-se a genotipagem das variedades a partir de oito locos SSR. Os resultados obtidos com a análise morfológica corroboraram as análises moleculares, evidenciando complementaridade dessas dimensões de análise no estudo da diversidade genética em alho. Assim, conclui-se que existe divergência genética entre as variedades de alho estudadas em função da procedência do germoplasma e sugere-se que o material oriundo da ESALQ/USP trata-se de um germoplasma distinto do cultivado no Piauí. A divergência genética existente entre as variedades de alho no Piauí indica a possibilidade de seleção de genótipos superiores que aumentem a competitividade do alho piauiense frente ao alho importado.