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The thyroid function test is universally used for the evaluation of thyroid function. However, there are factors other than endocrine diseases, such as special physiological conditions, interference in laboratory measurement, or disorders in other systems that should be taken into consideration. When encountering thyroid function test results that are not in line with clinical manifestation, a comprehensive evaluation is essential for a correct and timely diagnosis. We presented a case of a significant rise in serum total triiodothyronine(TT 3) secondary to multiple myeloma. Through case studies and literature review, we intended to provide clinicians with experience for better interpretation of abnormal thyroid function test results.

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Objective To preliminarily investigate the role of Vitamin C in cecal ligation and puncture-induced septic brain injury.Methods Male specific pathogen free (SPF) Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned into control group,sham operation group,sepsis group and sepsis therapy group.The rats in sepsis group were prepared by cecal ligation and puncture.The rats in sepsis therapy group were injected sodium ascorbate through the tail vein 3 h after the cecal ligation and punature procedure.The animals in other groups were subjected only to subcutaneous bolus injection of 9 g/L saline only.Animals were evaluated by neurologic reflex scores before sacrifice and brain tissues were quickly removed at the indicated time points.Reactive oxygen species (ROS),superoxide dismutase (SOD),malondialdehyde (MDA),nitric oxide (NO),inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and catalase (CAT) were determined by using enzyme assay kits.Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe morphological changes in brain tissues.Results The survival rate of the sepsis group (30％ at 7th day) was significantly lower than that of the control group (100％ at 7th day)and sham operation group(100％ at 7th day).The survival rate of the sepsis therapy group (45％ at 7th day)was significantly higher than that of the sepsis group(P ＜ O.05).The neurological reflex assessment began to decrease at 6 h in sepsis group and reached the lowest at 24 h (6.00 ± 0.53).The sepsis therapy group (7.62 ± 0.52) was significantly higher (P ＜ 0.05) than the sepsis group and began to recover at 72 h (8.63 ±0.52).ROS,SOD,MDA,NO and iNOS in the sepsis group and the sepsis therapy group reached a peak at 24 h,which decreased at 72 h.The value in sepsis therapy group was significantly decreased than that in the sepsis group,and the difference was statistically significant(P ＜0.05).CAT changed in the opposition.The SOD/CAT in sepsis group was the highest 24 h after the operation,while the ratio in sepsis therapy group was significantly improved.SOD/CAT and MDA were positively correlated(r =0.968,P ＜ 0.05).HE staining showed significant damage to the brain tissue structure in the sepsis group,however some improvement was observed in the sepsis therapy group.Conclusion Vitamin C can significantly improve the survival rate and encephalopathy prognosis in the cecal ligation and puncture SD rat models.The mechanism may be related to the reduction of oxidative stress.

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Objective To investigate the changes of mitochondrial biogenesis in activated astrocytes (ASs).Methods The ASs isolated from neonatal rat cerebral cortex were purified and cultured; and then,they were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group,and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) insulted 6,12 and 24 h groups.The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-o) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay.The expressions of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α),cytochrome C oxidase 1 (COX1),COX2,optic atrophy 1 gene protein (OPA1) and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) were detected by Western blotting.The mitochondrial DNA relative content was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The mitochondrial volume density was observed by transmission electron microscopy.Results The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the LPS and IFN-γinsulted 6,12 and 24 h groups were significantly increased as compared with those in the control group (P＜0.05).The protein expressions of PGC-1α,COX1,COX2,OPA1 and DRP1 in LPS and IFN-γ insulted 6 and 12 h groups were significantly increased as compared with those in the control group (P＜0.05).The mitochondrial DNA relative contents in LPS and IFN-γ insulted 12 and 24 h groups were significantly increased as compared with those in control group (P＜0.05).The mitochondrial volume density was dramatically increased in LPS and IFN-γ insulted 24 h group as compared with that in the control group (P＜0.05) Conclusion Mitochondrial biogenesis is increased in ASs.

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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to be one of the contributing factors of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Mitochondrial biogenesis controls mitochondrial homeostasis and responds to changes in cellular energy demand. In addition, it is enhanced or decreased due to mitochondrial dysfunction during SAE. The aim of this study was to explore the changes of mitochondrial biogenesis of astrocytes under septic conditions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 ng/ml) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ; 200 U/ml) were incubated with astrocytes to model the effects of a septic insult on astrocytes in vitro. The mitochondrial ultrastructure and volume density were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were detected by the firefly luciferase system. The expression of protein markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and the binding ability of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) were determined by western blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, respectively. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of mildly damaged mitochondria was found to be significantly greater after treatment for 6 hours, as compared with at 0 hour (P < 0.05). The mitochondrial volume density was significantly elevated at 24 hours, as compared with at 0 hour (P < 0.05). The ATP levels at 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours were significantly greater than those at 0 hour (P < 0.05). The protein markers of mitochondrial biogenesis were significantly increased at 6 hours and 12 hours, as compared with at 0 hour (P < 0.05). The TFAM binding activity was not significantly changed among the four time points analyzed. The mtDNA contents were significantly increased at 12 hours and 24 hours, as compared with at 0 hour (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Under septic conditions, mitochondrial biogenesis of astrocytes increased to meet the high-energy demand and to promote mitochondrial recovery. Furthermore, the TFAM-DNA binding ability was not sensitive to sepsis-induced injury.</p>

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of quercetin on apoptosis and feedback regulation of MDM2-p53 in multiform glioblastoma U87 cells in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>U87 cells exposed to different concentrations of quercetin (50, 100, and 150 µmol/L) were examined with flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Western blotting for detecting the cell apoptosis, MDM2 mRNA expression, and p53 and caspase-3 expressions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Quercetin induced obvious apoptosis in U87 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with apoptosis rates of (12.40∓0.70)% at Q0, (22.53∓0.72)% at Q50, (29.06∓0.81)% at Q100, and (31.5∓0.45)% at Q150. Quercetin significantly increased the expressions of MDM2 mRNA and active caspase-3 protein but decreased the expression of p53 in the cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Quercetin promotes the apoptosis of multiform glioblastoma U87 cells mediated by caspase-3 and influences the feedback balance of MDM2-p53.</p>

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Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a proton transporter which presents in the mitochondrial inner membrane.Recently studies found that UCP2 plays important roles in regulation of reactive oxygen species production,maintenance of mitochondrial function,as well as inflammation and blood glucose control.These features have important relevance with the pathophysiologic mechanism of sepsis.

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Objective To investigate the effectiveness and technical points of anatomical liver resection by trans-Glisson Sheath methylene blue staining in treatment of hepatolithiasis of right posterior lobe.Methods The clinical data of 12 cases of hepatolithiasis of right posterior lobe treated with anatomical liver resection by Glisson sheath methylene blue staining were retrospectively analyzed.Result 6 of 12 patients had undergone more than 2 previous biliary surgeries.All patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT scan and portography,hepatolithiasis of segment Ⅵ in 4 cases,right posterior lobe in 8 cases,accompanied by left lateral lobe bile duct stones in 2 cases,the right caudate lobe bile duct stones in 1 case.Methylene blue was injected into the portal vein,the methylene blue interface of segment Ⅵ or right posterior lobe displays well.Methylene blue interface was larger than the ischemia interface,which is in accordance with the anatomy.Along the methylene blue interface,hepatic resection was performed including right posterior lobe resection (n =9),segment Ⅵ resection (n =3),and combined with left lateral lobe resection (n =2) and the right caudate lobe resection (n =1).There was no postoperative mortality.Incision infection occurred in 5 cases,4 had right pleural effusion and 2 had a biliary fistula that were treated conservatively.With a mean follow-up period of 3.2 years,all patients are symptoms free and stone free.Conclusions Anatomical liver resection by methylene blue staining is a safe and effective treatment for hepatolithiasis of right posterior lobe.