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SUMMARY: Overexpression of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) in various tumor tissues and cell lines was found to promote tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. However, the role of MALAT1 in gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the correlation between long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), MALAT1, MicroRNAs (miRNA) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in gastric cancer and to disclose underlying mechanism. The correlation between MALAT1 levels and clinical features was analyzed by bioinformatics data and human samples. The expression of MALAT1 was down regulated in AGS cells to detect the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion characteristics, as well as the effects on signal pathways. Furthermore, we validated the role of MALAT1/miR-330-3p axis in GC by dual luciferase reporter gene assays. Expression of MALAT1 was higher in cancer tissues than in para-cancerous tissues. The high MALAT1 level predicted malignancy and worse prognosis. Down-regulation of MALAT1 expression in AGS cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting VEGFA. By dual luciferase reporter gene assay and miR-330-3p inhibitor treatment, we demonstrate that MALAT1 sponged miR-330-3p in GC, leading to VEGFA upregulation and activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. The MALAT1/miR-330-3p axis regulates VEGFA through the mTOR signaling pathway and promotes the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer.
Se descubrió que la sobreexpresión del transcrito 1 de adenocarcinoma de pulmón asociado a metástasis (MALAT1) en varios tejidos tumorales y líneas celulares promueve la proliferación, migración e invasión de células tumorales. Sin embargo, el papel de MALAT1 en el cáncer gástrico (CG) aún no está claro. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la correlación entre los ARN no codificantes de cadena larga (lncRNA), MALAT1, los microARN (miARN) y el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular A (VEGFA) en el cáncer gástrico y revelar el mecanismo subyacente. La correlación entre los niveles de MALAT1 y las características clínicas se analizó mediante datos bioinformáticos y muestras humanas. La expresión de MALAT1 se reguló negativamente en las células AGS para detectar las características de proliferación, migración e invasión celular, así como los efectos sobre las vías de señales. Además, validamos el papel del eje MALAT1/miR- 330-3p en GC mediante ensayos de genes indicadores de luciferasa dual. La expresión de MALAT1 fue mayor en tejidos cancerosos que en tejidos paracancerosos. El alto nivel de MALAT1 predijo malignidad y peor pronóstico. La regulación negativa de la expresión de MALAT1 en células AGS inhibió la proliferación, migración e invasión celular al apuntar a VEGFA. Mediante un ensayo de gen indicador de luciferasa dual y un tratamiento con inhibidor de miR-330-3p, demostramos que MALAT1 esponjaba miR-330-3p en GC, lo que lleva a la regulación positiva de VEGFA y la activación de la vía de señalización mTOR. El eje MALAT1/miR-330-3p regula VEGFA a través de la vía de señalización mTOR y promueve el crecimiento y la metástasis del cáncer gástrico.
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Humanos , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , ARN Largo no Codificante , ARN/genética , Transducción de Señal , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Movimiento Celular , Western Blotting , Apoptosis , Genes Reporteros , Proliferación Celular , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Invasividad NeoplásicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Study of the molecular mechanisms of metastasis is still the research focus for osteosarcoma (OS) prevention. This study investigates the mechanism of valosin-containing protein (VCP) promoting OS metastasis in vitro through autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODS: Different cell lines of osteosarcoma (143B and MG63) were adopted in this study. The level of VCP expression in osteosarcoma cells was changed, and the level of autophagy and the progression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were observed. Then autophagy and EMT in OS cells were changed artificially, and proliferation and migration ability were observed. RESULTS: The expression of LC3II/I was decreased, but the insolubilized P62 protein expression was increased in the VCP inhibiting group and the autophagy inhibitor treatment group. Simultaneously, E-cadherin protein expression increased while N-cadherin protein expression decreased in the VCP inhibiting group but increased in the TGF-ß1 treatment group. In addition, suppressing VCP can cause a decrease in Transforming Growth Factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), smad2, smad3, phosphorylated smad2 (p-smad2), and phosphorylated smad3 (p-smad3). Autophagy inhibitors and agonists have no significant effect on the migration and invasion of OS cells but can significantly affect the ability of cells to resist anoikis. EMT inhibitors and agonists have a proportional effect on the migration and invasion of OS cells. CONCLUSION: VCP is likely to promote the migration and invasion of OS cells by inducing EMT, possibly via TGF-ß1/smad2/3 signaling pathway. In this process, VCP-mediated autophagy may contribute to successful distant metastasis of tumor cells indirectly.
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Neoplasias Óseas , Osteosarcoma , Humanos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Proteína que Contiene Valosina/metabolismo , Osteosarcoma/metabolismo , Autofagia , Neoplasias Óseas/patología , Movimiento CelularRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Data are scarce regarding disparities in cardiovascular risk factor management between patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and those treated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). OBJECTIVE: Whether the goal achievement rates of cardiovascular risk factors were different between PCI and CABG patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data retrieved from a clinical record database of patients admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014, who underwent PCI or CABG. RESULTS: Compared with the CABG group, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) < 1.8 mmol/L (28.6% vs. 24.7%; p < 0.01), LDL-C < 2.07 mmol/L (43.5% vs. 39.4%; p < 0.01) and blood pressure (BP) < 140/90 mm Hg (85.6% vs. 77.7%; p < 0.01) goal achievement rates were significantly higher in the PCI group. Compared with patients ≥ 60 years old: patients < 60 years old had better BP < 140/90 mm Hg goal achievement rates (87.7% vs. 84.4%; p < 0.01) in the PCI group, and better fasting blood-glucose (FBG) < 7 mmol/L (79.4% vs.72.0%; p < 0.01) and HbA1c < 7% (79.4% vs. 70.1%; p < 0.01) goal achievement rates in the CABG group. Compared with females: males had better LDL-C < 2.07 mmol/L (24.7% vs. 28.5%; p < 0.01), FBG < 7 mmol/L (71.8% vs.75.2%; p < 0.01) and HbA1c < 7% (70.4% vs. 74.1%; p < 0.01) goal achievement rates in the PCI group. CONCLUSION: Patients in the PCI group were generally more likely than those in the CABG group to achieve LDL-C < 1.8 mmol/L and BP goals. The control of cardiovascular risk factors differed between patients ≥ 60 years old and < 60 years old. Female patients were less likely to achieve LDL-C, FBG and HbA1c goals.
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Puente de Arteria Coronaria , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/cirugía , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea , Prevención Secundaria , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/sangre , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/mortalidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Abstract Background: Data are scarce regarding disparities in cardiovascular risk factor management between patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and those treated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Objective: Whether the goal achievement rates of cardiovascular risk factors were different between PCI and CABG patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data retrieved from a clinical record database of patients admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014, who underwent PCI or CABG. Results: Compared with the CABG group, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) < 1.8 mmol/L (28.6% vs. 24.7%; p < 0.01), LDL-C < 2.07 mmol/L (43.5% vs. 39.4%; p < 0.01) and blood pressure (BP) < 140/90 mm Hg (85.6% vs. 77.7%; p < 0.01) goal achievement rates were significantly higher in the PCI group. Compared with patients ≥ 60 years old: patients < 60 years old had better BP < 140/90 mm Hg goal achievement rates (87.7% vs. 84.4%; p < 0.01) in the PCI group, and better fasting blood-glucose (FBG) < 7 mmol/L (79.4% vs.72.0%; p < 0.01) and HbA1c < 7% (79.4% vs. 70.1%; p < 0.01) goal achievement rates in the CABG group. Compared with females: males had better LDL-C < 2.07 mmol/L (24.7% vs. 28.5%; p < 0.01), FBG < 7 mmol/L (71.8% vs.75.2%; p < 0.01) and HbA1c < 7% (70.4% vs. 74.1%; p < 0.01) goal achievement rates in the PCI group. Conclusion: Patients in the PCI group were generally more likely than those in the CABG group to achieve LDL-C < 1.8 mmol/L and BP goals. The control of cardiovascular risk factors differed between patients ≥ 60 years old and < 60 years old. Female patients were less likely to achieve LDL-C, FBG and HbA1c goals.
Resumo Fundamento: Há poucos dados referentes às disparidades no manejo de fatores de risco cardiovascular entre pacientes tratados com intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) e aqueles tratados com cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM). Objetivo: Avaliar se as taxas de cumprimento de metas de fatores de risco cardiovascular diferiram entre pacientes submetidos a ICP ou a CRM. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de banco de dados de prontuários médicos de pacientes admitidos no Hospital Beijing Anzhen entre 1 de janeiro de 2014 e 31 de dezembro de 2014, submetidos a ICP ou a CRM. Resultados: Comparado ao grupo CRM, o grupo ICP apresentou taxas significativamente maiores de cumprimento de meta de colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C) < 1,8 mmol/L (28,6% vs. 24,7%; p < 0,01), LDL-C < 2,07 mmol/L (43,5% vs. 39,4%; p < 0,01) e pressão arterial (PA) <140/90 mmHg (85,6% vs. 77,7%; p < 0,01). Comparados aos pacientes ≥ 60 anos de idade, aqueles < 60 anos de idade apresentaram melhor taxa de cumprimento de meta de PA < 140/90 mmHg (87,7% vs. 84,4%; p < 0,01) no grupo ICP, e melhores taxas de cumprimento de meta de glicemia de jejum (GJ) < 7 mmol/L (79.4% vs.72.0%; p < 0.01) e HbA1c < 7% (79.4% vs. 70.1%; p < 0.01) no grupo CRM. Comparados às mulheres, os homens apresentaram melhores taxas de cumprimento de meta de LDL-C < 2,07 mmol/L (24,7% vs. 28,5%; p < 0,01), GJ < 7 mmol/L (71,8% vs. 75,2%; p < 0,01) e HbA1c < 7% (70,4% vs. 74,1%; p < 0,01) no grupo ICP. Conclusão: Em geral, o grupo ICP apresentou maior probabilidade do que o grupo CRM de cumprir as metas de LDL-C < 1,8 mmol/L e PA. O controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular diferiu entre pacientes ≥ 60 e < 60 anos de idade. As mulheres apresentaram menor probabilidade de cumprir as metas de LDL-C, GJ e HbA1c.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/cirugía , Puente de Arteria Coronaria , Prevención Secundaria , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/mortalidad , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/sangre , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Large amount of agriculturl wastewater containing high level nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 --N) is produced from modern intensive agricultural production management due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and livestock scale farming. The hydroponic experiment of water hyacinth was conducted for analyzing the content of NO3 --N, soluble sugar content, N-transported the amino acid content and growth change in water hyacinth to explore its purification ability to remove NO3 --N from agriculture eutrophic wastewater and physiological and biochemical mechanism of this plant to remove NO3 --N. The results showed that the water hyacinth could effectively utilize the NO3 --N from agriculture eutrophic wastewater. Compared with the control, the contents of NO3 -change to NO3 --N in the root, leaf petiole and leaf blade of water hyacinth after treatment in the wastewater for a week was significantly higher than that in the control plants treated with tap water, and also the biomass of water hyacinth increased significantly, indicating that the accumulation of biomass due to the rapid growth of water hyacinth could transfer some amount of NO3 --N.13C-NMR analysis confirmed that water hyacinth would convert the part nitrogen absorbed from agriculture eutrophic wastewater to ammonia nitrogen, which increased the content of aspartic acid and glutamic acid, decreased the content of soluble sugar, sucrose and fructose and the content of N-storaged asparagine and glutamine, lead to enhance the synthesis of plant amino acids and promote the growth of plants. These results indicate that the nitrate in agriculture eutrophic wastewater can be utilized by water hyacinth as nitrogen nutrition, and can promote plant growth by using soluble sugar and amide to synthesis amino acids and protein.
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Ethylene is an important factor that stimulates Hevea brasiliensis to produce natural rubber. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis. However, knowledge of the ACS gene family of H. brasiliensis is limited. In this study, nine ACS-like genes were identified in H. brasiliensis. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis results confirmed that seven isozymes (HbACS1-7) of these nine ACS-like genes were similar to ACS isozymes with ACS activity in other plants. Expression analysis results showed that seven ACS genes were differentially expressed in roots, barks, flowers, and leaves of H. brasiliensis. However, no or low ACS gene expression was detected in the latex of H. brasiliensis. Moreover, seven genes were differentially up-regulated by ethylene treatment. These results provided relevant information to help determine the functions of the ACS gene in H. brasiliensis, particularly the functions in regulating ethylene stimulation of latex production.
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Hevea/genética , Liasas/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Clonación Molecular , Etilenos/farmacología , Genes de Plantas , Hevea/enzimología , Liasas/clasificación , Liasas/metabolismo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Alineación de Secuencia , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Caso único de meningioma ectópico en un varón de 46 años, que se supone el primer informe de tumor primario ectópico multifocal en distintas regiones anatómicas del cuerpo humano. Se discuten los aspectos clínicos e histológicos de estas lesiones.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Meningioma/complicaciones , Meningioma/diagnóstico , Meningioma/fisiopatología , Traumatismos Torácicos/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Torácicos/terapia , Técnicas HistológicasRESUMEN
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), as major primary Ca(2+) sensors, have been implicated in the regulation of stress and developmental signals in plants. In this study, a novel CDPK gene, designated HbCDPK1, was isolated from Hevea brasiliensis. The HbCDPK1 cDNA had 2,400 bp with an open reading frame of 1,671 bp encoding 556 amino acids, and the deduced HbCDPK1 protein contained four characteristic domains identified in CDPKs, showing a high level of sequence similarity to CDPKs from other plants. Expression analysis revealed more significant accumulation of the transcripts of HbCDPK1 in latex than in the leaves, bark, and roots in H. brasiliensis. In addition, transcription of HbCDPK1 was strongly induced by mechanical wounding, jasmonic acid (JA), and ethephon. Recombinant HbCDPK1 was expressed in E. coli, and its activity was assayed. The assay indicated that HbCDPK1 had the kinase and Ca(2+)-binding activity in vitro as a calcium-dependent protein. The potential roles of the HbCDPK1 are discussed as to latex production and rubber biosynthesis.
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Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Hevea/enzimología , Compuestos Organofosforados/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas/genética , ADN Complementario/aislamiento & purificación , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Genes de Plantas , Hevea/genética , Látex/biosíntesis , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta/genética , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Estructuras de las Plantas/química , ARN Mensajero/análisis , GomaRESUMEN
Lianas are important components of tropical forests and have significant impacts on the diversity, structure and dynamics of tropical forests. The present study documented the liana flora in a Chinese tropical region. Species richness, abundance, size-class distribution and spatial patterns of lianas were investigated in three 1-ha plots in tropical seasonal rain forests in Xishuangbanna, SW China. All lianas with > or = 2 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were measured, tagged and identified. A total of 458 liana stems belonging to 95 species (ranging from 38 to 50 species/ha), 59 genera and 32 families were recorded in the three plots. The most well-represented families were Loganiaceae, Annonceae, Papilionaceae, Apocynaceae and Rhamnaceae. Papilionaceae (14 species recorded) was the most important family in the study forests. The population density, basal area and importance value index (IVI) varied greatly across the three plots. Strychnos cathayensis, Byttneria grandifolia and Bousigonia mekongensis were the dominant species in terms of IVI across the three plots. The mean aboveground biomass of lianas (3 396 kg/ha) accounted for 1.4% of the total community above-ground biomass. The abundance, diversity and biomass of lianas in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forests are lower than those in tropical moist and wet forests, but higher than those in tropical dry forests. This study provides new data on lianas from a geographical region that has been little-studied. Our findings emphasize that other factors beyond the amount and seasonality of precipitation should be included when considering the liana abundance patterns across scales.
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Biodiversidad , Biomasa , Magnoliopsida/clasificación , Tallos de la Planta , Árboles , China , Magnoliopsida/crecimiento & desarrollo , Densidad de Población , Estaciones del Año , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
Hsp70s have been shown to play important roles in helping cells to cope with adverse environments, especially in response to temperature. In this study a novel ethephon-induced Hsp gene, designated as HbHsp70, was isolated from Hevea brasiliensis. The HbHsp70 cDNA contained a 1965 bp open reading frame encoding 655 amino acids. The deduced HbHsp70 protein showed high identities to Hsp70s from other plants. Expression studies revealed more significant accumulation of HbHsp70 transcripts in leaves and stems than in roots, barks and latex. The transcription of HbHsp70 was induced by ethephon, heat treatment and low temperature stress, whereas jasmonic acid had little effects. Recombinant HbHsp70 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Measuring the light scattering of luciferase (Luc) revealed that HbHsp70 prevents the aggregation of luc during high-temperature stress. In vitro experiments showed that HbHsp70 had protective functions not only against heat stress but also against chilling stress. All these data suggest that HbHsp70 may play roles in responses to heat shock and low temperature in H. brasiliensis.
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Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/genética , Hevea/genética , Compuestos Organofosforados/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Clonación Molecular , Frío , ADN Complementario/química , ADN Complementario/genética , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Hevea/metabolismo , Calor , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de AminoácidoRESUMEN
Lianas are important components of tropical forests and have significant impacts on the diversity, structure and dynamics of tropical forests. The present study documented the liana flora in a Chinese tropical region. Species richness, abundance, size-class distribution and spatial patterns of lianas were investigated in three 1-ha plots in tropical seasonal rain forests in Xishuangbanna, SW China. All lianas with = 2 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were measured, tagged and identified. A total of 458 liana stems belonging to 95 species (ranging from 38 to 50 species/ha), 59 genera and 32 families were recorded in the three plots. The most well-represented families were Loganiaceae, Annonceae, Papilionaceae, Apocynaceae and Rhamnaceae. Papilionaceae (14 species recorded) was the most important family in the study forests. The population density, basal area and importance value index (IVI) varied greatly across the three plots. Strychnos cathayensis, Byttneria grandifolia and Bousigonia mekongensis were the dominant species in terms of IVI across the three plots. The mean aboveground biomass of lianas (3 396 kg/ha) accounted for 1.4% of the total community aboveground biomass. The abundance, diversity and biomass of lianas in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rain forests are lower than those in tropical moist and wet forests, but higher than those in tropical dry forests. This study provides new data on lianas from a geographical region that has been little-studied. Our findings emphasize that other factors beyond the amount and seasonality of precipitation should be included when considering the liana abundance patterns across scales. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 211-222. Epub 2009 June 30.
Las lianas son componentes importantes de los bosques tropicales y tienen importantes impactos en la diversidad, la estructura y la dinámica de los bosques tropicales. El presente estudio documenta la flora de lianas en una región tropical estacional china. La riqueza de especies, abundancia, clases de tamaño y patrones espaciales de distribución de las lianas fueron investigados en tres parcelas de una hectárea de bosque tropical estacional lluvioso, en Xishuangbanna, SW China. Todas las lianas con = 2 cm de diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) fueron medidas, etiquetadas e identificadas. Un total de 458 tallos de lianas pertenecientes a 95 especies (que van de 38 a 50 especies/ha), 59 géneros y 32 familias se registraron en las tres parcelas. Las familias mejor representadas fueron Loganiaceae, Annonceae, Papilionaceae, Apocynaceae y Rhamnaceae. Papilionaceae (14 especies registradas) fue la de mayor importancia. La densidad de población, área basal y el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) varió mucho a través de las tres parcelas. Strychnos cathayensis, Byttneria grandifolia y Bousigonia mekongensis fueron las especies dominantes en términos de IVI en las tres parcelas. La media de la biomasa aérea de lianas (3 396 kg/ha) representó el 1.4% de la biomasa aérea total de la comunidad. La abundancia, biomasa y diversidad de lianas en bosques tropicales estacionales de Xishuangbanna son inferiores a los de zonas tropicales y bosques húmedos, pero superiores a los de los bosques tropicales secos. Este estudio proporciona nuevos datos sobre las lianas de una región geográfica que ha sido poco estudiada. Los resultados enfatizan que otros factores, además de la cantidad y la estacionalidad de la precipitación, deben ser considerados al examinar los patrones de la abundancia de lianas.
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Magnoliopsida/clasificación , Biodiversidad , Biomasa , Tallos de la Planta , Árboles , Magnoliopsida/crecimiento & desarrollo , China , Densidad de Población , Estaciones del Año , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
A simple and sensitive method is described for determination of jasmonic acid (JA) in plant tissues. The method is based on derivatization of JA with 5-bromomethylfluorescein (5-BMF) and separation and quantification of the resulting 5-BMF-JA derivative by capillary electrophoresis coupled to laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). The derivatization conditions were studied in detail. Our results indicated that 5-BMF-labeled JA could be well separated from other plant hormones present in the sample by use of 20 mmol L(-1) borate buffer (pH 8.5). The response to JA was a linear function of concentration in the range 1 to 100 micromol L(-1), with a correlation of 0.9986. Our preliminary work showed that the proposed method had fairly good selectivity and sensitivity. Only small amounts of plant sample are needed to complete the analysis. This described method enables the analysis of JA in crude extracts without extra purification and enrichment procedures.