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The escalating menace of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a profound global threat to life and assets. However, the incapacity of metal ions/reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the indiscriminate intrinsic interaction of cationic groups to distinguish between bacteria and mammalian cells undermines the essential selectivity required in these nanomaterials for an ideal antimicrobial agent. Hence, we devised and synthesized a range of biocompatible mixed-charge hyperbranched polymer nanoparticles (MCHPNs) incorporating cationic, anionic, and neutral alkyl groups to effectively combat multidrug-resistant bacteria and mitigate AMR. This outcome stemmed from the structural, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility analysis of seven MCHPNs, among which MCHPN7, with a ratio of cationic groups, anionic groups, and long alkyl chains at 27:59:14, emerged as the lead candidate. Importantly, owing to inherent differences in membrane potential among diverse species, alongside its nano-size (6 - 15 nm) and high hydrophilicity (Kow = 0.04), MCHPN7 exhibited exceptional selective bactericidal effects over mammalian cells (selectivity index > 564) in vitro and in vivo. By inducing physical membrane disruption, MCHPN7 effectively eradicated antibiotic-resistant bacteria and significantly delayed the emergence of bacterial resistance. Utilized as a coating, MCHPN7 endowed initially inert surfaces with the ability to impede biofilm formation and mitigate infection-related immune responses in mouse models. This research heralds the advent of biocompatible polymer nanoparticles and harbors significant implications in our ongoing combat against AMR. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The escalating prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been acknowledged as one of the most significant threats to global health. Therefore, a series of mixed-charge hyperbranched polymer nanoparticles (MCHPNs) with selective antibacterial action were designed and synthesized. Owing to inherent differences in membrane potential among diverse species and high hydrophilicity (Kow = 0.04), the optimal nanoparticles exhibited exceptional selective bactericidal effects over mammalian cells (selectivity index >564) and significantly delayed the emergence of bacterial resistance. Importantly, they endowed surfaces with the ability to impede biofilm formation and mitigate infection-related immune responses. Furthermore, the above findings focus on addressing the problem of AMR in Post-Pandemic, which will for sure attract attention from both academic and industry research.

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BACKGROUND: Traditionally, the assessment of student nursing skills relies heavily on lecturer evaluations. However, lecturers, as the primary evaluators, may be influenced by their individual subjective preferences, experience, and knowledge background. This limitation needs thorough consideration to improve students' assessment skills and ensure that assessment tasks are more objective and accurate. Peer assessment appears to take it into account. Currently, improving the quality of peer assessment in Basic Nursing skills remains a challenge for educators. AIM: To assess the effectiveness of peer assessment as applied to the basic nursing skills examination process and suggestions for improvement, to understand nursing students' perceptions of it, and to explore the feasibility of peer assessment as an alternative to single faculty assessment as perceived by nursing students. DESIGN: Qualitative research. SETTINGS: Conducted in a clinical skills simulation laboratory at a university in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China. PARTICIPANTS: 23 Second-year nursing students applying peer assessment to Basic Nursing course exams. METHODS: Used face-to-face, semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis to analyze data. RESULTS: Three major themes and nine subthemes were identified: (1) Positive sentiments towards peer evaluation (e.g., enhancing the learning capacity, increasing emotional intelligence, and improving the objectivity and fairness of nursing skills assessment); (2) Challenges encountered in the peer evaluation process (e.g., inconsistent scoring criteria, exacerbate anxiety, and triggering team conflict); (3) Suggestions for improving peer evaluation (e.g., applying the design of peer assessment exam content, incorporation of lecturer evaluation, and refinement and materialization of marking criteria). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, while the positive impact is evident, the challenges faced by nursing students and future recommendations for peer assessment application are critical. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of peer assessment to enhance nursing education and provides recommendations for optimizing peer assessment strategies for meaningful integration into Nursing Education practice.

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OBJECTIVES: Owing to differences in cultural background, education level, and lifestyle, certain items of existing tinnitus evaluation scales are difficult for Chinese patients to understand, despite being translated. However, few independently developed scales have been developed specifically for Chinese patients. Therefore, with this study, we aimed to construct a tinnitus scale, the West China Tinnitus Impact Inventory (WCTII), suitable for the accurate reflection of the impact and severity of the disease in this population. DESIGN: Basic items were obtained through semistructured interviews with patients with tinnitus. We invited 23 domestic experts on tinnitus to form an expert group. The basic items were modified using the Delphi method. Cronbach's α values for the scale scores and correlation coefficients between the items and the scale scores were calculated. Items with correlation coefficients <0.5 were deleted. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the scale structure of the items remaining after item deletion. The intragroup correlation coefficient was used to assess the scale's test-retest reliability. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the scale scores and the scores for the Chinese-Mandarin version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory was used to evaluate concurrent validity. RESULTS: After five rounds of expert correspondence and exploratory factor analysis, we determined the content and structure of the scale. The WCTII consists of 19 items in 4 subscales, namely, F1: the impact of tinnitus on emotion (items 1 to 9); F2: the impact of tinnitus on sleep (items 10 to 12); F3: patients' beliefs about their tinnitus (items 13 to 16, 19); and F4: the impact of tinnitus on auditory processing ability (items 17 to 18). The overall Cronbach's α was 0.934. The Cronbach's α values for F1 to F4 were 0.912, 0.843, 0.829, and 0.838, respectively. The intragroup correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval) of the total scale and F1 to F4 were 0.779 (0.549 to 0.886), 0.738 (0.496 to 0.860), 0.826 (0.713 to 0.897), 0.720 (0.536 to 0.836), and 0.715 (0.532 to 0.832), respectively. The correlation between the WCTII and Chinese-Mandarin version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores was 0.849 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The WCTII yielded satisfactory reliability and validity, indicating that it can be used to assess the severity of tinnitus in Chinese patients.

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Azobenzene (Azo) and its derivatives are versatile stimuli-responsive molecules. Their reversible photoisomerization and susceptibility to reduction-mediated cleavage make them valuable for various biomedical applications. Upon exposure to the UV light, Azo units undergo a thermodynamically stable trans-to-cis transition, which can be reversed by heating in the dark or irradiation with visible light. Additionally, the N=N bonds in azobenzenes can be cleaved under hypoxic conditions by azoreductase, making azobenzenes useful as hypoxia-responsive linkers. The integration of azobenzenes into nanomedicines holds promise for enhancing therapeutic efficacy, particularly in tumor targeting and controllable drug release. In this Concept paper, recent advances in the design and applications of azobenzene-based nanomedicines are updated, and future development opportunities are also summarized.

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Pyroptosis-related genes have great potential for prognosis, an accurate prognostic model based on pyroptosis genes has not been seen in Colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD). Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms of gene expression characteristics and the Tumor Immune Microenvironment associated with the prognosis of COAD is still largely unknown. Constructing a prognostic model based on pyroptosis-related genes, and revealing prognosis-related mechanisms associated with the gene expression characteristics and tumor microenvironment. 59 pyroptosis-related genes were collected. The gene expression data and clinical data of COAD were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. External validation datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. 10 characteristic genes with prognostic values were obtained using univariate and LASSO Cox. 10-gene Riskscore prognostic model was constructed. Both gene set enrichment analysis and network propagation methods were used to find pathways and key genes leading to different prognostic risks. The area under the ROC curves were used to evaluate the performance of the model to distinguish between high-risk and low-risk patients, the results were 0.718, 0.672, and 0.669 for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival times. A nomogram based on Riskscore and clinical characteristics showed the probability of survival at 1, 3, and 5 years, and the calibration curves showed good agreement between the predicted and actual observations, its C-index is 0.793. The decision curves showed that the net benefit of the nomogram was significantly superior to that of the other single variables. Four key pathways leading to different prognostic risks were obtained. Six key genes with prognostic value, significant expression differences (P < .05) and significant survival differences (P < .05) between high/low risk groups were obtained from the gene set of all 4 key pathways. This study constructed a prognostic model for COAD using 10 pyroptosis-related genes with prognostic value. This study also revealed significant differences in specific pathways and the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) between the high-risk group and the low-risk group, highlighted the roles of ALDH5A1 and Wnt signaling in promoting COAD and the suppressive effects of the IL-4/IL-13 pathway and RORC on COAD. The study will be helpful for precision therapy.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Correction with traditional dual growing rods (TDGR) might not be sufficient for severe and rigid spinal deformity. TDGR combines with apical control techniques (ACT) could theoretically improve curve correction and decrease the incidence of mechanical complications. However, long-term results for TDGR with ACT are limited. The aim of this study was to retrospectively review and compare the outcomes of patients who graduated from TDGR with or without ACT. METHODS: Patients who were treated by TDGR with or without ACT with a minimum 2-year follow-up after graduation were enrolled. According to the intervention for the apex, patients were further divided into the TDGR group, the TDGR + apical control pedicle screws group (without apical fusion), and the TDGR + hybrid technique group. Clinical outcomes, radiological parameters, pulmonary function, and complications were compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS: A total of 76 patients (51 patients in the TDGR group, 10 patients in the apical control pedicle screws group, and 15 patients in the hybrid technique group) were enrolled. Compared with TDGR, TDGR + ACT achieved better main curve correction, better control of apical vertebral translation and rotation, and lower incidence of complications and revision surgery (P < .05) while maintaining development of the spine and chest. Although the difference was not significant, patients in the TDGR + ACT group had better pulmonary function at the last follow-up (P > .05). The percentage of patients receiving final fusion in the TDGR + ACT group was significantly lower than that in the TDGR group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Compared with TDGR, TDGR + ACT can achieve better curve correction and apical control and comparable clinical outcomes while maintaining the growth of the spine and chest. Patients may derive more benefits from treatment with TDGR + ACT, including a lower incidence of mechanical complications and revision surgery, better pulmonary function, and the avoidance of final fusion.

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Cement production and its air pollutant and carbon dioxides (CO2) emissions in China will be relocated greatly as a joint effect of diverse development of industrial economy and implementation of environmental policies for different regions. The future pathway and spatial pattern of emissions are important for policy making of air quality improvement and CO2 emission abatement, as well as coordinating regional development. In this study, we developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict cement production at the county level and to calculate the associated emissions of air pollutants and CO2 at the county level till 2060. Results show that the cement production will decline from 2327 million metric tons (Mt) in 2015 to 704 Mt. in 2060 under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 1 (SSP1). Counties closer to provincial capital will experience greater retirement of cement industry. Likewise, the emissions of air pollutants and CO2 will experience a steady downward trend driven by the declining cement production and the improvement of pollution control technologies. There will be a more significant regional heterogeneity in the reduction of production and emissions at city level compared to the province level. With the clearance for nearly two-thirds of counties, future cement production and emissions will be more intensively distributed in a few cities. The shares of emissions in southwestern regions will grow from 2015 to 2060 while those of eastern regions will continue decreasing. The comparison between the changing spatial distributions of emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) indicates a positive effect of existing policies in reconciling regional economic development and air pollution controls. The outcome could support the analyses on the impact of industrial development on air quality and public health, and the method can be applied widely for other industrial sectors for a more comprehensive understanding of future emission relocation.

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The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding rates on growth performance, liver glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, and glycogen decomposition in juvenile largemouth bronze gudgeon (Coreius guichenoti). A total number of 600 fish were randomly distributed into 12 cylindrical plastic tanks with 50 fish per tank and triplicate tanks per treatment. Fish were fed with 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% feeding rates (body weight per day) three times day-1 for 8 w. The results indicated that the feeding rates significantly increased the body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (p < 0.05), while showing no significant effects on the condition factor and survival rate (p > 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was significantly enhanced by the feeding rate (p < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed when the feeding rate exceeded 3% (p > 0.05). The plasma glucose levels in the 4% and 5% groups were significantly higher than those in the 2% and 3% groups. Compared with other groups, the 5% group significantly increased the crucial rate-limiting enzyme activities and mRNA levels of glycolysis (PFKL and PK) (p < 0.05), while showing no significant differences on enzyme activities (PC, PEPCK, and G6P) and mRNA (pepck and g6p) levels of gluconeogenesis (p > 0.05). In addition, the mRNA levels of hepatic glut2 and glut4 in the 5% group reached the highest levels (p < 0.05). When the feeding rate exceeded 3%, hepatic glycogen and lipid accumulation were significantly increased, leading to a fatty liver phenotype. Meanwhile, the mRNA level of liver glycogen synthetase (gysl) was significantly increased (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in glycogen phosphorylase (pygl) (p > 0.05). In summary, under the conditions of this study, a feeding rate exceeding 3% significantly accelerated hepatic glycogen and lipid accumulation, which ultimately induced fatty liver formation.

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Mycoviruses can alter the biological characteristics of host fungi, including change virulence or pathogenicity of phytopathogens and entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). However, most studies on the mycoviruses found in EPF have focused on the effects of the viruses on the virulence of host fungi towards insect pests, with relatively few reports on the effects to the host fungi with regard to plant disease resistance in hosts. The present study investigated the effects of the mycovirus Beauveria bassiana chrysovirus 2 (BbCV2) virus infection on host biological characteristics, evaluated antagonistic activity of BbCV2 against two phytopathogenic fungi (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea), and transcriptome analysis was used to reveal the interactions between viruses and hosts. Our results showed that BbCV2 virus infection increased B. bassiana's growth rate, spore production, and biomass, it also enhanced the capacity of host fungi and their metabolic products to inhibit phytopathogenic fungi. BbCV2 virus infection reduced the contents of the two pathogens in tomato plants significantly, and transcriptome analysis revealed that the genes related to competition for ecological niches and nutrition, mycoparasitism and secondary metabolites in B. bassiana were significantly up-regulated after viral infection. These findings indicated that the mycovirus infection is an important factor to enhance the ability of B. bassiana against plant disease after endophytic colonization. We suggest that mycovirus infection causes a positive effect on B. bassiana against phytopathogens, which should be considered as a potential strategy to promote the plant disease resistance of EPF.

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The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily is involved in numerous complex biological processes. However, the understanding of ABCs in plant pathogen defense, particularly against Botryosphaeria dothidea, remains limited. In this study, we identified MdABCI17 that plays a positive role in apple resistance to B. dothidea. Overexpression of MdABCI17 significantly enhanced the resistance of apple calli and fruits to B. dothidea. Our findings revealed that the jasmonic acid (JA) content and the expression of genes associated with JA biosynthesis and signal transduction were higher in stable MdABCI17-overexpressing apple calli than that of wild-type after inoculation with B. dothidea. Similar results were obtained for apple fruits with transient overexpression of MdABCI17. Our research indicates that MdABCI17 enhances apple resistance to B. dothidea through the JA signaling pathway. We further determined that MdABCI17 plays a crucial role in the apple's response to JA signaling. Moreover, exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment significantly enhanced the effectiveness of MdABCI17 in boosting apple resistance to B. dothidea. We proposed a positive feedback regulatory loop between MdABCI17-mediated apple resistance to B. dothidea and JA signal. In summary, our study offers new insights into the role of ABC superfamily members in the control of plant disease resistance. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-024-01501-9.

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Nerve invasion (NI) is a characteristic feature of pancreatic cancer. Traditional dichotomous statements on the presence of NI are unreasonable because almost all cases exhibit NI when sufficient pathological sections are examined. The critical implications of NI in pancreatic cancer highlight the need for a more effective criterion. This study included 511 patients, who were categorized into a training group and a testing group at a ratio of 7:3. According to the traditional definition, NI was observed in 91.2 % of patients using five pathological slides in our study. The prevalence of NI increased as more pathological slides were used. The criterion of 'two points of intraneural (endoneural) invasion in the case of four pathological slides' has the highest receiver operating characteristic (ROC) score. Based on this new criterion, NI was proved to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) and was also correlated with tumor recurrence (P = 0.004). Interestingly, gemcitabine-based chemotherapy regimen is an independent favorable factor for patients with high NI. In the high NI group, patients who received a gemcitabine-based regimen exhibited a better prognosis than those who did not receive the gemcitabine-based regimen for OS (P = 0.000) and DFS (P = 0.001). In conclusion, this study establishes assessment criteria to evaluate the severity of NI in order to predict patient outcomes.

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Yam is a dual-purpose crop used in both medicine and food that is commonly used as a dietary supplement in food processing. Since yam proteins are often lost during the production of yam starch, elucidating the functionally active value of yam proteins is an important guideline for fully utilizing yam in industrial production processes. This study aimed to explore the potential protective effect of yam protein (YP) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression in mice. The results showed that YP can reduce immune damage caused by CTX by reversing immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM), cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, etc.) in the intestines of mice. Moreover, YPs were found to prevent CTX-induced microbiota dysbiosis by enhancing the levels of beneficial bacteria within the microbiome, such as Lactobacillus, and lowering those of Desulfovibrio_R and Helicobacter_A. Metabolomics analyses showed that YP significantly altered differential metabolites (tryptophan, etc.) and metabolic pathways (ABC transporter protein, etc.) associated with immune responses in the gut. Furthermore, important connections were noted between particular microbiomes and metabolites, shedding light on the immunoprotective effects of YPs by regulating gut flora and metabolism. These findings deepen our understanding of the functional properties of YPs and lay a solid foundation for the utilization of yam.

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Neurons are the primary cells responsible for information processing in the central nervous system (CNS). However, they are vulnerable to damage and insult in a variety of neurological disorders. As the most abundant glial cells in the brain, astrocytes provide crucial support to neurons and participate in synapse formation, synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter recycling, regulation of metabolic processes, and the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier integrity. Though astrocytes play a significant role in the manifestation of injury and disease, they do not work in isolation. Cellular interactions between astrocytes and neurons are essential for maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS under both physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we explore the diverse interactions between astrocytes and neurons under physiological conditions, including the exchange of neurotrophic factors, gliotransmitters, and energy substrates, and different CNS diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. This review sheds light on the contribution of astrocyte-neuron crosstalk to the progression of neurological diseases to provide potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurological diseases.

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Bacterial infections and long-term inflammation cause serious secondary damage to chronic diabetic wounds and hinder the wound healing processes. Currently, multifunctional hydrogels have shown promising effects in chronic wound repair. However, traditional hydrogels only keep the wound moist and protect it from bacterial infection, and cannot provide mechanical force to contract the wound edges to achieve facilitated wound closure. Here, an asymmetric composite dressing was created by combining biaxially oriented nanofibers and hydrogel, inspired by the double-layer structure of the traditional Chinese medicinal plaster patch, for managing chronic wounds. Specifically, electrospun Poly-(lactic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PLATMC) nanofibers and methacrylate gelatin (GelMa) hydrogel loaded with Epinecidin-1@chitosan (Epi-1@CS) nanoparticles are assembled as the temperature-responsive self-contracting nanofiber/hydrogel (TSNH) composite dressing. The substrate layer of PLATMC nanofibers combines topological morphology with material properties to drive wound closure through temperature-triggered contraction force. The functional layer of GelMa hydrogel is loaded with Epi-1@CS nanoparticles that combine satisfactory cytocompatibility, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Strikingly, in vivo, the TSNH dressing could regulate the diabetic wound microenvironment, thereby promoting collagen deposition, facilitating angiogenesis, and reducing the inflammatory response, which promotes the rapid healing of chronic wounds. This study highlights the potential of synergizing mechanical and biochemical signals in enhancing chronic wound treatment. Overall, this TSNH composite dressing is provided as a reliable approach to solving the long-standing problem of chronically infected wound healing.

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The bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been well-established. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important complication of diabetes, but there are few studies on the relationship between DR and periodontitis, especially on the intrinsic inflammatory pathway mechanism. This article reviews the latest clinical data on how diabetes promotes susceptibility to periodontitis from the epidemiological and molecular perspectives, with a special focus on the key roles of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in the interplay between DR and periodontitis. Comprehension of the intertwined pathogenesis of DR and periodontitis can better guide the development of comprehensive management strategies for glycemic control and periodontal health, with the aim of mitigating the progression of DR and enhancing overall well-being.

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Understanding molecular mechanisms of plant cellular response to heat stress will help to improve crop tolerance and yield in the global warming era. Here, we show that deacetylation of non-histone proteins mediated by cytoplasmic histone deacetylase HDA714 is required for plant tolerance to heat stress in rice. Heat stress reduces overall protein lysine acetylation, which depends on HDA714. Being induced by heat stress, HDA714 loss of function reduces, but its overexpression enhances rice tolerance to heat stress. Under heat stress, HDA714-mediated deacetylation of metabolic enzymes stimulates glycolysis. In addition, HDA714 protein is found within heat-induced stress granules (SGs), and many SG proteins are acetylated under normal temperature. HDA714 interacts with and deacetylates several SG proteins. HDA714 loss of function increases SG protein acetylation levels and impairs SG formation. Collectively, these results indicate that HDA714 responds to heat stress to deacetylate cellular proteins, control metabolic activities, stimulate SG formation, and confer heat tolerance in rice.

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This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis (PCDT) and stenting for treating acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) combined with iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS), and to identify the predictors of stent restenosis. Patients with acute proximal DVT combined with IVCS underwent PCDT and stenting from January 2017 to December 2022 were enrolled. Primary and secondary patency were assessed by duplex ultrasound (DUS). The morbidity of postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) was assessed by the Villalta score. Risk factors for stent restenosis were assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. Total of 254 patients were included. The mean follow-up time was 36.06 ± 17.66 months. The primary patency rates at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years were 92.5%±1.7%, 85.4%±2.4%, and 82.4%±2.9%, respectively. The incidence of stent restenosis was 14.2%. Discontinuation of anticoagulants within one year [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.03; P = .048] was the factor associated with acute in-stent thrombosis. Previous DVT history (HR =2.29; P = .037) and stent placement across the inguinal ligament (HR =6.70; P < .001) were identified as independent risk factors significantly associated with stent restenosis. The overall PTS rate was 19.3%. PCDT with stenting is safe and effective for patients with iliofemoral DVT secondary to IVCS, leading to low rates of PTS. Previous DVT history and stents placed across the inguinal ligament may be predictors of stent restenosis. Furthermore, stent restenosis typically occurs within one year and is mainly caused by acute thrombosis due to discontinuation of anticoagulants.

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Clubroot, a soil-borne disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most destructive diseases of Brassica oleracea all over the world. However, the mechanism of clubroot resistance remains unclear. In this research, transcriptome sequencing was conducted on root samples from both resistant (R) and susceptible (S) B. oleracea plants infected by P. brassicae. Then the comparative analysis was carried out between the R and S samples at different time points during the infection stages to reveal clubroot resistance related pathways and candidate genes. Compared with 0 days after inoculation, a total of 4991 differential expressed genes were detected from the S pool, while only 2133 were found from the R pool. Gene function enrichment analysis found that the effector-triggered immunity played a major role in the R pool, while the pathogen-associated molecular pattern triggered immune response was stronger in the S pool. Simultaneously, candidate genes were identified through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, with Bol010786 (CNGC13) and Bol017921 (SD2-5) showing potential for conferring resistance to clubroot. The findings of this research provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying clubroot resistance and present new avenues for further research aimed at enhancing the clubroot resistance of B. oleracea through breeding.

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Holometabolous insects undergo morphological remodeling from larvae to pupae and to adults with typical changes in the cuticle; however, the mechanism is unclear. Using the lepidopteran agricultural insect Helicoverpa armigera, cotton bollworm, as a model, we revealed that the transcription factor RUNT-like (encoded by Runt-like) regulates the development of the pupal cuticle via promoting a pupal cuticle protein gene (HaPcp) expression. The HaPcp was highly expressed in the epidermis and wing during metamorphosis and was found being involved in pupal cuticle development by RNA interference (RNAi) analysis in larvae. Runt-like was also strongly upregulated in the epidermis and wing during metamorphosis. Knockdown of Runt-like produced similar phenomena, a failure of abdomen yellow envelope and wing formation, to those following HaPcp knockdown. The insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysonen (20E) upregulated HaPcp transcription via RUNT-like. 20E upregulated Runt-like transcription via nuclear receptor EcR and the transcription factor FOXO. Together, RUNT-like and HaPCP are involved in pupal cuticle development during metamorphosis under 20E regulation.

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