RESUMEN
The immune system has a substantial impact on the growth and expansion of lung malignancies. Immune cells are encompassed by a stroma comprising an extracellular matrix (ECM) and different cells like stromal cells, which are known as the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). TME is marked by the presence of immunosuppressive factors, which inhibit the function of immune cells and expand tumor growth. In recent years, numerous strategies and adjuvants have been developed to extend immune responses in the TIME, to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we outline the present knowledge of immune evasion mechanisms in lung TIME, explain the biology of immune cells and diverse effectors on these components, and discuss various approaches for overcoming suppressive barriers. We highlight the potential of novel adjuvants, including toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, phytochemicals, nanocarriers, and oncolytic viruses, for enhancing immune responses in the TME. Ultimately, we provide a summary of ongoing clinical trials investigating these strategies and adjuvants in lung cancer patients. This review also provides a broad overview of the current state-of-the-art in boosting immune responses in the TIME and highlights the potential of these approaches for improving outcomes in lung cancer patients.
Lung cancer remains a significant global health concern, and researchers are actively exploring innovative approaches to boost the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Boosting the immune system responses against the lung tumor microenvironment is one of promising approaches for lung cancer therapy. The lung tumor microenvironment refers to the complex network of cells, proteins, and molecules that surround and support the growth of lung tumors. Unfortunately, this environment often hinders the body's immune response, allowing cancer cells to evade detection and destruction. By comprehending the cellular and molecular factors at play, researchers can devise novel strategies to tip the balance in favor of the immune system. Cancer cells often employ various mechanisms to suppress the immune system within the lung tumor microenvironment. One approach to combating this suppression is the use of adjuvants, substances that enhance the immune response. Adjuvants can be administered alongside cancer vaccines or other immunotherapies to strengthen the immune system's ability to recognize and attack tumor cells. The recent progresses have shown the potential of some products, adjuvants, immunotherapy drugs, vaccines, and nanoparticles. This article aims to discuss recent advancements in the field of cancer immunotherapy, specifically focusing on strategies to strengthen the body's immune response against lung tumors.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Microambiente Tumoral , Humanos , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/inmunología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Animales , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Escape del TumorRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: It is essential to determine a safe and effective method for treating constipation after stroke. Massage has been widely used in recent years. However, meta-analysis data on the efficacy of massage for the treatment of constipation experienced after stroke are almost nonexistent. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to examine the effectiveness of using massage therapy to treat constipation in patients who suffered a stroke event. METHODS: This systematic review adhered to the reporting guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Electronic databases, including Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China Biology Medicine, Wan Fang Data, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and National Knowledge Infrastructure, were searched for relevant studies on the efficacy of massage for the treatment of poststroke constipation. Rev-Man 5.3 software was used to analyze the study data. RESULTS: A total of 11 randomized controlled trials with 1045 patients were included. A statistically significant difference in the total effective rates was found between the massage and control groups (OR = 4.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.81, 8.76; P < 0.001). Compared with the control groups, the massage group had markedly reduced incidences of constipation (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.47; P < 0.001) and of four symptoms of discomfort (P < 0.001). The frequency of defecation on day two and day three in the massage group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results strongly suggest that massage can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of constipation after stroke. However, large, multicenter, long-term, and high-quality randomized controlled trials need to be conducted to establish a definitive conclusion.