RESUMEN
Both nitrogen (N) and nitric oxide (NO) postpone plant flowering. However, we still don't know whether N and NO trigger the same signaling pathways leading to flowering delay. Our previous study found that ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR1) and the blue-light receptor cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) are involved in nitrogen-regulated flowering-time control. However, NO-induced late-flowering does not require FNR1 or CRY1. Sucrose supply counteracts the flowering delay induced by NO. However high-N-induced late-flowering could not be reversed by 5% sucrose supplementation. The high nitrogen condition decreased the amplitudes of all transcripts of the circadian clock. While NO increased the amplitudes of circadian transcripts of CRY1, LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL), CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1) and TOC1 (TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1), but decreased the amplitudes of circadian transcripts of CO (CONSTANS) and GI (GIGANTEA). 5% sucrose supplementation reversed the declines in amplitudes of circadian transcripts of CO and GI after the NO treatment. NO induced S-nitrosation modification on oscillators CO and GI, but not on the other oscillators of the circadian clock. Sucrose supply interestingly reduced S-nitrosation levels of GI and CO proteins. Thus N and NO rely on overlapping but distinct signaling pathways on plant flowering.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Óxido Nítrico/fisiología , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Nitrógeno/fisiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Transducción de Señal , Sacarosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
CO2 and other chemicals affect mosquito blood meal seeking behavior. Heat, humidity and black color can also serve as orientation cues. However mosquito attraction does not necessarily mean that it will land. The sequence of the cues used for mosquito landing is unclear. We performed a field study with wild mosquitoes in an open space and found that no chemicals (except pyrethrins) could completely prevent mosquitoes from landing. CO2 mimics cyclopentanone and pyridine attracted mosquitoes but did not lead to landing. No mosquito was caught in the absence of heat, although in the presence of CO2. Mosquito females commonly explore visible black objects by eyes, which is independent of infrared radiation. Humidification around the heat source may increase the detection distance but it did not affect mosquito landing. If a black object was located distant from the CO2 and heat, mosquitoes still explored the heat source. Relative to CO2 and heat, odorants, humidity and black color show lesser effects on mosquito landing.
RESUMEN
Nitric oxide (NO) is extensively involved in various growth processes and stress responses in plants; however, the regulatory mechanism of NO-modulated cellular sugar metabolism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that NO significantly inhibited monosaccharide catabolism by modulating sugar metabolic enzymes through S-nitrosylation (mainly by oxidizing dihydrolipoamide, a cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase). These S-nitrosylation modifications led to a decrease in cellular glycolysis enzymes and ATP synthase activities as well as declines in the content of acetyl coenzyme A, ATP, ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose, which eventually caused polysaccharide-biosynthesis inhibition and monosaccharide accumulation. Plant developmental defects that were caused by high levels of NO included delayed flowering time, retarded root growth and reduced starch granule formation. These phenotypic defects could be mediated by sucrose supplementation, suggesting an essential role of NO-sugar cross-talks in plant growth and development. Our findings suggest that molecular manipulations could be used to improve fruit and vegetable sweetness.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Monosacáridos/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/farmacología , Complejos de ATP Sintetasa/metabolismo , Adenosina Difosfato Glucosa/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/efectos de los fármacos , Arabidopsis/enzimología , Glucólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Mutación/genética , Nitrosación , Oxidación-Reducción , Fenotipo , Desarrollo de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/anatomía & histología , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Brotes de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Brotes de la Planta/metabolismo , Complejo Piruvato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Solubilidad , Almidón/metabolismo , Sacarosa/farmacología , Ácido Tióctico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Tióctico/metabolismo , Uridina Difosfato Glucosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The delayed flowering phenotype caused by nitrogen (N) fertilizer application has been known for a long time, but we know little about the specific molecular mechanism for this phenomenon before. Our study indicated that low nitrogen increases the NADPH/NADP(+) and ATP/AMP ratios which affect adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and phosphorylation and abundance of nuclear CRY1 protein. Then CRY1 acts in the N signal input pathway to the circadian clock. Here we further discuss: (1) the role of C/N ratio in flowering, (2) circadian oscillation of plant AMPK transcripts and proteins, (3) conservation of nutrition-mediated CRY1 phosphorylation and degradation, and (4) crosstalks between nitrogen signals and nitric oxide (NO) signals in flowering.