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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The worldwide exclusive breastfeeding rate is suboptimal and this study aims to evaluate effects on infant immune development of formula feeding. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study including 221 infants fed with breast milk or formula was conducted. At 3-month and 9-month, the concentrations of total immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2, interleukin (IL)-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte transformation testing were conducted. Furthermore, the occurrence of infantile diarrhea, respiratory infections and allergic diseases were questioned. RESULTS: The levels of total IgG (Z=-3.21, p=0.001), IgG1 (Z=-2.12, p=0.034), IFN-γ (t=-2.09, p=0.039) and NK cell activity (t=-2.14, p=0.034) were significant higher in formula-fed infants compared to breast-fed after 3 months. At 9-month, the levels of total IgG (Z=-4.34, p<0.001), IgA (Z=-2.05, p=0.041) and TNF-α (t=-2.10, p=0.037) of formula-fed infants were higher, but the lymphocyte stimulation index (t=2.76, p=0.007) was lower than breast-fed infants. While, no significant differences were found in the incidences of diarrhea and respiratory tract infection (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This investigation suggested that formula- and breast-feeding have different contributions to infant immune development, but the formula feeding would not cause significantly increase of diarrhea and respiratory infections.

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The original version of this article unfortunately contained an error in the affiliation section.

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Japanese schistosomiasis was endemic in Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China. The technical sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) was widely used during the period between the early 1960s and early 1990s to kill oncomelania, the intermediate host of Schistosomes. However, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) also contaminated the environment of Dongting Lake due to trace impurities of Na-PCP. In this study, 13 species of freshwater fish were collected from Dongting Lake and analyzed in wet and dry seasons. Temporal (wet and dry season) variations in PCDD/Fs in fishes from Dongting Lake were observed. The concentration of PCDD/Fs was considerably higher in the wet season than in the dry season and in areas in China where Na-PCP was not applied. The higher level of PCDD/Fs in the wet season may be attributed to the use of Na-PCP in the past and to the increase in the migration of PCDD/Fs from sediments to water in the wet season. The results indicate that the risk of PCDD/Fs contamination is connected with prior consumption of fishes that live in the Na-PCP application area. However, there was no difference in the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) between the wet and dry seasons.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the status of bone density of children consumed school milk for relative long-term period. METHOD: According to the frequency and duration that children had consumed school milk, cluster sampling of 435 children (10-12 years old, including 188 boys and 247 girls.) were sampled to divided into two groups, that is milk consumption group and seldom milk consumption group, the children in milk consumption group had consumed the school milk 4 time weekly and duration for more than 1 year or 1-3 times weekly and duration for more than 3 years and this group included 220 children. Right forearm length, bone width of 1/3 distal end of radius and ulna, bone mineral content, bone density, serum calcium and phosphorus contents were determined. The research was carried out from July to August (2009) in Changsha, Hunan Province. RESULT: Right forearm length of the milk consumption group boys 22.53 cm +/- 1.63 cm) was significantly longer than that of seldom milk consumption group (21.95 cm+/- 1.75 cm, P < 0.05, radius width (1.37 +/- 0.237 cm) was significantly larger than that of seldom milk consumption group (1.300 cm +/- 0.176 cm), P < 0.05, bone mineral content (0.690 +/- 0.270) was significantly higher than that of seldom milk consumption group (0.599 +/- 0.090) , P < 0.01, bone density of radius (0.498 +/- 0.135) was significantly higher than that of seldom milk consumption group (0.469 +/- 0.081), P < 0.05. Bone density of radius of girls (0.489 +/- 0.076) was significantly higher than that of seldom milk consumption group (0.469 +/- 0.081), P < 0.05, bone mineral content of ulna (0.564 +/- 0.176) was significantly higher than that of seldom milk consumption group (0.512 +/- 0.100), P < 0.01, bone density of ulna (0.470 +/- 0.129) was significantly higher than that of seldom milk consumption group (0.439 +/- 0.059), P < 0.05. The state of children consumed school milk was correlative closely with type and characteristics of milk. CONCLUSION: The long-term consumption of school milk could increase their bone density and the type and characteristics of milk would have effect on the practice and generalization of the school milk planning.

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