RESUMEN
Recorded head kinematics from head-impact measurement devices (HIMd) are pivotal for evaluating brain stress and strain through head finite element models (hFEM). The variability in kinematic recording windows across HIMd presents challenges as they yield inconsistent hFEM responses. Despite establishing an ideal recording window for maximum principal strain (MPS) in brain tissue, uncertainties persist about the impact characteristics influencing vulnerability when this window is shortened. This study aimed to scrutinize factors within impact kinematics affecting the reliability of different recording windows on whole-brain peak MPS using a validated hFEM. Utilizing 53 on-field head impacts recorded via an instrumented mouthguard during a Canadian varsity football game, 10 recording windows were investigated with varying pre- and post-impact-trigger durations. Tukey pair-wise comparisons revealed no statistically significant differences in MPS responses for the different recording windows. However, specific impacts showed marked variability up to 40%. It was found, through correlation analyses, that impacts with lower peak linear acceleration exhibited greater response variability across different pre-trigger durations. Signal shape, analyzed through spectral analysis, influenced the time required for MPS development, resulting in specific impacts requiring a prolonged post-trigger duration. This study adds to the existing consensus on standardizing HIMd acquisition time windows and sheds light on impact characteristics leading to peak MPS variation across different head impact kinematic recording windows. Considering impact characteristics in research assessments is crucial, as certain impacts, affected by recording duration, may lead to significant errors in peak MPS responses during cumulative longitudinal exposure assessments.
Asunto(s)
Aceleración , Fútbol Americano , Cabeza , Humanos , Fútbol Americano/fisiología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Cabeza/fisiología , Masculino , Encéfalo/fisiología , Modelos BiológicosRESUMEN
Several retrospective epidemiological studies report that utilization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors called statins at mid-life can reduce the risk of developing sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) by as much as 70%. Conversely, the administration of these inhibitors in clinically diagnosed subjects with AD confers little or no benefits over time. Here, we investigated the association between AD and HMGCR rs3846662, a polymorphism known to be involved in the regulation of HMGCR exon 13 skipping, in a founder population and in two distinct mixed North American populations of converting mild cognitively impaired (MCI) subjects (Alzheimer's disease Cooperative study (ADCS) and Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohorts). Targeting more specifically women, the G allele negative (G-) AD subjects exhibit delayed age of onset of AD (P=0.017) and significantly reduced risk of AD (OR: 0.521; P=0.0028), matching the effect size reported by the apolipoprotein E type 2 variant. Stratification for APOE4 in a large sample of MCI patients from the ADCS cohort revealed a significant protective effect of G negative carriers on AD conversion 3 years after MCI diagnosis (odds ratio (OR): 0.554; P=0.041). Conversion rate among APOE4 carriers with the HMGCR's G negative allele was markedly reduced (from 76% to 27%) to levels similar to APOE4 non-carriers (27.14%), which strongly indicate protection. Conversion data from the independent ADNI cohort also showed significantly reduced MCI or AD conversion among APOE4 carriers with the protective A allele (P=0.005). In conclusion, HMGCR rs3846662 acts as a potent genetic modifier for AD risk, age of onset and conversion.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Disfunción Cognitiva/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Edad de Inicio , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/fisiopatología , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Disfunción Cognitiva/fisiopatología , Estudios de Cohortes , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Heterocigoto , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Riesgo , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
There has been an increase in the number of concussions sustained by players in the National Hockey League (NHL). While wearing a helmet is now required by the NHL, the face visor remains optional. It is unknown to what degree face visors influence concussion, other head injury and eye-injury rates at the professional level. Data from the 2001-2002 NHL season were examined. It was found that wearing a face visor did not significantly influence the prevalence of concussion. Visor protection did, however, minimise eye-injuries and other, non-concussion head injuries. These data suggest that, while a visor may prevent some head and eye-injuries, other measures may be necessary to reduce the number of concussions.