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The activity concentration of a solution of (99)Tc was absolutely determined by liquid scintillation measurements based on the triple-to double-coincidence ratio method (TDCR) and compared with the results given by 4πß(LS)-γ(NaI) live-timed anticoincidence (with extending dead-time) and classical 4πß(PC)-γ(NaI) coincidence counting systems based on using (60)Co as the efficiency-tracing radionuclide. The results of anticoincidence and coincidence counting are, respectively, 0.18% and 0.66% higher than the result from TDCR measurements, but they are consistent within uncertainties.

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In order to maintain the results of primary activity standardizations carried out in 2011 the LNMRI has determined the calibration factors for a pressurized 4π-ionization chamber for the nuclides (18)F and (68)Ga. This ionization chamber is coupled to a 6517A Keithley electrometer which is controlled by a homemade LabVIEW program. This paper will describe the main issues related to the calibration of an ionization chamber system for positron emitters and short half-life radionuclides such as timing, current measurement, background, decay, and (226)Ra check source measurements.

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Bone involvement is a common finding in many types of lymphoma (Clin Oncol 9(3): 195-196, 1997). However, cranial vault affliction has been regarded as an exceedingly rare presentation, particularly in the case of primary lymphoma (J Neurosurg 108(5): 1018-1020, 2008). Our objective is to describe a series of five immunocompetent patients with histologically confirmed cranial vault lymphoma (CVL), and to conduct a systematic review of the current literature. Our review points out identical imaging patterns in most of the lesions for all reported CVL cases, despite their different histological subtypes. This typical pattern can be seen on computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an expansive tumor that affects all three compartments of the cranial vault, including the scalp, skull bone, and pachymeninges, even in the absence of osteolysis. We argue that the absence of osteolysis might enhance diagnostic capability. In the appropriate clinical setting, these features represent important disease characteristics that may help with an earlier diagnosis. Large B-cell lymphoma was the most common subtype of primary CVL.

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The National Metrology Laboratory for Ionizing Radiation (LNMRI)/Brazil has implemented a live-timed anti-coincidence system with extending dead time to complement the existing systems in its Radionuclide Laboratory for activity measurements of radioactive sources. In this new system, the proportional counter has been replaced by a liquid-scintillation-counter for alpha and beta detection. In order to test the performance of the new system, radioactive solutions of (131)I, (124)Sb and (241)Am have been standardized. In this work the measurement method, the results and the associated uncertainties are described and discussed.

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In this work, the activity standardization of 51Cr, 55Fe and 67Ga by live-timed anti-coincidence counting with extending dead time is described. The difficulties of the method, the uncertainties of the results of the measurements and the comparison of these results with others measurement methods are discussed.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) measurements derived from perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) may be useful to evaluate angiogenesis and preoperatively estimate the grade of a glioma. We hypothesized that rCBV is correlated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression as marker of the angiogenic stimulus in presumed supratentorial low-grade gliomas (LGGs). METHODS: From February 2001 to February 2004, we examined 20 adults (16 men, four women; mean age 36 years; range, 23-60 years) with suspected (nonenhancing) supratentorial LGG on conventional MR imaging. Preoperative MR imaging used a dynamic first-pass gadolinium-enhanced, spin-echo echo-planar PWI. In heterogeneous tumors, we performed stereotactic biopsy in the high-perfusion areas before surgical resection. Semiquantitative grading of VEGF immunoreactivity was applied. RESULTS: Nine patients had diffuse astrocytomas (World Health Organization grade II), and 11 had other LGG and anaplastic gliomas. In patients with heterogeneous tumors on PWI, the high-rCBV focus had areas of oligodendroglioma or anaplastic astrocytoma on stereotactic biopsy, whereas the surgical specimens were predominantly astrocytomas. Anaplastic gliomas had high rCBV ratios and positive VEGF immunoreactivity. Diffuse astrocytomas had negative VEGF expression and mean rCBV values significantly lower than those of the other two groups. Three diffuse astrocytomas had positive VEGF immunoreactivity and high rCBV values. CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed the correlation among rCBV measurements, VEGF expression, and histopathologic grade in nonenhancing gliomas. PWI may add useful data to the preoperative assessment of nonenhancing gliomas. Its contribution in predicting tumor behavior and patient prognosis remains to be determined.

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OBJECT: The. diagnosis of low-grade glioma (LGG) cannot be based exclusively on conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies, and target selection for stereotactic biopsy is a crucial issue given the high risk of sampling errors. The authors hypothesized that perfusion-weighted imaging could provide information on the microcirculation in presumed supratentorial LGGs. METHODS: All adult patients with suspected (nonenhancing) supratentorial LGGs on conventional MR imaging between February 2001 and February 2004 were included in this study. Preoperative MR imaging was performed using a dynamic first-pass gadopentate dimeglumine-enhanced spin echo-echo planar perfusion-weighted sequence, and the tumors' relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) measurements were expressed in relation to the values observed in contralateral white matter. In patients with heterogeneous tumors a stereotactic biopsy was performed in the higher perfusion areas before resection. Among 21 patients (16 men and five women with a mean age of 36 years, range 23-60 years), 10 had diffuse astrocytomas (World Health Organization Grade II) and 11 had other LGGs and anaplastic gliomas. On perfusion-weighted images demonstrating heterogeneous tumors, areas of higher rCBV focus were found to be oligodendrogliomas or anaplastic astrocytomas on stereotactic biopsy; during tumor resection, however, specimens were characterized predominantly as astrocytomas. Diffuse astrocytomas were associated with significantly lower mean rCBV values compared with those in the other two lesion groups (p < 0.01). The rCBV ratio cutoff value that permitted better discrimination between diffuse astrocytomas and the other lesion groups was 1.2 (80% sensitivity and 100% specificity). CONCLUSIONS: Perfusion-weighted imaging is a feasible method of reducing the sampling error in the histopathological diagnosis of a presumed LGG, particularly by improving the selection of targets for stereotactic biopsy.

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Parkinsonism and portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE) are cerebral disorders associated with motor and neuropsychological dysfunctions that may occur in patients with chronic liver disease. We describe a patient with parkinsonism and neuroradiologic and 1H spectroscopic findings of PSE associated with a large congenital intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt. Chronic liver disease was absent. After endovascular treatment, we documented a progressive reversal of parkinsonism and PSE on the basis of clinical, neuroradiologic, and spectroscopic criteria.

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201Tl is frequently used in radiopharmaceutical applications, and therefore the gamma-ray emission probabilities and half-life have been re-determined by means of gamma-ray spectroscopy. While the activity was calibrated using the sum-peak coincidence method, the half-life was obtained by the reference source method based on simultaneous counting of a reference source and the sample. Both the measurement techniques and assignment of uncertainties are presented and discussed, and the resulting data are shown to be in good agreement with previously published studies.

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The reference source method associated with HPGe gamma-ray spectrometric techniques has been applied to half-life determinations of radionuclides used in nuclear medicine. Simultaneous measurements were undertaken for radiopharmaceutical nuclides such as 67Ga, 99Tcm, 123I, 131I and another radionuclide as reference. Besides optimizing the analysis time, this procedure was shown to be independent of the instrumental technique, environmental and radiochemical impurity interferences for most radionuclides. However, some restrictions were observed in samples that contained impurities with the same emission energy or an energy that was very close to the energy of the radionuclide to be measured. The measurement conditions improved the quoted accuracy of the half-life by reducing the type B component uncertainty.

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32P and 204Tl solutions were standardized within the frame of the international key comparisons organized by bureau international des poids et mesures, in 2002. The activity concentration of 32P was measured by counting solid sources in a 4pibeta proportional gas flow counter and by liquid scintillation counting. The self-absorption in solid sources for 4pibeta counting and the presence of 33P as an impurity were evaluated. The combined standard uncertainty for 32P was 0.59% in the 4pibeta counting and 0.38% in the liquid scintillation counting. Liquid scintillation counting was used to measure the activity concentration of 204Tl with combined standard uncertainty of 0.35%.

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Since 1998, the National Laboratory for Ionizing Radiation Metrology has lead an intercomparison program for activity measurements of radiopharmaceuticals administered to patients in the Nuclear Medicine Services (NMS) with the purpose of promoting the quality control. In this work, intercomparison results with the radionuclides 67Ga, 123I, 99mTc and 201Tl from the beginning of the program to the present will be presented establishing as a consequence, the radionuclide calibrators' traceability used by the participants. The analysis of the results showed that 68% were within the limits of +/-10% required by the Brazilian Regulatory Authority that demands this accuracy band for the radiopharmaceutical measurements in the NMS. The results also demonstrate an improvement in the measurement quality that this program has provided since its beginning.

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Efficiency calibration curves for germanium detectors are usually established by using a large number of standard gamma-ray sources of specific radionuclides, that decay with few gamma-rays, or radionuclides with complex decay schemes, such as 133Ba or 152Eu. But these multi-gamma radionuclides cannot be used alone, because the gamma-rays of high intensity are irregularly distributed across the energy spectrum. 166mHo is a more suitable single source for such calibrations, because this radionuclide decays by beta(-)emission to the excited states of 166Er with the subsequent emission of about 20 strong and well distributed gamma-rays ever the energy range 50-1000 keV. Moreover, with a relatively long half-life (1200 yr) and characteristic X-rays between 40 and 50 keV, this nuclide is a good standard for the calibration of germanium detectors. The X- and gamma-ray emission probabilities of their main lines need to be known with good accuracy in order to resolve the discrepancies found in the literature. A combination of 4pi beta-gamma coincidence and X- and gamma-ray spectrometric techniques have been used to determine 50 photon emission probabilities.