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INTRODUCTION: Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) are nonhistone argyrophilic nucleolar proteins associated with ribosomal genes found in the nucleolar organizer region that reflect cell proliferation and have an affinity for silver. AgNOR staining may be useful to evaluate prognosis in several neoplasms because higher AgNOR counts are related to higher grade tumors, metastases, and shorter survival times. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to report on a quick and practical technique to identify AgNORs adapted for use in routine cytology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cytopathologic diagnosis of mast cell tumor (MCT) in samples collected by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was determined. Next, slides were impregnated with a solution containing silver nitrate; the main modification of our technique included incubation of these slides at a controlled temperature of 25 °C. Some slides were previously stained with Diff-Quik and others were only fixed with methanol. The slides were analyzed under a microscope, and the number of blackened intranuclear points (AgNORs) was counted. RESULTS: Slides prestained with Diff-Quik were easily counted compared with slides only fixed in methanol. Technical issues encountered with the methanol-fixed slides included insufficient cellularity, background precipitation, and an absence of silver impregnation. CONCLUSIONS: The technique reported in this study showed satisfactory results for AgNOR counting in cytologic smears from MCT, such as good impregnation and the elimination of background interferents. Further evaluation of this method comparing AgNOR counts with histologic examinations, tumor grades, other prognostic markers, and survival times are needed to fully evaluate the benefit of this technique.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Neoplasias , Perros , Animales , Región Organizadora del Nucléolo/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Metanol , Tinción con Nitrato de Plata/veterinaria , Tinción con Nitrato de Plata/métodos , Neoplasias/patología , Neoplasias/veterinariaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Physiologically, feline platelets are more reactive and prone to aggregation, which interferes with platelet counts using automated counters and manual methods. The use of aminoglycoside amikacin in association with EDTA has proven to be efficient in preventing platelet aggregates in cases of pseudo thrombocytopenia (PTP) in people. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the efficacy of amikacin in preventing platelet aggregation in EDTA-containing feline blood samples and investigated the possible effects on hematologic measurands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples (1.0 mL) collected from 100 healthy cats were stored in two EDTA tubes: 0.5 mL in a microtube containing 10 µL of 250 mg/mL amikacin (EDTA-AMK group) and 0.5 mL in a microtube containing only K2 EDTA 10% (EDTA group). A CBC was executed with an automated impedance blood analyzer, and a microscopic examination of the blood smears was performed. RESULTS: Platelet clumps were observed in 56% of samples from the EDTA group and 5% of samples from the EDTA-AMK group. Platelet counts (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT), and WBC counts were significantly higher (P < .001) in the EDTA-AMK group compared withi the EDTA group. CONCLUSIONS: Amikacin prevents platelet aggregation in feline venous blood samples and does not cause clinically relevant changes in other hematologic measurands. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the use of amikacin in preventing platelet aggregation in feline blood samples. Based on this study, amikacin could be added to EDTA collection tubes for complete blood counts in cats.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Trombocitopenia , Amicacina/farmacología , Animales , Gatos , Ácido Edético/farmacología , Humanos , Agregación Plaquetaria , Recuento de Plaquetas/métodos , Recuento de Plaquetas/veterinaria , Trombocitopenia/diagnóstico , Trombocitopenia/veterinariaRESUMEN
Laparoscopic procedures require the creation of pneumoperitoneum. CO2, which must be cold and dry, is the standard gas used in such surgeries. The type of gas used, its temperature, and moisture may change the peritoneal surface and cause systemic and local oxidative stress. Our objective is to evaluate the influence of pneumoperitoneum heating on the occurrence of histological lesions in the peritoneum, inflammation, plasma oxidative stress, and on the mesothelial surface in patients undergoing video-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Twenty canine females were included and distributed evenly into two groups: heated CO2 (HG) and unheated CO2 (UHG). The biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress were evaluated before insufflation (T0), at 30 min (T1), and at 60 min (T2) of exposure to CO2. Biopsies of the peritoneal tissue for histological evaluation were performed at T0 and T2. Regarding plasma parameters, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) showed a greater activity in the HG at T1 (p=0.0268) and T2 (p=0.0423); in turn, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) showed a greater activity at T2 in the HG (p=0.0175) compared with T0. Catalase activity (CAT) was different between HG times; it was higher at T1 (p=0.0253). There was a decrease in the levels of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) (p=0.0117) and in glutathione (GSH) (p=0.0114) between T0 and T2 in the UHG. Regarding tissue oxidative stress, the CAT in the HG showed a greater activity at T2 than T1 (p=0.0150). By comparing the groups at each time, there was a difference only at T2 (p=0.0288), being greater in the HG. Regarding the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the HG, there was a difference between T2 in relation to T0 and T1 (p=0.0181); finally, there was an increase only at T1 (p=0.0287) in the UHG when comparing groups at the same time. There were no differences in the histological parameters evaluated. Our study demonstrates that the heating of CO2 generates a greater inflammatory response and forms reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the plasma and peritoneal levels.
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Hyperlipidemia causes lipotoxicity which prompts an inflammatory response linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Natural compounds have been receiving special attention for its potential to treat diseases, inexpensiveness, and safety. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) has demonstrated notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may prevent chronic diseases caused by changes in lipid profile. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of guarana powder (Paullinia cupana) in the purine metabolism and inflammatory profile in lymphocytes and serum of rats with Poloxamer-407-induced hyperlipidemia. Pretreatment with guarana 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day or caffeine (0.2 mg/kg/day) by gavage was applied to adult male Wistar rats for a period of 30 days. As a comparative standard, we used simvastatin (0.04 mg/kg) post-induction. Hyperlipidemia was acutely induced with intraperitoneally injection of Poloxamer-407 (500 mg/kg). Guarana powder and caffeine increased the activity of the E-NTPDase (ecto-apyrase), and all pretreatments decreased the E-ADA (ecto-adenosine deaminase) activity, reducing the inflammatory process caused by lipotoxicity. In hyperlipidemic rats, ATP levels were increased while adenosine levels were decreased, guarana and caffeine reverted these changes. Guarana powder, caffeine, and simvastatin also prevented the increase in INF-γ and potentiated the increase in IL-4 levels, promoting an anti-inflammatory profile. Guarana promoted a more robust effect than caffeine. Our results show that guarana powder and caffeine have an anti-inflammatory as seen by the shift from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory profile. The effects of guarana were more pronounced, suggesting that guarana powder may be used as a complementary therapy to improve the lipotoxicity-associated inflammation.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Cafeína/farmacología , Hiperlipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/prevención & control , Teobromina/farmacología , Teofilina/farmacología , Adenosina/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Cafeína/administración & dosificación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Hiperlipidemias/fisiopatología , Inflamación/etiología , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Simvastatina/farmacología , Teobromina/administración & dosificación , Teofilina/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The fruit of Astrocaryum aculeatum G.Mey. (tucumã) is highly consumed by riverside communities in the Amazonian region. These communities have recently been shown to have increased longevity and reduced prevalence of age-related morbidity. Tucumã, which is locally used in their diet and traditional medicine may contribute to these features. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of A. aculeatum extract against phytohemagglutinin-induced inflammation in cell cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell viability and cytotoxicity assays, gene expression of interleukins IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and thiols were employed, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes in RAW 264.7â¯cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin to mimic inflammation. RESULTS: The extract of A. aculeatum fruit inhibited macrophage proliferation (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), arrested the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase (Pâ¯<â¯0.001), increased antioxidant defenses (Pâ¯<â¯0.01), reduced oxidative stress (Pâ¯<â¯0.01), and modulated genes related to the inflammatory response (Pâ¯<â¯0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that A. aculeatum fruit has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities. These beneficial effects of tucumã on cells are also likely to be seen in vivo, thereby suggesting that its extract is a suitable therapeutic adjuvant in the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Arecaceae/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Etnofarmacología , Frutas/química , Inflamación/inmunología , Medicina Tradicional , Ratones , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/inmunología , Fitohemaglutininas/inmunología , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Plantas Comestibles/química , Células RAW 264.7 , América del SurRESUMEN
Trypanosoma evansi appears to have a significant tropism for brain tissue in its chronic and acute phases. The most common symptoms of this brain infection are motor incoordination, meningoencephalitis, demyelination, and anemia. There have only been few studies of the effects of T. evansi infection on neuronal differentiation and brain plasticity. Here, we investigated the impact of the congenital T. evansi infection on brain development in mice. We collected telencephalon-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from T. evansi uninfected and infected mice, and cultivated them into neurospheres. We found that T. evansi significantly decreased the number of cells during development of neurospheres. Analysis of neurosphere differentiation revealed that T. evansi infection significantly increased neural migration. We also observed that T. evansi promoted expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in infected cells. These data suggest that congenital T. evansi infection may affect embryonic brain development.
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Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Células-Madre Neurales/patología , Células-Madre Neurales/parasitología , Trypanosoma/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , RatonesRESUMEN
Bacterial infections require special care since the indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat them has been linked to the emergence of resistant strains. In this sense, phytoterapeutic alternatives such as curcumin and its nanocapsules have emerged as a promising supplement in optimizing availability of bioactives and reducing the development of antimicrobial resistance. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the effects of pure and nanoencapsulated curcumin in the treatment of experimental listeriosis in gerbils regarding many aspects including antibacterial effect, antioxidant mechanisms involved and the energetic metabolism. Four groups were used containing 6 animals each: T0 (control), T1 (infected), T2 (infected and treated with free curcumin - dose of 30â¯mg/kg/day) and T3 (infected and treated with nanocapsules containing curcumin - a dose of 3â¯mg/kg/day). Treated animals received curcumin for 6 consecutive days starting 24â¯h after Listeria monocytogenes infection. All animals were euthanized on the 12th day after L. monocytogenes infection. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) identified L. monocytogenes DNA in the spleens of all animals of the T1 group, as well as T2 (2 out of 6) and T3 (5 out of 6). The weight of the spleens confirmed the infection, since it was larger in the T1 group, differing statistically from T0, and similarly to T2 and T3. Hepatic histopathological examination showed mild infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, except for the T3 group (only 1/6). In the liver, the pyruvate kinase activity was higher in T1 and T2 compared to T0 and T3. The adenylate kinase activity did not differ between groups. The Na+/K+ATPase activity was lower in T1 group compared to T0 and T3. Lipoperoxidation was lower in the T3 group compared to groups T0, T1 and T2. The antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals was higher in T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to T0. In conclusion, free curcumin showed potent antibacterial effects; however, the nanoencapsulated form was able to minimize the effects caused by L. monocytogenes regarding tissue injury, changes on enzymes of the energetic metabolism, in addition to an antioxidant effect against lipoperoxidation.
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Curcumina/administración & dosificación , Curcumina/uso terapéutico , Listeria monocytogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Listeriosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Listeriosis/veterinaria , Nanocápsulas/química , Adenosina Trifosfatasas , Adenilato Quinasa/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Curcumina/química , Suplementos Dietéticos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Gerbillinae , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Listeriosis/microbiología , Hígado/patología , Ácidos Polimetacrílicos/química , Ácidos Polimetacrílicos/farmacología , Ácidos Polimetacrílicos/uso terapéutico , Piruvato Quinasa/efectos de los fármacos , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/efectos de los fármacos , Bazo/patologíaRESUMEN
Chagas disease (CD) affecting about 7 million people is caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The central nervous system (CNS) is an important site for T. cruzi persistence in the host during the chronic phase of infection, because the protozoan may pass the blood-brain barrier and may cause motor and cognitive neuronal damage. Thinking about avoiding or minimizing these negative effects, it is hypothesized that resveratrol (RSV), a component with several medicinal properties has beneficial effects on the CNS. The objective of this study was to investigate, whether T. cruzi infection interferes with neurogenesis and gliogenesis of embryos of infected mice females, and whether RSV would be able to avoid or minimize these changes caused by CD. RSV is a polyphenol found in grapes and widely studied for its neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. In addition, we investigated the role caused by the parasite during congenital infection and CNS development. Embryos and their brains were PCR-positive for T. cruzi. For this study, NPCs obtained from telencephalon of infected and uninfected embryos and were cultured in presence of resveratrol for forming neurospheres. The results demonstrated that the congenital transmission of T. cruzi influences CNS formation and neural fate, decreasing the number of neuroespheres and causing an elongation in the phases of the cell cycle. In addition, the parasite promoted an increase in neugliogenesis. Resveratrol was neuroprotective and prevented negative effects of the infection. Thus, we suggest the use of resveratrol as a therapeutic target for the treatment of neuroinflammation or as neuroprotective agent during Chagas disease, as it improves gliogenesis and restores neural migration.
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Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Resveratrol/farmacología , Células Madre/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Enfermedad de Chagas/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Ratones , Neurogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/citología , Células Madre/metabolismo , Trypanosoma cruziRESUMEN
This study investigated the protective effect of curcumin on memory loss and on the alteration of acetylcholinesterase and ectonucleotidases activities in rats exposed chronically to cadmium (Cd). Rats received Cd (1 mg/kg) and curcumin (30, 60, or 90 mg/kg) by oral gavage 5 days a week for 3 months. The animals were divided into eight groups: vehicle (saline/oil), saline/curcumin 30 mg/kg, saline/curcumin 60 mg/kg, saline/curcumin 90 mg/kg, Cd/oil, Cd/curcumin 30 mg/kg, Cd/curcumin 60 mg/kg, and Cd/curcumin 90 mg/kg. Curcumin prevented the decrease in the step-down latency induced by Cd. In cerebral cortex synaptosomes, Cd-exposed rats showed an increase in acetylcholinesterase and NTPDase (ATP and ADP as substrates) activities and a decrease in the 5'-nucleotidase activity. Curcumin was not able to prevent the effect of Cd on acetylcholinesterase activity, but it prevented the effects caused by Cd on NTPDase (ATP and ADP as substrate) and 5'-nucleotidase activities. Increased acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in different brain structures, whole blood and lymphocytes of the Cd-treated group. In addition, Cd increased lipid peroxidation in different brain structures. Higher doses of curcumin were more effective in preventing these effects. These findings show that curcumin prevented the Cd-mediated memory impairment, demonstrating that this compound has a neuroprotective role and is capable of modulating acetylcholinesterase, NTPDase, and 5'-nucleotidase activities. Finally, it highlights the possibility of using curcumin as an adjuvant against toxicological conditions involving Cd exposure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 70-83, 2017.
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Intoxicación por Cadmio/fisiopatología , Curcumina/uso terapéutico , Trastornos de la Memoria/inducido químicamente , Trastornos de la Memoria/prevención & control , Sistema Nervioso Parasimpático/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Purinérgicos/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Intoxicación por Cadmio/enzimología , Curcumina/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Electrochoque , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Sinaptosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Sinaptosomas/enzimologíaRESUMEN
Neural stem cells proliferate and differentiate into neurons and glial cells, being responsible for embryonic and postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as for regeneration in the adult brain. These cells also play a key role in maintaining the physiological integrity of the CNS in face of injury or disease. The previous study has demonstrated that bradykinin (BK) treatment simultaneously induces neuronal enrichment (indicating that BK contributes to neurogenesis) and reduced proliferation rates during in vitro differentiation of rat embryonic telencephalon neural precursor cells (NPCs). Here, we provide a mechanism for the unresolved question whether (i) the low rate of proliferation is owed to enhanced neurogenesis or, conversely, (ii) the alteration of the population ratio could result from low proliferation of NPCs and glial cells. In agreement with the previous study, BK promoted neuron-specific ß3-tubulin and MAP2 expression in differentiating embryonic mouse neurospheres, whereas glial protein expression and global proliferation rates decreased. Furthermore, BK augmented the global frequency of cells in G0 -phase of cell cycle after differentiation. Heterogeneous cell populations were observed at this stage, including neurons that always remaining a quiescent state (G0 -phase). It is noteworthy that BK did not interfere with proliferation of any particular cell type, evidenced by coimmunostaining for nestin, ß3-tubulin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). Thus, we conclude that neuronal enrichment is owing only to the fostering of neurogenesis, and that the low proliferation rate on the seventh day of differentiation is a consequence and not the cause of BK-induced neuronal enrichment.