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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the external validity of the FINDRISC, DESIR and ADA risk scores for the prediction of diabetes in a Spanish population aged >45 years and to test the possible improvement of FINDRISC by adding a new variable of high risk of depression when Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) questionnaire score ≥10 (FINDRISC-MOOD). DESIGN: Prospective population-based cohort study. SETTING: 10 primary healthcare centres in the north of the city of Madrid (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1242 participants without a history of diabetes and with 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) plasma glucose <200 mg/dL (<11.1 mmol/L) were followed up for 7.3 years (median) using their electronic health records (EHRs) and telephone contact. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Diabetes risk scores (FINDRISC, DESIR, ADA), PHQ-9 questionnaire and 2-hour-OGTT were measured at baseline. Incident diabetes was defined as treatment for diabetes, fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL (≥7.0 mmol/L), new EHR diagnosis or self-reported diagnosis. External validation was performed according to optimal cut-off, sensitivity, specificity and Youden Index. Comparison between diabetes risk scores, including FINDRISC-MOOD (original FINDRISC score plus five points if PHQ-9 ≥10), was measured by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). RESULTS: During follow-up, 104 (8.4%; 95% CI, 6.8 to 9.9) participants developed diabetes and 185 had a PHQ-9 score ≥10. The AUROC values were 0.70 (95% CI, 0.67 to 0.72) for FINDRISC-MOOD and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.71) for the original FINDRISC. The AUROCs for DESIR and ADA were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.68) and 0.66 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.69), respectively. There were no significant differences in AUROC between FINDRISC-MOOD and the other scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results of FINDRISC-MOOD were like those of the other risk scores and do not allow it to be recommended for clinical use.

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OBJECTIVES: To validate the diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke recorded in electronic medical records (EMR) and to estimate the population prevalence of both diseases in people aged ≥18 years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study. SETTING: 45 primary care centres. PARTICIPANTS: Simple random sampling of diagnoses of AMI and stroke (International Classification of Primary Care-2 codes K75 and K90, respectively) registered by 55 physicians and random age-matched and sex-matched sampling of the records that included in primary care EMRs in Madrid (Spain). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and overall agreement were calculated using the kappa statistic. Applied gold standards were ECGs, brain imaging studies, hospital discharge reports, cardiology reports and neurology reports. In the case of AMI, the ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Expert Consensus Document was also used. Secondary outcomes were the estimated prevalence of both diseases considering the sensitivity and specificity obtained (true prevalence). RESULTS: The sensitivity of a diagnosis of AMI was 98.11% (95% CI, 96.29 to 99.03), and the specificity was 97.42% (95% CI, 95.44 to 98.55). The sensitivity of a diagnosis of stroke was 97.56% (95% CI, 95.56 to 98.68), and the specificity was 94.51% (95% CI, 91.96 to 96.28). No differences in the results were found after stratification by age and sex (both diseases). The prevalence of AMI and stroke was 1.38% and 1.27%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The validation results show that diagnoses of AMI and stroke in primary care EMRs constitute a helpful tool in epidemiological studies. The prevalence of AMI and stroke was lower than 2% in the population aged over 18 years.

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BACKGROUND: Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a type of diabetes mellitus showing overlapping characteristics between type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and autoimmunity against insulin-producing pancreatic cells. For its diagnosis, at least one type of anti-pancreatic islet antibody (GADAb is the most common) is required. Many authors recommend performing this measure in all newly diagnosed patients with DM, but it is not possible in Primary Health Care (PHC) due to its high cost. Currently, a relevant proportion of patients diagnosed as T2DM could be LADA. Confusing LADA with T2DM has clinical and safety implications, given its different therapeutic approach. The main objective of the study is to develop and validate a clinical score for identifying adult patients with DM at high risk of LADA in PHC. METHODS: This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out in Primary Care Health Centers with a centralized laboratory. All people over 30 years of age diagnosed with diabetes within a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 4 years before the start of the study will be recruited. Individuals will be recruited by consecutive sampling. The study variables will be obtained through clinical interviews, physical examinations, and electronic medical records. The following variables will be recorded: those related to Diabetes Mellitus, sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle habits, laboratory parameters, presence of comorbidities, additional treatments, personal or family autoimmune disorders, self-perceived health status, Fourlanos criteria, and LADA diagnosis (as main variable) according to current criteria. DISCUSSION: The study will provide an effective method for identifying patients at increased risk of LADA and, therefore, candidates for antibody testing. However, a slight participation bias is to be expected. Differences between participants and non-participants will be studied to quantify this potential bias.

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AIM: We sought (a) to assess the association between periodontal disease and diabetes, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, comorbidities, oral health status and lifestyle variables; (b) to identify which of these variables are independently associated with periodontal disease among diabetes sufferers. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study using data from the National/European Health Interview Surveys, conducted from 2003 to 2014 in Spain. We included 65 295 subjects ≥40 years. Diabetes status was self-reported. One non-diabetic control was matched by the year-of-survey, age and sex for each diabetic patient. The presence of periodontal disease was defined using the answer "my teeth bleed spontaneously or while brushing" or/and "my teeth move" to the following question: "Do you suffer of any of these dental and oral disorders or disease?". Independent variables included demographic, socio-economic and healthcare related variables, oral health status and comorbidities. RESULTS: The prevalence of periodontal disease was higher among those suffering from diabetes than their non-diabetes controls (23.8% vs 19.5%; P < 0.001). Adjusted OR of periodontal disease for subjects with diabetes was 1.22 (95% CI; 1.03-1.45). Among diabetes sufferers, missing teeth status (OR 2.08, 95% CI; 1.70-2.53), suffering osteoporosis (OR 1.41, 95% CI; 1.07-1.63) and suffering depression (OR 1.39, 95% CI; 1.12-1.71) were positively associated with higher risk of periodontal disease. Older ages, using private insurance and university education level were associated with lower rates of periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes subjects have an increased likelihood of periodontal disease. Dentists and physicians should increase their awareness with their diabetic patients, especially those with lower educational level, with missing teeth, osteoporosis and depression.

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of depression in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to identify sociodemographic, clinical and psychological factors associated with depression in this population. Additionally, we examine the annual incidence rate of depression among patients with T2DM. METHODS: We performed a large prospective cohort study of patients with T2DM from the Madrid Diabetes Study. The first recruitment drive included 3443 patients. The second recruitment drive included 727 new patients. Data have been collected since 2007 (baseline visit) and annually during the follow-up period (since 2008). RESULTS: Depression was prevalent in 20.03% of patients (n=592; 95% CI 18.6% to 21.5%) and was associated with previous personal history of depression (OR 6.482; 95% CI 5.138 to 8.178), mental health status below mean (OR 1.423; 95% CI 1.452 to 2.577), neuropathy (OR 1.951; 95% CI 1.423 to 2.674), fair or poor self-reported health status (OR 1.509; 95% CI 1.209 to 1.882), treatment with oral antidiabetic agents plus insulin (OR 1.802; 95% CI 1.364 to 2.380), female gender (OR 1.333; 95% CI 1.009 to 1.761) and blood cholesterol level (OR 1.005; 95% CI 1.002 to 1.009). The variables inversely associated with depression were: being in employment (OR 0.595; 95% CI 0.397 to 0.894), low physical activity (OR 0.552; 95% CI 0.408 to 0.746), systolic blood pressure (OR 0.982; 95% CI 0.971 to 0.992) and social support (OR 0.978; 95% CI 0.963 to 0.993). In patients without depression at baseline, the incidence of depression after 1 year of follow-up was 1.20% (95% CI 1.11% to 2.81%). CONCLUSIONS: Depression is very prevalent among patients with T2DM and is associated with several key diabetes-related outcomes. Our results suggest that previous mental status, self-reported health status, gender and several diabetes-related complications are associated with differences in the degree of depression. These findings should alert practitioners to the importance of detecting depression in patients with T2DM.

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OBJECTIVES: We aim to determine influenza vaccination uptake among people with diabetes included in the MADIABETES cohort study in order to identify predictors of uptake and to analyze reasons for adherence and non-adherence with vaccination. METHODS: Using data from the MADIABETES Study we conducted a retrospective case record form based study without controls. We included outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Information was obtained from computerized clinical records and by telephone survey. The main dependent variables were influenza vaccination uptake in the year 2013 and the reason for receiving or refusing vaccination. RESULTS: Overall, 65.7% had received the influenza vaccine in 2013. The mean number of influenza vaccines received from 2007 to 2013 was 3.24 (SD1.15), although 19.23% had not received any influenza vaccine and 23.3% had been vaccinated against pneumococcus. The variables that increased the probability of being vaccinated were inclusion in the age-based recommendation (⩾60years), having a chronic respiratory disease, previous pneumococcal vaccination, higher number of visits to the general practitioner, higher number of influenza vaccines, and longer time since diabetes diagnosis. A higher mean glycated haemoglobin value in 2013 was associated with a reduced probability of vaccination. Most patients (90%) agreed to be vaccinated following their physician's advice because of their age or their chronic conditions. The most common reason for refusal among men was the belief that they were not at risk (41.6% vs. 29.79% in women); the most common reason for refusal among women was fear of adverse reactions (32.53% vs. 20.23% in men). CONCLUSIONS: The uptake of influenza vaccination among diabetic patients in the present study was below desirable levels. The main barrier to vaccination was lack of knowledge regarding the need for and risks and advantages of influenza vaccination. Healthcare professionals should educate and encourage influenza vaccination among people with diabetes.

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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117346.].

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INTRODUCTION: The presence of erectile dysfunction (ED) could be a warning of vascular disease in different arterial territories. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ED and the presence of atherosclerosis in 2 different vascular beds: carotid and lower limbs. METHODS: A total of 614 volunteers between 45 and 74 years of age (mean age 61.0 years) were randomly selected from the general population. ED was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). Ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement and carotid atherosclerosis were evaluated by echo-Doppler. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), prevalence of carotid plaques, mean ABI, and prevalence of ABI < 0.9 were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: ED was present in 373 subjects (59.7%). Mean carotid IMT was significantly higher in men with ED (0.762 ± 0.151 mm vs 0.718 ± 0.114 mm, P < .001). Also the global prevalence of carotid plaques was more frequent in men with ED (63.8% vs 44.8%, P < .001), even after adjusting by age, cardiovascular risk factors, and ongoing treatment (P = .039). Both the IMT and the prevalence of carotid plaques increased significantly with ED severity (P trend .004 and <.001, respectively). There were no significant differences between groups neither in mean ABI nor in the prevalence of subjects with ABI < 0.9. However, there was a trend to a lower ABI and a higher prevalence of ABI < 0.9 with increasing ED severity. CONCLUSION: In the general population, the presence of ED identifies subjects with higher atherosclerosis burden in carotid arteries but not in the lower extremities.

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AIMS: To assess the prevalence of stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) at baseline and to identify associated risk factors. To determine the effect of CKD and CKD stage according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria categories on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality after a 5-year follow-up. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 3443 outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD was 28.32% (95% CI, 26.84-29.86); and variables most strongly associated were: age >74 years (OR, 19.88; 95% CI, 12.89-30.68) and albuminuria (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.72-3.00). During follow-up, 221 CKD patients (22.90%) died compared with 203 non-CKD patients (8.31%) (p<0.01). The adjusted HR of CKD for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was 1.82 (95% CI, 1.36-2.44) and 2.11 (95% CI, 1.61-2.76) for those with LDL cholesterol =135 mg/dl, respectively. The adjusted HR of very-high-risk CKD for all-cause mortality was 4.44 (95% CI, 2.31-8.53) in aged <75 years and 1.80 (95% CI, 1.19-2.72) in aged ≥75 years. CONCLUSIONS: CKD at baseline is an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the overall cohort, men and women, or in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Albuminuria is an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality only in primary prevention.

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OBJECTIVE: Intima-media thickness (IMT) is increased in subjects with prediabetes or newly diagnosed diabetes. However, no previous studies have evaluated the relationship between the severity of carotid atherosclerosis, assessed by the presence of carotid plaques or stenosis, and the glycemic status, assessed either by fasting glucose, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or A1C levels. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of 1475 subjects (mean age 62 years, 44% males), randomly selected from the population. A fasting blood sample was obtained to determine glucose, lipids, and A1C levels. An OGTT was performed in non-diabetic subjects. Carotid atherosclerosis was evaluated by echo-doppler. RESULTS: A 10.5% of the population had a previous diagnosis of diabetes. Of the 1320 non-diabetic participants, 349 (26.4%) had normal fasting glucose, normal glucose tolerance and A1C < 5.7%, and were considered controls. Prediabetes was diagnosed in 850 subjects (64.4%), and diabetes was newly diagnosed in 121 (9.2%). The prevalence of patients with carotid plaques was 34.2% in controls, 45.1% in prediabetics, 64.2% in newly diagnosed diabetics, and 72.9% in established diabetic patients. These numbers were 0.3%, 1.1%, 5.0% and 7.7% for carotid stenosis, respectively. In multivariate analysis, glycemic status remained significantly associated with the prevalence of carotid plaques after adjusting for age, sex, statin treatment, and cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Glycemic status is associated with all grades of carotid atherosclerosis, from early signs, as demonstrated by the IMT, to intermediate degrees, as demonstrated by the presence of carotid plaques, to advance atherosclerosis, as established by the presence of carotid stenosis.

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INTRODUCTION: The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide. When diagnosed, many patients already have organ damage or advance subclinical atherosclerosis. An early diagnosis could allow the implementation of lifestyle changes and treatment options aimed at delaying the progression of the disease and to avoid cardiovascular complications. Different scores for identifying undiagnosed diabetes have been reported, however, their performance in populations of southern Europe has not been sufficiently evaluated. The main objectives of our study are: to evaluate the screening performance and cut-off points of the main scores that identify the risk of undiagnosed T2DM and prediabetes in a Spanish population, and to develop and validate our own predictive models of undiagnosed T2DM (screening model), and future T2DM (prediction risk model) after 5-year follow-up. As a secondary objective, we will evaluate the atherosclerotic burden of the population with undiagnosed T2DM. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Population-based prospective cohort study with baseline screening, to evaluate the performance of the FINDRISC, DANISH, DESIR, ARIC and QDScore, against the gold standard tests: Fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance and/or HbA1c. The sample size will include 1352 participants between the ages of 45 and 74 years. ANALYSIS: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, likelihood ratio positive, likelihood ratio negative and receiver operating characteristic curves and area under curve. Binary logistic regression for the first 700 individuals (derivation) and last 652 (validation) will be performed. All analyses will be calculated with their 95% CI; statistical significance will be p<0.05. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Carlos III Hospital (Madrid). The score performance and predictive model will be presented in medical conferences, workshops, seminars and round table discussions. Furthermore, the predictive model will be published in a peer-reviewed medical journal to further increase the exposure of the scores.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence rate of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) stage 3-5 (persistent decreased kidney function under 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) among patients with type 2 diabetes over five years, to identify the risk factors associated with CKD, and develop a risk table to predict five-year CKD stage 3-5 risk stratification for clinical use. DESIGN: The MADIABETES Study is a prospective cohort study of 3,443 outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, sampled from 56 primary health care centers (131 general practitioners) in Madrid (Spain). RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of CKD stage 3-5 at five-years was 10.23% (95% CI = 9.12-11.44) and the incidence density was 2.07 (95% CI = 1.83-2.33) cases per 1,000 patient-months or 2.48 (95% CI = 2.19-2.79) cases per 100 patient-years. The highest hazard ratio (HR) for developing CKD stage 3-5 was albuminuria ≥ 300 mg/g (HR = 4.57; 95% CI= 2.46-8.48). Furthermore, other variables with a high HR were age over 74 years (HR = 3.20; 95% CI = 2.13-4.81), a history of Hypertension (HR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.42-2.89), Myocardial Infarction (HR= 1.72; 95% IC= 1.25-2.37), Dyslipidemia (HR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.30-2.17), duration of diabetes mellitus ≥ 10 years (HR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.14-1.88) and Systolic Blood Pressure >149 mmHg (HR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.02-2.24). CONCLUSIONS: After a five-year follow-up, the cumulative incidence of CKD is concordant with rates described in Spain and other countries. Albuminuria ≥ 300 mg/g and age over 74 years were the risk factors more strongly associated with developing CKD (Stage 3-5). Blood Pressure, lipid and albuminuria control could reduce CKD incidence of CKD in patients with T2DM.

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BACKGROUND: This study compares the health-related quality of life of Spanish-born and Latin American-born individuals settled in Spain. Socio-demographic and psychosocial factors associated with health-related quality of life are analyzed. METHODS: A cross-sectional Primary Health Care multi center-based study of Latin American-born (n = 691) and Spanish-born (n = 903) outpatients from 15 Primary Health Care Centers (Madrid, Spain). The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to assess health-related quality of life. Socio-demographic, psychosocial, and specific migration data were also collected. RESULTS: Compared to Spanish-born participants, Latin American-born participants reported higher health-related quality of life in the physical functioning and vitality dimensions. Across the entire sample, Latin American-born participants, younger participants, men and those with high social support reported significantly higher levels of physical health. Men with higher social support and a higher income reported significantly higher mental health. When stratified by gender, data show that for men physical health was only positively associated with younger age. For women, in addition to age, social support and marital status were significantly related. Both men and women with higher social support and income had significantly better mental health. Finally, for immigrants, the physical and mental health components of health-related quality of life were not found to be significantly associated with any of the pre-migration factors or conditions of migration. Only the variable "exposure to political violence" was significantly associated with the mental health component (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The key factors to understanding HRQoL among Latin American-born immigrants settled in Spain are age, sex and social support. Therefore, strategies to maintain optimal health outcomes in these immigrant communities should include public policies on social inclusion in the host society and focus on improving social support networks in order to foster and maintain the health and HRQoL of this group.

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BACKGROUND: This study aims to describe trends in the prevalence of depression among hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes in Spain, 2001-2011. METHODS: We selected patients with a discharge diagnosis of type 2 diabetes using national hospital discharge data. Discharges were grouped by depression status. Prevalence of depression globally and according to primary diagnoses based on the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) were analyzed. We calculated length of stay (LOHS) and in-hospital mortality (IHM). Multivariate analysis was adjusted by age, year and comorbidity. RESULTS: From 2001 to 2011, 4,723,338 discharges with type 2 diabetes were identified (4.93% with depression). Prevalence of depression in diabetic patients increased from 3.54% in 2001 to 5.80% in 2011 (p<0.05). The prevalence of depression was significantly higher in women than in men in each year studied and increased from 5.22% in 2001 to 9.24% in 2011 (p<0.01). The highest prevalence was observed in the youngest age group (35-59 years). The median LOHS decreased significantly over this period. Men with diabetes and depression had higher IHM than women in all the years studied (p<0.05). Older age and greater comorbidity were significantly associated with a higher risk of dying, among diabetic patients with concomitant depression. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of depression increased significantly among hospitalized diabetic patients from 2001 to 2011 even if the health profile and LOHS have improved over this period. Programs targeted at preventing depression among persons with diabetes should be reinforced in Spain.

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PURPOSE: Our main objective was to estimate and compare the prevalence of the most common mental disorders between Latin American-born and Spanish-born patients in Madrid, Spain. We also analyzed sociodemographic factors associated with these disorders and the role of the length of residency for Latin American-born patients. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study to compare Latin American-born (n = 691) and Spanish-born outpatients (n = 903) from 15 primary health care centers in Madrid, Spain. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders was used to diagnose common mental disorders. Sociodemographic, psychosocial, and migration data were collected. RESULTS: We detected common mental disorders in 49.9 % (95 % CI = 47.4-52.3 %) of the total sample. Values were higher in Latin American-born patients than in Spanish-born patients for any disorder (57.8 % vs. 43.9 %, p < 0.001), mood disorders (40.1 % vs. 34.8 %, p = 0.030), anxiety disorders (20.5 % vs. 15.3 %, p = 0.006), and somatoform disorders (18.1 % vs. 6.6 %, p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in prevalence between Latin American-born patients with less than 5 years of residency and Latin American-born residents with 5 or more years of residency. Finally, multivariate analysis shows that gender, having/not having children, monthly income, geographic origin, and social support were significantly associated with several disorders. LIMITATIONS: The sample was neither population-based nor representative of the general immigrant or autochthonous populations. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides further evidence of the high prevalence of common mental disorders in Latin American-born patients in Spain compared with Spanish-born patients.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (mMOS-SS) in a primary healthcare setting (PHCS). METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out with Spanish outpatients (N = 903) from a PHCS. Subjects responded to the first eight items of the classic Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey (MOS-SS), in effect the mMOS-SS, and immediately proceeded to give answers to the rest of the scale. Also, sociodemographic, self-reported health status and mood/anxiety disorders data were collected. Factor structure was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory analysis, internal reliability was determined by Cronbach's standardized alpha, and consistency was evaluated by item-to-total score correlations. Evidences of validity were assessed by Spearman's rank correlations, and using the Mann-Whitney test or Kruskal-Wallis test as appropriate, of differences between the mMOS-SS and the MOS-SS. RESULTS: Mean scores for the MOS-SS (mean = 4.26, SD = 0.78) and mMOS-SS (mean = 4.34, SD = 0.74) are similar. Cronbach's alpha was 0.96 and 0.91, for the MOS-SS and mMOS-SS, respectively. Item-to-total score correlations of the MOS-SS and mMOS-SS are ≥0.64 and ≥0.70, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) [56.63% variance, KMO=0.904; χ2=4396.27], and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) [CFI=0.95; NNFI(TLI)=0.97; SRMR=0.05; χ2=296.81; RMSEA=0.17] showed a one-factor structure. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the mMOS-SS in outpatients attending a PHCS are adequate. Factor analysis confirmed a one-factor model with acceptable fit indices.

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In patients with type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of hypertension is higher than in non-diabetic subjects. Despite the high cardiovascular risk involving hypertension in these patients, its prevalence and control are not well known. The aims of this study were: to estimate the hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in Spanish adults with type 2 diabetes attended in Primary Care; and to analyse its time trend from 2003 to 2009. A serial cross-sectional study from 2003 to 2009 was performed in 21 Primary Care Centres in Madrid. The study population comprised all patients with diagnosed type 2 diabetes in their computerised medical history. Overall annual prevalence during the period 2003-2009 was calculated from and according to sex and age groups. Linear trend tests, regression lines and coefficients of determination were used. In 2003 89.78% (CI 87.92-91.64) of patients with type 2 diabetes suffered hypertension and 94.76% (CI: 92.85-96.67) in 2009. This percentage was greater for women and for patients over 65 years old. 30% of patients suffered previously undiagnosed hypertension in 2003 and 23.1% in 2009. 97% of diagnosed patients received pharmacological treatment and 28.79% reached the blood pressure objective in 2009. The average number of antihypertensive drugs taken was 2.72 in 2003 and 3.27 in 2009. Only 5.2% of patients with type 2 diabetes show blood pressure levels below 130/80 mmHg. Although significant improvements have been achieved in the diagnosis and control of hypertension in people with type 2 diabetes, these continue to remain far from optimum.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, to identify the risk factors associated with the incidence of retinopathy and to develop a risk table to predict four-year retinopathy risk stratification for clinical use, from a four-year cohort study. DESIGN: The MADIABETES Study is a prospective cohort study of 3,443 outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, sampled from 56 primary health care centers (131 general practitioners) in Madrid (Spain). RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of retinopathy at four-year follow-up was 8.07% (95% CI = 7.04-9.22) and the incidence density was 2.03 (95% CI = 1.75-2.33) cases per 1000 patient-months or 2.43 (95% CI = 2.10-2.80) cases per 100 patient-years. The highest adjusted hazard ratios of associated risk factors for incidence of diabetic retinopathy were LDL-C >190 mg/dl (HR = 7.91; 95% CI = 3.39-18.47), duration of diabetes longer than 22 years (HR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.18-3.39), HbA1c>8% (HR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.30-2.77), and aspirin use (HR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.22-2.24). Microalbuminuria (HR = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.75-1.82) and being female (HR = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.84-1.49) showed a non-significant increase of diabetic retinopathy. The greatest risk is observed in females who had diabetes for more than 22 years, with microalbuminuria, HbA1c>8%, hypertension, LDL-Cholesterol >190 mg/dl and aspirin use. CONCLUSIONS: After a four-year follow-up, the cumulative incidence of retinopathy was relatively low in comparison with other studies. Higher baseline HbA1c, aspirin use, higher LDL-Cholesterol levels, and longer duration of diabetes were the only statistically significant risk factors found for diabetic retinopathy incidence. This is the first study to demonstrate an association between aspirin use and diabetic retinopathy risk in a well-defined cohort of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at low risk of cardiovascular events. However, further studies with patients at high cardiovascular and metabolic risk are needed to clarify this issue.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Delayed diagnosis of hypertension may result in inadequate blood pressure control and increased cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to estimate the delay in hypertension diagnosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and the likelihood of a diagnosis within a suitable period (first 6 months), and to analyze the patient and physician characteristics associated with delayed diagnosis. METHODS: Retrospective dynamic cohort study, with a 7-year follow-up in primary care, of 8074 adult patients with diabetes who met the diagnostic criteria for hypertension. Two thresholds were considered: 140/90mmHg and 130/80mmHg. The time elapsed between meeting these criteria and recording the diagnosis was estimated; the time course of the likelihood of a missed diagnosis and the variables associated with correct diagnosis were assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and logistic regression analysis, respectively. RESULTS: The mean diagnostic delay was 8.9 (15.4) months in patients with blood pressure≥140/90mmHg compared to 15.2 (19.6) months for those with <140/90mmHg (P<.001). The main variables associated with correct diagnosis were baseline blood pressure≥140/90mmHg (odds ratio=2.77; 95% confidence interval, 2.44-3.15), no history of acute myocardial infarction (odds ratio=2.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.67-2.99), obesity (odds ratio=1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-1.99), absence of depression (odds ratio=1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-2.08), female sex (odds ratio=1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.46), older age, and taking more intensive antidiabetic therapy. There was an inverse relationship with the age of physicians and a direct relationship with their professional stability. CONCLUSIONS: The mean diagnostic delay in hypertension among diabetic patients was greater than 6 months and varied according to the diagnostic threshold used. Patients with baseline blood pressure≥140/90mmHg were more likely to receive a timely diagnosis.

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