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Objective:To analyze the registration characteristics and reporting quality of Taijiquan-related clinical trials.Methods:A database search of the China Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR) and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed by computer to collect basic information, study content, interventions, and other registration information of Taijiquan-related clinical trials from inception to June 30, 2022. The WHO TRDS was used to evaluate the registration quality of clinical trials.Results:Totally 381 Taijiquan-related clinical trials were incorporated, of which 241 (63.25%) were prospective registration and 140 (36.75%) were retrospective registration. The quantity of Taijiquan-related clinical trial registrations generally showed an increasing trend, reaching a peak in 2020 (14.70%). The number of clinical trials registered in Shanghai accounted for the most (9.97%). The largest contributor to the registered trials was Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (4.46%). 55.12% of registered studies were funded by hospitals and universities. The registered studies were most focused on cognitive impairment. 74.54% of the studies adopted randomized parallel controls, and the sample size was mainly between 20 and 200 (80.31%), and the age of the subjects was concentrated above 39 years (53.28%). The average report completion rate of WHO TRDS items was 86.90%.Conclusions:Presently, the development trend of clinical trials related to Taijiquan is relatively promising. However, imbalances exist in some aspects, for instance distribution of registration areas and institutions, funding allocation, and population of subjects. The description of some registration items is missing or not comprehensive, so corresponding measures are required to improve the quality of clinical trial design and to optimize registration details.

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@#Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a serious challenge to emergency departments that usually encounter emergencies and severe diseases.[1⇓⇓⇓-5] Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a protein that interacts with the viral spike protein(s), allows SARS-CoV-2 to penetrate epithelial cells.[6] There is mounting evidence that suggests that the digestive system may also be affected.[7] An observational study described potential patterns of pancreatic injury (elevated amylase and lipase) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).[8] Additionally, sporadic case reports have described secondary pancreatitis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and presented imaging evidence.[9] Moreover, a previous study showed that COVID-19 patients not only have a higher risk of developing acute pancreatitis (AP), but also have a significantly higher mortality than those without COVID-19.[10] Using bioinformatics analysis, it may be possible to reveal how COVID-19 and AP are related. In this study, two RNA-seq datasets of SARS-CoV-2 and AP were selected for analysis.

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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope, is a ubiquitous pathogen that is prevalent in humans, although most people who contract it do not develop symptoms (Kerr, 2019). While the primary cells EBV attacks are epithelial cells and B lymphocytes, its target range expands to a variety of cell types in immunodeficient hosts. Serological change occurs in 90% of infected patients. Therefore, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG, serologically reactive to viral capsid antigens, are reliable biomarkers for the detection of acute and chronic EBV infections (Cohen, 2000). Symptoms of EBV infection vary according to age and immune status. Young patients with primary infection may present with infectious mononucleosis; there is a typical triad of symptoms including fever, angina, and lymphadenectasis (Houen and Trier, 2021). In immunocompromised patients, response after EBV infection may be atypical, with unexplained fever. The nucleic acid of EBV can be detected to confirm whether high-risk patients are infected (Smets et al., 2000). EBV is also associated with the occurrence of certain tumors (such as lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma) because it transforms host cells (Shannon-Lowe et al., 2017; Tsao et al., 2017).

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To determine the neural mechanism underlying the effects of sound therapy on tinnitus, we hypothesize that sound therapy may be effective by modulating both local neural activity and functional connectivity that is associated with auditory perception, auditory information storage or emotional processing. In this prospective observational study, 30 tinnitus patients underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans at baseline and after 12 weeks of sound therapy. Thirty-two age- and gender-matched healthy controls also underwent two scans over a 12-week interval; 30 of these healthy controls were enrolled for data analysis. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation was analysed, and seed-based functional connectivity measures were shown to significantly alter spontaneous local brain activity and its connections to other brain regions. Interaction effects between the two groups and the two scans in local neural activity as assessed by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation were observed in the left parahippocampal gyrus and the right Heschl's gyrus. Importantly, local functional activity in the left parahippocampal gyrus in the patient group was significantly higher than that in the healthy controls at baseline and was reduced to relatively normal levels after treatment. Conversely, activity in the right Heschl's gyrus was significantly increased and extended beyond a relatively normal range after sound therapy. These changes were found to be positively correlated with tinnitus relief. The functional connectivity between the left parahippocampal gyrus and the cingulate cortex was higher in tinnitus patients after treatment. The alterations of local activity and functional connectivity in the left parahippocampal gyrus and right Heschl's gyrus were associated with tinnitus relief. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging can provide functional information to explain and 'visualize' the mechanism underlying the effect of sound therapy on the brain.

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Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation process that targets cytoplasmic components, maintains metabolic stability in cells, and combates infection with various pathogenic bacteria. Autophagy can help body to eliminate invading pathogens; however, some bacteria have evolved multiple strategies to interfere with the autophagy signaling pathway or inhibit the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes to escape autophagic degradation, and even use autophagy to promote their growth and proliferation. This review discusses the newest progress in the relationship between pathogens and autophagy of host cell, and the role of autophagy in bacterial infection. We hope that this review provides useful knowledge for the research on autophagy caused by pathogenic infection.

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BACKGROUND: Tinnitus is considered to be triggered by aberrant neural activity in the brain. Sound therapy is regarded as a reasonable management option for tinnitus treatment and has been applied in the clinical setting for decades. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that sound therapy, a commonly used tinnitus treatment method, would alter the functional connectivity (FC) of brain regions in tinnitus models. STUDY TYPE: Longitudinal. POPULATION: Resting-state functional MRI data were collected from 27 tinnitus patients before and after 12 weeks of sound therapy. Twenty-seven age- and sex-matched healthy controls were also longitudinally scanned at the 12-week timepoint. FIELD STRENGTH: 3.0T MRI system and echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence, 3D brain volume imaging (BRAVO) sequence. ASSESSMENT: Functional connectivity strength (FCS), a graph-theoretical-based analytic method, was applied to analyze the FC features in the whole brain. STATISTICAL TESTS: Student's t-test and chi-square test were used for analyses between two groups. A two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) followed by post-hoc analyses was performed to determine differences of FC. RESULTS: The interaction effect between the two groups and two scans on FCS was observed in the bilateral thalami and left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The fitted FCS values in the bilateral thalami were significantly higher in tinnitus patients at baseline and decreased to a relatively normal range after sound therapy compared with healthy controls. Conversely, the fitted FCS values in the left ACC were within the normal range, but increased after treatment (1.08 ± 0.29, P < 0.02); however, there was no change in the control group. Importantly, significant correlations were observed between the FCS changes in the right thalamus (P = 0.028), the FC of the right thalamus-right inferior frontal gyrus (P = 0.015), and symptomatic improvement. DATA CONCLUSION: Sound therapy may modulate the brain network by altering the gating function of the thalamus as well as enhancing the tinnitus-canceling system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1731-1741.

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Objective@#To explore the clinicopathological characteristics of primary hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (HNEN) and metastatic HNEN from digestive tract, to screen the risk factors of hepatic metastasis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (GEP-NEN) and to analyze the differences between primary and metastatic HNEN in clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.@*Methods@#From January 2010 to June 2017, the clinical data of 182 patients with HNEN admitted at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively analyzed, including 39 cases of primary HNEN, 129 cases of metastatic HNEN and 14 cases of HNEN with unknown primary lesions. Chi-square test and t test were performed to analyze the pathologic characteristics among groups. Logistic regression method was used to analyze the risk factors of hepatic metastasis. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for survival analysis. Cox model was used for the prognostic multivariate survival analysis.@*Results@#Metastatic HNEN from digestive tract was more common in male (70.5%, 91/129). The case number of serological tumor biomarkers neuronspecific enolase and alpha-fetoprotein positive in primary HNEN were two cases and one case, respectively, and the positive rates in metastatic HNEN were 37.2% (32/86) and 6.4% (7/110). Most primary HNEN was single lesion (61.5%, 24/39), while multiple lesions were more common in metastatic HNEN (78.3%, 90/115). Primary HNEN mainly occurred in the right lobe of the liver (44.7%, 17/38), while metastatic HNEN located simultaneously in the left and right lobes of the liver (68.4%, 78/114). There were significant differences between primary HNEN and metastatic HNEN in tumor number, pathological grading, location of tumors and maximum diameter of tumors (χ2=21.264, 11.696, 19.461 and 4.547, all P<0.05). The median survival time of patients with primary HNEN and metastatic HNEN were 17.0 months and 10.0 months, and there was a significant difference in survival curves between the two groups (χ2=7.235, P=0.007). The type of hepatic tumors (primary or metastatic)(P=0.002), pathological grading of hepatic tumors (P=0.044), lymph node metastasis (P=0.024), the growth pattern of tumors (P<0.01) and treatment methods (P=0.018) were the independent factors for the prognosis of patients.@*Conclusions@#There are significant differences between primary HNEN and metastatic HNEN in tumor number, size and location. The type of hepatic tumors, pathological grading, lymph node metastasis, growth pattern of tumors and treatment methods are the independent factors for the prognosis of patients. Early topical treatment and combination treatment can help to prolong survival time of HNEN patients.

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Objective To explore the clinicopathological characteristics of primary hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (HNEN) and metastatic HNEN from digestive tract ,to screen the risk factors of hepatic metastasis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (GEP-NEN) and to analyze the differences between primary and metastatic HNEN in clinical features , diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.Methods From January 2010 to June 2017, the clinical data of 182 patients with HNEN admitted at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively analyzed , including 39 cases of primary HNEN, 129 cases of metastatic HNEN and 14 cases of HNEN with unknown primary lesions .Chi-square test and t test were performed to analyze the pathologic characteristics among groups .Logistic regression method was used to analyze the risk factors of hepatic metastasis .Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for survival analysis . Cox model was used for the prognostic multivariate survival analysis .Results Metastatic HNEN from digestive tract was more common in male ( 70.5%, 91/129 ).The case number of serological tumor biomarkers neuronspecific enolase and alpha-fetoprotein positive in primary HNEN were two cases and one case , respectively, and the positive rates in metastatic HNEN were 37.2%( 32/86) and 6.4%(7/110).Most primary HNEN was single lesion (61.5%, 24/39), while multiple lesions were more common in metastatic HNEN (78.3%, 90/115).Primary HNEN mainly occurred in the right lobe of the liver (44.7%, 17/38), while metastatic HNEN located simultaneously in the left and right lobes of the liver (68.4%, 78/114).There were significant differences between primary HNEN and metastatic HNEN in tumor number , pathological grading, location of tumors and maximum diameter of tumors ( χ2 ＝21.264, 11.696, 19.461 and 4.547, all P?0.05).The median survival time of patients with primary HNEN and metastatic HNEN were 17.0 months and 10.0 months, and there was a significant difference in survival curves between the two groups (χ2 ＝7.235, P＝0.007).The type of hepatic tumors (primary or metastatic) ( P＝0.002), pathological grading of hepatic tumors (P＝0.044), lymph node metastasis ( P ＝0.024), the growth pattern of tumors ( P ?0.01) and treatment methods (P＝0.018) were the independent factors for the prognosis of patients .Conclusions There are significant differences between primary HNEN and metastatic HNEN in tumor number , size and location. The type of hepatic tumors, pathological grading , lymph node metastasis, growth pattern of tumors and treatment methods are the independent factors for the prognosis of patients .Early topical treatment and combination treatment can help to prolong survival time of HNEN patients .