RESUMEN
The pore-forming S. aureus α-toxin (Hla) contributes to virulence and disease pathogenesis. While high concentrations of toxin induce cell death, neutrophils exhibit relative resistance to lysis, suggesting that the action of Hla may not be solely conferred by lytic susceptibility. Using intravital microscopy, we observed that Hla disrupts neutrophil localization and clustering early in infection. Hla forms a narrow, ion-selective pore, suggesting that Hla may dysregulate calcium or other ions to impair neutrophil function. We found that sub-lytic Hla did not permit calcium influx but caused rapid membrane depolarization. Depolarization decreases the electrogenic driving force for calcium, and concordantly, Hla suppressed calcium signaling in vitro and in vivo and calcium-dependent leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production, a key mediator of neutrophil clustering. Thus, Hla disrupts the early patterning of the neutrophil response to infection, in part through direct impairment of neutrophil calcium signaling. This early mis-localization of neutrophils may contribute to establishment of infection.
Asunto(s)
Neutrófilos , Staphylococcus aureus , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismo , Calcio/metabolismo , Señalización del CalcioRESUMEN
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) expands hematopoietic capacity outside of the bone marrow in response to inflammatory conditions, including infections and cancer. Because of its inducible nature, EMH offers a unique opportunity to study the interaction between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and their niche. In cancer patients, the spleen frequently serves as an EMH organ and provides myeloid cells that may worsen pathology. Here, we examined the relationship between HSPCs and their splenic niche in EMH in a mouse breast cancer model. We identify tumor produced IL-1α and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) acting on splenic HSPCs and splenic niche cells, respectively. IL-1α induced TNFα expression in splenic HSPCs, which then activated splenic niche activity, while LIF induced proliferation of splenic niche cells. IL-1α and LIF display cooperative effects in activating EMH and are both up-regulated in some human cancers. Together, these data expand avenues for developing niche-directed therapies and further exploring EMH accompanying inflammatory pathologies like cancer.
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Enfermedades Hematológicas , Hematopoyesis Extramedular , Neoplasias , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Hematopoyesis Extramedular/fisiología , Factor Inhibidor de Leucemia/farmacología , Interleucina-1alfa/farmacología , HematopoyesisRESUMEN
The central nervous system (CNS) antigen-presenting cell (APC) that primes antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses remains undefined. Elsewhere in the body, the conventional dendritic cell 1 (cDC1) performs this role. However, steady-state brain parenchyma cDC1 are extremely rare; cDCs localize to the choroid plexus and dura. Thus, whether the cDC1 play a function in presenting antigen derived from parenchymal sources in the tumor setting remains unknown. Using preclinical glioblastoma (GBM) models and cDC1-deficient mice, we explored the presently unknown role of cDC1 in CNS antitumor immunity. We determined that, in addition to infiltrating the brain tumor parenchyma itself, cDC1 prime neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells against brain tumors and mediate checkpoint blockade-induced survival benefit. We observed that cDC, including cDC1, isolated from the tumor, the dura, and the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes harbored a traceable fluorescent tumor antigen. In patient samples, we observed several APC subsets (including the CD141+ cDC1 equivalent) infiltrating glioblastomas, meningiomas, and dura. In these same APC subsets, we identified a tumor-specific fluorescent metabolite of 5-aminolevulinic acid, which fluorescently labeled tumor cells during fluorescence-guided GBM resection. Together, these data elucidate the specialized behavior of cDC1 and suggest that cDC1 play a significant role in CNS antitumor immunity.
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Células Dendríticas , Neoplasias , Animales , Ratones , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Antígenos de Neoplasias , EncéfaloRESUMEN
Recently, studies have emerged suggesting that the skin plays a role as major Na+ reservoir via regulation of the content of glycosaminoglycans and osmotic gradients. We investigated whether there were electrolyte gradients in skin and where Na+ could be stored to be inactivated from a fluid balance viewpoint. Na+ accumulation was induced in rats by a high salt diet (HSD) (8% NaCl and 1% saline to drink) or by implantation of a deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) tablet (1% saline to drink) using rats on a low salt diet (LSD) (0.1% NaCl) on tap water as control. Na+ and K+ were assessed by ion chromatography in tissue eluates, and the extracellular volume by equilibration of 51 Cr-EDTA. By tangential sectioning of the skin, we found a low Na+ content and extracellular volume in epidermis, both parameters rising by â¼30% and 100%, respectively, in LSD and even more in HSD and DOCA when entering dermis. We found evidence for an extracellular Na+ gradient from epidermis to dermis shown by an estimated concentration in epidermis â¼2 and 4-5 times that of dermis in HSD and DOCA-salt. There was intracellular storage of Na+ in skin, muscle, and myocardium without a concomitant increase in hydration. Our data suggest that there is a hydration-dependent high interstitial fluid Na+ concentration that will contribute to the skin barrier and thus be a mechanism for limiting water loss. Salt stress results in intracellular storage of Na+ in exchange with K+ in skeletal muscle and myocardium that may have electromechanical consequences. KEY POINTS: Studies have suggested that Na+ can be retained or removed without commensurate water retention or loss, and that the skin plays a role as major Na+ reservoir via regulation of the content of glycosaminoglycans and osmotic gradients. In the present study, we investigated whether there were electrolyte gradients in skin and where Na+ could be stored to be inactivated from a fluid balance viewpoint. We used two common models for salt-sensitive hypertension: high salt and a deoxycorticosterone salt diet. We found a hydration-dependent high interstitial fluid Na+ concentration that will contribute to the skin barrier and thus be a mechanism for limiting water loss. There was intracellular Na+ storage in muscle and myocardium without a concomitant increase in hydration, comprising storage that may have electromechanical consequences in salt stress.
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Acetato de Desoxicorticosterona , Hipertensión , Animales , Ratas , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Desoxicorticosterona/farmacología , Electrólitos , Glicosaminoglicanos , Iones , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Sodio , Cloruro de Sodio , AguaRESUMEN
Lymphangitis and the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in the mesentery are features of Crohn's disease. Here, we examined the genesis of these TLOs and their impact on disease progression. Whole-mount and intravital imaging of the ileum and ileum-draining collecting lymphatic vessels (CLVs) draining to mesenteric lymph nodes from TNFΔARE mice, a model of ileitis, revealed TLO formation at valves of CLVs. TLOs obstructed cellular and molecular outflow from the gut and were sites of lymph leakage and backflow. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) neutralization begun at early stages of TLO formation restored lymph transport. However, robustly developed, chronic TLOs resisted regression and restoration of flow after TNF neutralization. TNF stimulation of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells reprogrammed responses to oscillatory shear stress, preventing the induction of valve-associated genes. Disrupted transport of immune cells, driven by loss of valve integrity and TLO formation, may contribute to the pathology of Crohn's disease.
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Enfermedad de Crohn/inmunología , Células Endoteliales/inmunología , Íleon/inmunología , Linfa/metabolismo , Vasos Linfáticos/inmunología , Mesenterio/inmunología , Estructuras Linfoides Terciarias/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animales , Movimiento Celular , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Ileítis , Linfangitis , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Estrés MecánicoRESUMEN
Two resident macrophage subsets reside in peritoneal fluid. Macrophages also reside within mesothelial membranes lining the peritoneal cavity, but they remain poorly characterized. Here, we identified two macrophage populations (LYVE1hi MHC IIlo-hi CX3CR1gfplo/- and LYVE1lo/- MHC IIhi CX3CR1gfphi subsets) in the mesenteric and parietal mesothelial linings of the peritoneum. These macrophages resembled LYVE1+ macrophages within surface membranes of numerous organs. Fate-mapping approaches and analysis of newborn mice showed that LYVE1hi macrophages predominantly originated from embryonic-derived progenitors and were controlled by CSF1 made by Wt1+ stromal cells. Their gene expression profile closely overlapped with ovarian tumor-associated macrophages previously described in the omentum. Indeed, syngeneic epithelial ovarian tumor growth was strongly reduced following in vivo ablation of LYVE1hi macrophages, including in mice that received omentectomy to dissociate the role from omental macrophages. These data reveal that the peritoneal compartment contains at least four resident macrophage populations and that LYVE1hi mesothelial macrophages drive tumor growth independently of the omentum.
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Macrófagos Peritoneales/patología , Epiplón/citología , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Animales , Células Epiteliales/patología , Femenino , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/genética , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Epiplón/patología , Epiplón/cirugía , Peritoneo/patología , Células del Estroma/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/genética , Proteínas WT1/genética , Proteínas WT1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cryptosporidium can cause severe diarrhea and morbidity, but many infections are asymptomatic. Here, we studied the immune response to a commensal strain of Cryptosporidium tyzzeri (Ct-STL) serendipitously discovered when conventional type 1 dendritic cell (cDC1)-deficient mice developed cryptosporidiosis. Ct-STL was vertically transmitted without negative health effects in wild-type mice. Yet, Ct-STL provoked profound changes in the intestinal immune system, including induction of an IFN-γ-producing Th1 response. TCR sequencing coupled with in vitro and in vivo analysis of common Th1 TCRs revealed that Ct-STL elicited a dominant antigen-specific Th1 response. In contrast, deficiency in cDC1s skewed the Ct-STL CD4 T cell response toward Th17 and regulatory T cells. Although Ct-STL predominantly colonized the small intestine, colon Th1 responses were enhanced and associated with protection against Citrobacter rodentium infection and exacerbation of dextran sodium sulfate and anti-IL10R-triggered colitis. Thus, Ct-STL represents a commensal pathobiont that elicits Th1-mediated intestinal homeostasis that may reflect asymptomatic human Cryptosporidium infection.
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Criptosporidiosis/inmunología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Cryptosporidium/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitología , Células TH1/inmunología , Animales , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Homeostasis , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Ratones , Microbiota , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Células TH1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Recent studies suggest that mitochondria can be transferred between cells to support the survival of metabolically compromised cells. However, whether intercellular mitochondria transfer occurs in white adipose tissue (WAT) or regulates metabolic homeostasis in vivo remains unknown. We found that macrophages acquire mitochondria from neighboring adipocytes in vivo and that this process defines a transcriptionally distinct macrophage subpopulation. A genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen revealed that mitochondria uptake depends on heparan sulfates (HS). High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice exhibit lower HS levels on WAT macrophages and decreased intercellular mitochondria transfer from adipocytes to macrophages. Deletion of the HS biosynthetic gene Ext1 in myeloid cells decreases mitochondria uptake by WAT macrophages, increases WAT mass, lowers energy expenditure, and exacerbates HFD-induced obesity in vivo. Collectively, this study suggests that adipocytes and macrophages employ intercellular mitochondria transfer as a mechanism of immunometabolic crosstalk that regulates metabolic homeostasis and is impaired in obesity.
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Tejido Adiposo Blanco/metabolismo , Homeostasis , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Animales , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones TransgénicosRESUMEN
Early atherosclerosis depends upon responses by immune cells resident in the intimal aortic wall. Specifically, the healthy intima is thought to be populated by vascular dendritic cells (DCs) that, during hypercholesterolemia, initiate atherosclerosis by being the first to accumulate cholesterol. Whether these cells remain key players in later stages of disease is unknown. Using murine lineage-tracing models and gene expression profiling, we reveal that myeloid cells present in the intima of the aortic arch are not DCs but instead specialized aortic intima resident macrophages (MacAIR) that depend upon colony-stimulating factor 1 and are sustained by local proliferation. Although MacAIR comprise the earliest foam cells in plaques, their proliferation during plaque progression is limited. After months of hypercholesterolemia, their presence in plaques is overtaken by recruited monocytes, which induce MacAIR-defining genes. These data redefine the lineage of intimal phagocytes and suggest that proliferation is insufficient to sustain generations of macrophages during plaque progression.
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Aorta/inmunología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Monocitos/inmunología , Placa Aterosclerótica/inmunología , Túnica Íntima/inmunología , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Linaje de la Célula , Movimiento Celular , Proliferación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Colesterol/metabolismo , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Parabiosis , FagocitosisRESUMEN
KEY POINTS: Spontaneous contractions are essential for normal lymph transport and these contractions are exquisitely sensitive to the KATP channel activator pinacidil. KATP channel Kir6.1 and SUR2B subunits are expressed in mouse lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM) and form functional KATP channels as verified by electrophysiological techniques. Global deletion of Kir6.1 or SUR2 subunits results in severely impaired lymphatic contractile responses to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of Kir6.1 gain-of-function mutant (GoF) subunits results in profound lymphatic contractile dysfunction and LSM hyperpolarization that is partially rescued by the KATP inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelial-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF has essentially no effect on lymphatic contractile function. The high sensitivity of LSM to KATP channel GoF offers an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1 or SUR2, and suggests that glibenclamide may be an appropriate therapeutic agent. ABSTRACT: This study aimed to understand the functional expression of KATP channel subunits in distinct lymphatic cell types, and assess the consequences of altered KATP channel activity on lymphatic pump function. KATP channel subunits Kir6.1 and SUR2B were expressed in mouse lymphatic muscle by PCR, but only Kir6.1 was expressed in lymphatic endothelium. Spontaneous contractions of popliteal lymphatics from wild-type (WT) (C57BL/6J) mice, assessed by pressure myography, were very sensitive to inhibition by the SUR2-specific KATP channel activator pinacidil, which hyperpolarized both mouse and human lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM). In vessels from mice with deletion of Kir6.1 (Kir6.1-/- ) or SUR2 (SUR2[STOP]) subunits, contractile parameters were not significantly different from those of WT vessels, suggesting that basal KATP channel activity in LSM is not an essential component of the lymphatic pacemaker, and does not exert a strong influence over contractile strength. However, these vessels were >100-fold less sensitive than WT vessels to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of a Kir6.1 gain-of-function (GoF) subunit resulted in severely impaired lymphatic contractions and hyperpolarized LSM. Membrane potential and contractile activity was partially restored by the KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelium-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF subunits had negligible effects on lymphatic contraction frequency or amplitude. Our results demonstrate a high sensitivity of lymphatic contractility to KATP channel activators through activation of Kir6.1/SUR2-dependent channels in LSM. In addition, they offer an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1/SUR2.
Asunto(s)
Mutación con Ganancia de Función , Hipertricosis , Adenosina Trifosfato , Animales , Humanos , Canales KATP/genética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Músculo Liso , Receptores de Sulfonilureas/genéticaRESUMEN
Bacteria express multiple diverse capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) for protection against environmental and host factors, including the host immune system. Using a mouse TCR transgenic CD4+ T cell, BθOM, that is specific for B. thetaiotaomicron and a complete set of single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains, we ask whether CPSs can modify the immune responses to specific bacterial Ags. Acapsular B. thetaiotaomicron, which lacks all B. thetaiotaomicron CPSs, stimulated BθOM T cells more strongly than wild-type B. thetaiotaomicron Despite similar levels of BθOM Ag expression, many single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains were antistimulatory and weakly activated BθOM T cells, but a few strains were prostimulatory and strongly activated BθOM T cells just as well or better than an acapsular strain. B. thetaiotaomicron strains that expressed an antistimulatory CPS blocked Ag delivery to the immune system, which could be rescued by Fc receptor-dependent Ab opsonization. All single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains stimulated the innate immune system to skew toward M1 macrophages and release inflammatory cytokines in an MyD88-dependent manner, with antistimulatory CPS activating the innate immune system in a weaker manner than prostimulatory CPS. The expression of antistimulatory versus prostimulatory CPSs on outer membrane vesicles also regulated immune responses. Moreover, antistimulatory and prostimulatory single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains regulated the activation of Ag-specific and polyclonal T cells as well as clearance of dominant Ag in vivo. These studies establish that the immune responses to specific bacterial Ags can be modulated by a diverse set of CPSs.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron/inmunología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/metabolismo , Animales , Cápsulas Bacterianas/inmunología , Cápsulas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron/citología , Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunidad Mucosa , Mucosa Intestinal/citología , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Activación de Linfocitos , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/inmunología , Simbiosis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Macrophages resident in different organs express distinct genes, but understanding how this diversity fits into tissue-specific features is limited. Here, we show that selective expression of coagulation factor V (FV) by resident peritoneal macrophages in mice promotes bacterial clearance in the peritoneal cavity and serves to facilitate the well-known but poorly understood "macrophage disappearance reaction." Intravital imaging revealed that resident macrophages were nonadherent in peritoneal fluid during homeostasis. Bacterial entry into the peritoneum acutely induced macrophage adherence and associated bacterial phagocytosis. However, optimal control of bacterial expansion in the peritoneum also required expression of FV by the macrophages to form local clots that effectively brought macrophages and bacteria in proximity and out of the fluid phase. Thus, acute cellular adhesion and resident macrophage-induced coagulation operate independently and cooperatively to meet the challenges of a unique, open tissue environment. These events collectively account for the macrophage disappearance reaction in the peritoneal cavity.
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Factor V/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Cavidad Peritoneal/microbiología , Cavidad Peritoneal/patología , Animales , Coagulación Sanguínea , Adhesión Celular , Tamaño de la Célula , Escherichia coli/fisiología , Macrófagos/patología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Bazo/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Lipoproteins trapped in arteries drive atherosclerosis. Extravascular low-density lipoprotein undergoes receptor uptake, whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) interacts with cells to acquire cholesterol and then recirculates to plasma. We developed photoactivatable apoA-I to understand how HDL passage through tissue is regulated. We focused on skin and arteries of healthy mice versus those with psoriasis, which carries cardiovascular risk in man. Our findings suggest that psoriasis-affected skin lesions program interleukin-17-producing T cells in draining lymph nodes to home to distal skin and later to arteries. There, these cells mediate thickening of the collagenous matrix, such that larger molecules including lipoproteins become entrapped. HDL transit was rescued by depleting CD4+ T cells, neutralizing interleukin-17, or inhibiting lysyl oxidase that crosslinks collagen. Experimental psoriasis also increased vascular stiffness and atherosclerosis via this common pathway. Thus, interleukin-17 can reduce lipoprotein trafficking and increase vascular stiffness by, at least in part, remodeling collagen.
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Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas HDL/metabolismo , Psoriasis/metabolismo , Piel/metabolismo , Animales , Apolipoproteína A-I/metabolismo , Aterosclerosis/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/citología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Proteína-Lisina 6-Oxidasa/metabolismo , Piel/patologíaRESUMEN
Tissue-specific autoimmunity occurs when selected antigens presented by susceptible alleles of the major histocompatibility complex are recognized by T cells. However, the reason why certain specific self-antigens dominate the response and are indispensable for triggering autoreactivity is unclear. Spontaneous presentation of insulin is essential for initiating autoimmune type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice1,2. A major set of pathogenic CD4 T cells specifically recognizes the 12-20 segment of the insulin B-chain (B:12-20), an epitope that is generated from direct presentation of insulin peptides by antigen-presenting cells3,4. These T cells do not respond to antigen-presenting cells that have taken up insulin that, after processing, leads to presentation of a different segment representing a one-residue shift, B:13-214. CD4 T cells that recognize B:12-20 escape negative selection in the thymus and cause diabetes, whereas those that recognize B:13-21 have only a minor role in autoimmunity3-5. Although presentation of B:12-20 is evident in the islets3,6, insulin-specific germinal centres can be formed in various lymphoid tissues, suggesting that insulin presentation is widespread7,8. Here we use live imaging to document the distribution of insulin recognition by CD4 T cells throughout various lymph nodes. Furthermore, we identify catabolized insulin peptide fragments containing defined pathogenic epitopes in ß-cell granules from mice and humans. Upon glucose challenge, these fragments are released into the circulation and are recognized by CD4 T cells, leading to an activation state that results in transcriptional reprogramming and enhanced diabetogenicity. Therefore, a tissue such as pancreatic islets, by releasing catabolized products, imposes a constant threat to self-tolerance. These findings reveal a self-recognition pathway underlying a primary autoantigen and provide a foundation for assessing antigenic targets that precipitate pathogenic outcomes by systemically sensitizing lymphoid tissues.
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Exocitosis , Insulina/metabolismo , Islotes Pancreáticos/citología , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Tejido Linfoide/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Adulto , Animales , Presentación de Antígeno/inmunología , Gránulos Citoplasmáticos/química , Gránulos Citoplasmáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Gránulos Citoplasmáticos/metabolismo , Epítopos/inmunología , Exocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Glucosa/metabolismo , Glucosa/farmacología , Humanos , Insulina/sangre , Insulina/química , Insulina/inmunología , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Tejido Linfoide/citología , Tejido Linfoide/efectos de los fármacos , Tejido Linfoide/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fragmentos de Péptidos/sangre , Fragmentos de Péptidos/química , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Fenotipo , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Objective- Macrophages play important roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but their dynamics within plaques remain obscure. We aimed to quantify macrophage positional dynamics within progressing and regressing atherosclerotic plaques. Approach and Results- In a stable intravital preparation, large asymmetrical foamy macrophages in the intima of carotid artery plaques were sessile, but smaller rounded cells nearer plaque margins, possibly newly recruited monocytes, mobilized laterally along plaque borders. Thus, to test macrophage dynamics in plaques over a longer period of time in progressing and regressing disease, we quantified displacement of nondegradable phagocytic particles within macrophages for up to 6 weeks. In progressing plaques, macrophage-associated particles appeared to mobilize to deeper layers in plaque, whereas in regressing plaques, the label was persistently located near the lumen. By measuring the distance of the particles from the floor of the plaque, we discovered that particles remained at the same distance from the floor regardless of plaque progression or regression. The apparent deeper penetration of labeled cells in progressing conditions could be attributed to monocyte recruitment that generated new superficial layers of macrophages over the labeled phagocytes. Conclusions- Although there may be individual exceptions, as a population, newly differentiated macrophages fail to penetrate significantly deeper than the limited depth they reside on initial entry, regardless of plaque progression, or regression. These limited dynamics may prevent macrophages from escaping areas with unfavorable conditions (such as hypoxia) and pose a challenge for newly recruited macrophages to clear debris through efferocytosis deep within plaque.
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Aorta/patología , Enfermedades de la Aorta/patología , Aterosclerosis/patología , Arterias Carótidas/patología , Enfermedades de las Arterias Carótidas/patología , Macrófagos/patología , Placa Aterosclerótica , Animales , Aorta/metabolismo , Enfermedades de la Aorta/genética , Enfermedades de la Aorta/metabolismo , Aterosclerosis/genética , Aterosclerosis/metabolismo , Arterias Carótidas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Arterias Carótidas/genética , Enfermedades de las Arterias Carótidas/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , Movimiento Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados para ApoE , Fagocitosis , Fenotipo , Receptores CCR2/deficiencia , Receptores CCR2/genética , Receptores de LDL/deficiencia , Receptores de LDL/genética , Transducción de Señal , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Intricate processes in the thymus and periphery help curb the development and activation of autoreactive T cells. The subtle signals that govern these processes are an area of great interest, but tuning TCR sensitivity for the purpose of affecting T cell behavior remains technically challenging. Previously, our laboratory described the derivation of two TCR-transgenic CD4 T cell mouse lines, LLO56 and LLO118, which recognize the same cognate Listeria epitope with the same affinity. Despite the similarity of the two TCRs, LLO56 cells respond poorly in a primary infection whereas LLO118 cells respond robustly. Phenotypic examination of both lines revealed a substantial difference in their surface of expression of CD5, which serves as a dependable readout of the self-reactivity of a cell. We hypothesized that the increased interaction with self by the CD5-high LLO56 was mediated through TCR signaling, and was involved in the characteristic weak primary response of LLO56 to infection. To explore this issue, we generated an inducible knock-in mouse expressing the self-sensitizing voltage-gated sodium channel Scn5a. Overexpression of Scn5a in peripheral T cells via the CD4-Cre promoter resulted in increased TCR-proximal signaling. Further, Scn5a-expressing LLO118 cells, after transfer into BL6 recipient mice, displayed an impaired response during infection relative to wild-type LLO118 cells. In this way, we were able to demonstrate that tuning of TCR sensitivity to self can be used to alter in vivo immune responses. Overall, these studies highlight the critical relationship between TCR-self-pMHC interaction and an immune response to infection.
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Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos CD5/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.5/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We studied here the interactions between the resident macrophages of pancreatic islets with beta cells and the blood vasculature. We also examined the immunological consequences of such interactions. METHODS: Islets were isolated from C57BL/6 mice expressing CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1-green fluorescent protein (CX3CR-GFP) and examined live by two-photon microscopy. Islets were also examined by electron microscopy to study the relationship of the intra-islet macrophages with the beta cells. In NOD.Rag1-/- mice and young (non-diabetic) male mice, the acquisition of beta cell granules was tested functionally by probing with CD4+ T cells directed against insulin epitopes. RESULTS: Two-photon microscopy showed that the islet resident macrophages were in close contact with blood vessels and had extensive filopodial activity. Some filopodia had direct access to the vessel lumen and captured microparticles. Addition of glucose at high concentration reduced the degree of filopodia sampling of islets. This finding applied to in vivo injection of glucose or to in vitro cultures. Ultrastructural examination showed the close contacts of macrophages with beta cells. Such macrophages contained intact dense core granules. Functional studies in NOD mice indicated that the macrophages presented insulin peptides to insulin-reactive T cells. Presentation was increased after glucose challenge either ex vivo or after an in vivo pulse. In agreement with the morphological findings, presentation was not affected by insulin receptor blockade. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Islet resident macrophages are highly active, sampling large areas of the islets and blood contents and capturing beta cell granules. After such interactions, macrophages present immunogenic insulin to specific autoreactive T cells.
Asunto(s)
Células Secretoras de Insulina/citología , Islotes Pancreáticos/citología , Macrófagos/citología , Animales , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodominio/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Ratones Noqueados , MicroscopíaRESUMEN
Dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to form a dendritic network across barrier surfaces and throughout organs, including the kidney, to perform an important sentinel function. However, previous studies of DC function used markers, such as CD11c or CX3CR1, that are not unique to DCs. Here, we evaluated the role of DCs in renal inflammation using a CD11c reporter mouse line and two mouse lines with DC-specific reporters, Zbtb46-GFP and Snx22-GFP. Multiphoton microscopy of kidney sections confirmed that most of the dendritically shaped CD11c+ cells forming a network throughout the renal interstitium expressed macrophage-specific markers. In contrast, DCs marked by Zbtb46-GFP or Snx22-GFP were less abundant, concentrated around blood vessels, and round in shape. We confirmed this pattern of localization using imaging mass cytometry. Motility measurements showed that resident macrophages were sessile, whereas DCs were motile before and after inflammation. Although uninflamed glomeruli rarely contained DCs, injury with nephrotoxic antibodies resulted in accumulation of ZBTB46 + cells in the periglomerular region. ZBTB46 identifies all classic DCs, which can be categorized into two functional subsets that express either CD103 or CD11b. Depletion of ZBTB46 + cells attenuated the antibody-induced kidney injury, whereas deficiency of the CD103+ subset accelerated injury through a mechanism that involved increased neutrophil infiltration. RNA sequencing 7 days after nephrotoxic antibody injection showed that CD11b+ DCs expressed the neutrophil-attracting cytokine CXCL2, whereas CD103+ DCs expressed high levels of several anti-inflammatory genes. These results provide new insights into the distinct functions of the two major DC subsets in glomerular inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Células Dendríticas/fisiología , Glomerulonefritis/inmunología , Glomerulonefritis/patología , Animales , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/genética , Antígenos CD11/genética , Antígeno CD11b/genética , Movimiento Celular , Quimiocina CXCL2/genética , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/patología , Expresión Génica , Genes Reporteros , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Cadenas alfa de Integrinas/metabolismo , Macrófagos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Neutrófilos/patología , Neutrófilos/fisiología , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Nexinas de Clasificación/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
Treatment of C57BL/6 or NOD mice with a monoclonal antibody to the CSF-1 receptor resulted in depletion of the resident macrophages of pancreatic islets of Langerhans that lasted for several weeks. Depletion of macrophages in C57BL/6 mice did not affect multiple parameters of islet function, including glucose response, insulin content, and transcriptional profile. In NOD mice depleted of islet-resident macrophages starting at 3 wk of age, several changes occurred: (i) the early entrance of CD4 T cells and dendritic cells into pancreatic islets was reduced, (ii) presentation of insulin epitopes by dispersed islet cells to T cells was impaired, and (iii) the development of autoimmune diabetes was significantly reduced. Treatment of NOD mice starting at 10 wk of age, when the autoimmune process has progressed, also significantly reduced the incidence of diabetes. Despite the absence of diabetes, NOD mice treated with anti-CSF-1 receptor starting at 3 or 10 wk of age still contained variably elevated leukocytic infiltrates in their islets when examined at 20-40 wk of age. Diabetes occurred in the anti-CSF-1 receptor protected mice after treatment with a blocking antibody directed against PD-1. We conclude that treatment of NOD mice with an antibody against CSF-1 receptor reduced diabetes incidence and led to the development of a regulatory pathway that controlled autoimmune progression.
Asunto(s)
Autoinmunidad , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/inmunología , Islotes Pancreáticos/inmunología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Presentación de Antígeno/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Epítopos/inmunología , Femenino , Insulina/inmunología , Islotes Pancreáticos/citología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/inmunología , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/metabolismoRESUMEN
RATIONALE: Ambient temperature is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cold weather increases cardiovascular events, but paradoxically, cold exposure is metabolically protective because of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1)-dependent thermogenesis. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the differential effects of ambient environmental temperature challenge and UCP1 activation in relation to cardiovascular disease progression. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using mouse models of atherosclerosis housed at 3 different ambient temperatures, we observed that cold temperature enhanced, whereas thermoneutral housing temperature inhibited atherosclerotic plaque growth, as did deficiency in UCP1. However, whereas UCP1 deficiency promoted poor glucose tolerance, thermoneutral housing enhanced glucose tolerance, and this effect held even in the context of UCP1 deficiency. In conditions of thermoneutrality, but not UCP1 deficiency, circulating monocyte counts were reduced, likely accounting for fewer monocytes entering plaques. Reductions in circulating blood monocytes were also found in a large human cohort in correlation with environmental temperature. By contrast, reduced plaque growth in mice lacking UCP1 was linked to lower cholesterol. Through application of a positron emission tomographic tracer to track CCR2+ cell localization and intravital 2-photon imaging of bone marrow, we associated thermoneutrality with an increased monocyte retention in bone marrow. Pharmacological activation of ß3-adrenergic receptors applied to mice housed at thermoneutrality induced UCP1 in beige fat pads but failed to promote monocyte egress from the marrow. CONCLUSIONS: Warm ambient temperature is, like UCP1 deficiency, atheroprotective, but the mechanisms of action differ. Thermoneutrality associates with reduced monocyte egress from the bone marrow in a UCP1-dependent manner in mice and likewise may also suppress blood monocyte counts in man.