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The placenta has a unique hypomethylated genome. Due to this feature of the placenta, there is a potential possibility of using regulatory elements derived from retroviruses and retrotransposons, which are suppressed by DNA methylation in the adult body. In addition, there is an abnormal increase in the level of methylation of the LINE-1 retrotransposon in the chorionic trophoblast in spontaneous abortions with both normal karyotype and aneuploidy on different chromosomes, which may be associated with impaired gene transcription using LINE-1 regulatory elements. To date, 988 genes that can be expressed from alternative LINE-1 promoters have been identified. Using the STRING tool, genes (NUP153 and YWHAB) were selected, the products of which have significant functional relationships with proteins highly expressed in the placenta and involved in trophoblast differentiation. This study aimed to analyze the expression of the NUP153 and YWHAB genes, highly active in the placenta, from canonical and alternative LINE-1 promoters in the germinal part of the placenta of spontaneous and induced abortions. Gene expression analysis was performed using real-time PCR in chorionic villi and extraembryonic mesoderm of induced abortions (n = 10), adult lymphocytes (n = 10), spontaneous abortions with normal karyotype (n = 10), and with the most frequent aneuploidies in the first trimester of pregnancy (trisomy 16 (n = 8) and monosomy X (n = 6)). The LINE-1 methylation index was assessed in the chorionic villi of spontaneous abortions using targeted bisulfite massive parallel sequencing. The level of expression of both genes from canonical promoters was higher in blood lymphocytes than in placental tissues (p < 0.05). However, the expression level of the NUP153 gene from the alternative LINE-1 promoter was 17 times higher in chorionic villi and 23 times higher in extraembryonic mesoderm than in lymphocytes (p < 0.05). The expression level of NUP153 and YWHAB from canonical promoters was higher in the group of spontaneous abortions with monosomy X compared to all other groups (p <0.05). The LINE-1 methylation index negatively correlated with the level of gene expression from both canonical (NUP153 - R = -0.59, YWHAB - R = -0.52, p < 0.05) and alternative LINE-1 promoters (NUP153 - R = -0.46, YWHAB - R = -0.66, p < 0.05). Thus, the observed increase in the LINE-1 methylation index in the placenta of spontaneous abortions is associated with the level of expression of the NUP153 and YWHAB genes not only from alternative but also from canonical promoters, which can subsequently lead to negative consequences for normal embryogenesis.

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The excitation and effective selection of modes at high harmonics of the cyclotron frequency are experimentally demonstrated using a delayed feedback into the gyrotron. The operation at the third cyclotron harmonic at the frequency of 40.5 GHz with the output power of 3 kW and efficiency 8% is observed in a continuous wave gyrotron with an oil-cooled magnet with a field of 0.5 T in the interaction space.

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In 67 patients with esophageal cancer, the peculiarities of endocrine regulation of alimentation after resection and plasty of the esophagus, using an isoperistaltic gastric tube were studied. Of these patients, 15 underwent correction of the disorders revealed. Accelerated evacuation of the content from a gastric transplant is accompanied by atony of the pylorus and is due to relative incompetence of neuroendocrine elements in gastric and duodenal mucosa (presence of a small amount of EC- and P-cells). Use of pentagastrin at the early postoperative period permits to accelerate the process of formation of the compensatory-adjusting mechanisms in the system of alimentation due to increase in functional activity of EC- and I-cells.

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The therapeutic possibilities of peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and hemo- and lymphosorption in the treatment of the intoxication syndrome were studied in 786 patients. The causes of the intoxication syndrome were as follows: postoperative peritonitis (98), acute renal insufficiency of various etiology (493), acute hepatorenal insufficiency with exogenous poisoning (178), diffuse purulent peritonitis (11), pancreatogenic peritonitis (6). Enzymatic lavage and peritoneal dialysis were applied in 98 patients, hemodialysis methods in 493, hemosorption was conducted 360 times in 178 patients and lymphosorption in 17 patients. The efficacy of the modern methods of detoxification of the organism was demonstrated, which was evaluated from the patients' improved general condition, improvement of the values of hemodynamics, concentration of toxic metabolites and middle-mass molecules in the blood, and the results of the paramecium test.

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Postoperative levels of insulin and morphological pattern of beta-cells of islets of Langerhans were studied in 27 esophageal cancer patients following one-stage esophageal resection or repair with the gastric pedicle graft and extracavitary cervical shunt. There is a postoperative inhibition of secretory activity of the insulin pancreatic apparatus which recovered on 120 postoperative day. These shifts resulted from dystrophy of the beta-cells.

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On 10 human cadavers, plasty of the cervical esophagus with isolated segment of the descending colon and formation of vascular anastomosis on the neck was performed. The inferior mesenteric artery was excised with the aortic wall and anastomosed end-to-side to the common carotid artery. The inferior mesenteric vein was transected in its terminal portion at the radix mesenterii, and on the neck, an anastomosis to the external or internal jugular vein, or their branches was created. Ten dogs were operated on according to the mentioned technique. No vascular thrombosis in the intestinal transplant was noted.

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For chronic duodenal obstruction, duodenojejunostomy was performed in 12 patients, the Roux gastric resection--in 18, the Robinson operation--in 12. The Roux gastric resection has proved to be effective in patients with subcompensated and decompensated forms, the Robinson operations--in patients with compensated form of the disease. The different variants of duodenojejunostomy didn't contribute to recovery of the patients.

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Morphological and functional changes of the pancreas during experimental restoration of the damaged wall of the cervical part of the esophagus at various periods after the operation were studied. The diabetes-like nature of the sugar curve in this case was due to degenerative changes in beta-cells of the island apparatus and decline in their number, which led to the reduction in endogenous insulin content and the violation of insulin secretion.

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