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At the end of 2019, a new disease with pandemic potential appeared in China. It was a novel coronavirus called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Later, in the first quarter of 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of this disease a pandemic. Elderly people, people with comorbidities, and health care professionals are more vulnerable to COVID-19. Obesity has been growing exponentially worldwide, affecting several age groups. It is a morbidity that is associated with genetic, epigenetic, environment factors and/or interaction between them. Obesity is associated with the development of several diseases including diabetes mellitus, mainly type 2. Diabetes affects a significant portion of the global population. Obesity and diabetes are among the main risk factors for the development of severe symptoms of COVID-19, and individuals with these conditions constitute a risk group. Based on a literature review on obesity in people with diabetes in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study presents updated important considerations and care to be taken with this population.

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Introdução: A asma e a rinite parecem influenciar de diversas formas aspectos da vida das crianças, incluindo o comprometimento do nível de atividade física. Objetivo: Analisar a preferência por comportamentos favoráveis à prática de atividade física e o nível de atividade física de crianças de 6 a 7 anos com sintomas de asma e/ou rinite em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, que estimou a presença de sintomas de asma e de rinite através do questionário International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood e sua relação com a preferência por comportamentos favoráveis à prática de atividade física e com o nível de atividade física avaliados com o Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para verificar a associação entre as variáveis independentes e os comportamentos favoráveis à prática de atividade física e o nível de atividade física. ANOVA uma via, seguida do teste post hoc de Tukey foram utilizados para comparar os comportamentos favoráveis à prática de atividade física e o nível de atividade física entre grupos. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 282 crianças, nestas os sintomas de rinite foram os mais prevalentes, presentes em 20,2% das crianças. A associação de sintomas de asma e rinite foi constatada em 17,7% das crianças, e a presença isolada de sintomas de asma em 12,1%. Em relação ao nível de atividade física, os meninos obtiveram pontuação significativamente maior em relação à preferência por brincadeiras agitadas (p = 0,02) e prática de esportes (p = 0,01), o mesmo para crianças com sintomas de asma ou rinite. Conclusão: Não foi detectada relação entre o nível de atividade física e os sintomas de asma e rinite entre os participantes.

Introduction: Asthma and rhinitis seem to influence different aspects of children's lives, including impairment of physical activity level. Objective: To analyze preference for behaviors conducive to physical activity and level of physical activity in children aged 6 to 7 years with symptoms of asthma and/or rhinitis in a city in southern Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated the presence of symptoms of asthma and rhinitis using the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood questionnaire and its association with behavior conducive to physical activity and with physical activity levels, which were evaluated with the Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire. Student's t-test was used to assess if independent variables were associated with behavior conducive to physical activity and physical activity levels. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test were used to compare behavior conducive to physical activity and physical activity levels between groups. Results: In total, 282 children participated in the study, and the most prevalent symptoms were those of rhinitis, present in 20.2% of children. The association of asthma and rhinitis symptoms was found in 17.7% of children, and the presence of asthma symptoms alone was found in 12.1%. Regarding the level of physical activity, boys obtained a significantly higher score in relation to their preference for active games (p = 0.02) and sports (p = 0.01), the same for children with symptoms of asthma or rhinitis. Conclusion: There was no relationship between level of physical activity and symptoms of asthma and rhinitis among the participants.

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a condition caused by an amendment to the X chromosome, inherited as a recessive trait, and affects 1:3500 live births, especially males. Low-intensity exercise is known to decrease certain parameters associated with muscular degeneration in animal models of progressive muscular dystrophies. In the present study, 28-day-old male mdx and wild-type (wild) mice were used. The animals were subjected to a low-intensity physical exercise protocol for 8 weeks. It was found that this protocol was able to reduce oxidative stress in muscle tissue and in most of the CNS structures analyzed, with a significant increase in antioxidant activity in all analyzed structures. It is thus possible to infer that this exercise protocol was able to reduce oxidative stress and improve the energy metabolism in brain tissue and in the gastrocnemius muscle of animals with DMD.

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Introdução: Considerando que os mecanismos pelos quais as doenças atópicas têm aumentado em frequência e gravidade não são inteiramente conhecidos, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar os fatores associados aos sintomas das doenças atópicas em crianças de 6-7 anos. Método: Estudo observacional do tipo caso-controle realizado com crianças de 6-7 anos em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Questionários foram aplicados às mães das crianças, e os sintomas de doenças atópicas foram triados pelo questionário do International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 255 crianças (85 casos e 170 controles). Os fatores associados às doenças atópicas foram: história familiar de asma (OR: 4,61; IC95% 2,63-0,73), rinite (OR: 3,46; IC95% 1,90-3,26) e eczema (OR: 3,42; IC95% 1,91-6,14), corrimento vaginal na gestação (OR: 4,25; IC95% 2,31-7,84), icterícia neonatal (OR: 2,38; IC95% 1,21-4,68), infecções respiratórias dos tratos superior e inferior (OR: 3,75; IC95% 2,13-3,62; OR: 3,68; IC95% 2,00-6,76, respectivamente), refluxo gastroesofágico (OR: 3,83; IC95% 1,87-7,82), além do tabagismo domiciliar (OR: 2,00; IC95% 1,10-3,64), mofo/umidade no quarto (OR = 3,34; IC95% 1,82-6,12) e animais em casa (OR: 1,77 IC95% 1,04-3,02). Conclusão: Casos de atopia estão associados a história familiar, infecções gestacionais maternas e neonatal, além de variáveis ambientais como o tabagismo e mofo.

Introduction: Considering that the mechanisms by which atopic diseases have increased in frequency and severity are not entirely known, the present study aims to analyze the factors associated with symptoms of atopic diseases in children aged 6-7 years. Method: This case-control observational study recruited children aged 6-7 years in a city in southern Brazil. The questionnaires were administered to the children's mothers and the symptoms of atopic diseases were screened through the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Results: The study included 255 children (85 cases and 170 controls). Factors associated with atopic diseases were family history of asthma (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.63-0.73), rhinitis (OR: 3.46; 95% CI: 1.90- 3.26), eczema (OR: 3.25; 95% CI: 1.91-6.14), vaginal discharge during pregnancy (OR: 4.25; 95% CI: 2.31-7.84), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.21-4.68), upper and lower respiratory infections (OR: 3.75; 95% CI: 2.13-3.62; and OR: 3.68; 95% CI: 2.00-6.76, respectively), gastroesophageal reflux (OR: 3.83; 95% CI: 1.87-7.82), in addition to household smoking (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.10-3.64), mold in the bedroom (OR: 3.34; 95% CI: 1.82-6.12) and pets at home (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.04-3.02). Conclusion: Cases of atopic diseases are associated with family history, maternal and neonatal infections, and environmental exposures such as smoking and mold.

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