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Energy metabolism disorder, mainly exhibiting the inhibition of fatty acid degradation and lipid accumulation, is highly related with aging acceleration. However, the intervention measures are deficient. Here, we reported Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3 PUFAs), especially EPA, exerted beneficial effects on maintaining energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis to slow organ aging. As the endogenous agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), Omega-3 PUFAs significantly boosted fatty acid ß-oxidation and ATP production in multiple aged organs. Consequently, Omega-3 PUFAs effectively inhibited age-related pathological changes, preserved organ function, and retarded aging process. The beneficial effects of Omega-3 PUFAs were also testified in mfat-1 transgenic mice, which spontaneously generate abundant endogenous Omega-3 PUFAs. In conclusion, our study innovatively demonstrated Omega-3 PUFAs administration in diet slow aging through promoting energy metabolism. The supplement of Omega-3 PUFAs or fat-1 transgene provides a promising therapeutic approach to promote healthy aging in the elderly.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune inflammatory disease that damages multiple organs by the production of autoantibodies. Numerous research studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A diet rich in ω-3 PUFAs reduces chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Herein, we investigated the protective effect of ω-3 PUFAs against autoimmune injury in SLE. In a TMPD-induced mouse model of SLE, supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich (97%) fish oil was found to alleviate systemic autoimmune phenotypes such as ascites, lipogranulomas and serum dsDNA levels. In addition, EPA also significantly improved renal manifestations, reducing proteinuria, glomerulonephritis, and immune complex deposition. Mechanistically, ω-3 PUFAs were shown to modulate the differentiation of B lymphocyte subsets of primary splenic lymphocytes in the spontaneous murine lupus model MRL/MpJ-Faslpr in vitro, specifically that both EPA and DHA suppressed the number of total B cells, B1B2 cells and plasma cells. Concurrently, they were also found to promote the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10, mainly produced by Breg and Treg cells. Thus, nutritional supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs can regulate B cell's differentiation and anti-inflammatory function and strongly prevent autoimmune responses and lupus nephritis. The diets balance between ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs intake may represent a promising treatment strategy to prevent or delay the onset of SLE.
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Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico , Animales , Ratones , Autoinmunidad , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD) is a progressive multisystemic disease characterized by a lysosomal enzyme deficiency. A lack of α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) activity results in the progressive systemic accumulation of its substrates, including globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb3), which results in renal, cardiac, and/or cerebrovascular disease and early death. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the current standard of care for FD; however, it has important limitations, including a low half-life, limited distribution, and requirement of lifelong biweekly infusions of recombinant enzymes. METHODS: Herein, we evaluated a gene therapy approach using an episomal adeno-associated viral 2/8 (AAV2/8) vector that encodes the human GLA cDNA driven by a liver-specific expression cassette in a mouse model of FD that lacks α-Gal A activity and progressively accumulates Gb3 and Lyso-Gb3 in plasma and tissues. RESULTS: A pharmacology and toxicology study showed that administration of AAV2/8-hGLA vectors (AAV2/8-hGLA) in FD mice without immunosuppression resulted in significantly increased plasma and tissue α-Gal A activity and substantially normalized Gb3 and Lyso-Gb3 content. CONCLUSIONS: Moreover, the plasma enzymatic activity of α-Gal A continued to be stably expressed for up to 38 weeks and sometimes even longer, indicating that AAV2/8-hGLA is effective in treating FD mice, and that α-Gal A is continuously and highly expressed in the liver, secreted into plasma, and absorbed by various tissues. These findings provide a basis for the clinical development of AAV2/8-hGLA.
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Enfermedad de Fabry , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Riñón , alfa-Galactosidasa , Terapia GenéticaRESUMEN
Cisplatin is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a wide range of cancers. A common side effect of cisplatin is myelosuppression. Research suggests that oxidative damages are strongly and consistently related to myelosuppression during cisplatin treatment. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells. Herein, we investigated the protective benefit of endogenous ω-3 PUFAs on cisplatin-induced myelosuppression and the underlying signaling pathways using a transgenic mfat-1 mouse model. The expression of mfat-1 gene can increase endogenous levels of ω-3 PUFAs by enzymatically converting ω-6 PUFAs. Cisplatin treatment reduced peripheral blood cells and bone marrow nucleated cells, induced DNA damage, increased the production of reactive oxygen species, and activated p53-mediated apoptosis in bone marrow (BM) cells of wild-type mice. In the transgenics, the elevated tissue ω-3 PUFAs rendered a robust preventative effect on these cisplatin-induced damages. Importantly, we identified that the activation of NRF2 by ω-3 PUFAs could trigger an antioxidant response and inhibit p53-mediated apoptosis by increasing the expression of MDM2 in BM cells. Thus, endogenous ω-3 PUFAs enrichment can strongly prevent cisplatin-induced myelosuppression by inhibiting oxidative damage and regulating the NRF2-MDM2-p53 signaling pathway. Elevation of tissue ω-3 PUFAs may represent a promising treatment strategy to prevent the side effects of cisplatin.
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Cisplatino , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Ratones , Animales , Cisplatino/toxicidad , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/genética , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Ratones Transgénicos , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of CPD1, a novel phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, on renal interstitial fibrosis after unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI). Male BALB/c mice were subjected to UIRI, and treated with CPD1 once daily (i.g, 5 mg/kg). Contralateral nephrectomy was performed on day 10 after UIRI, and the UIRI kidneys were harvested on day 11. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Masson trichrome and Sirius Red staining methods were used to observe the renal tissue structural lesions and fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to detect the expression of proteins related to fibrosis. HE, Sirius Red and Masson trichrome staining showed that CPD1-treated UIRI mice had lower extent of tubular epithelial cell injury and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in renal interstitium compared with those in the fibrotic mouse kidneys. The results from immunohistochemistry and Western blot assay indicated significantly decreased protein expressions of type I collagen, fibronectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) after CPD1 treatment. In addition, CPD1 dose-dependently inhibited the expression of ECM-related proteins induced by transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) in normal rat kidney interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F) and human renal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2). In summary, the novel PDE inhibitor, CPD1, displays strong protective effects against UIRI and fibrosis by suppressing TGF-ß signaling pathway and regulating the balance between ECM synthesis and degradation through PAI-1.
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Enfermedades Renales , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 5 , Animales , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratas , Proteínas de la Matriz Extracelular , Fibrosis , Riñón , Inhibidor 1 de Activador PlasminogénicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Isofraxidin is a coumarin compound mainly isolated from several traditional and functional edible plants beneficial for neurodegenerative diseases, including Sarcandra glabra and Apium graveolens, and Siberian Ginseng. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess effects of isofraxidin against memory impairments and cognition deficits in a scopolamine-induced mouse model. MATERIALS & METHODS: Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups, control, vehicle, donepezil (10 mg/kg, p.o.), and isofraxidin (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, p.o.). Isofraxidin or donepezil was administered for 44 days, once per day. The scopolamine insults (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was given from the 21st day, once per day. Morris water maze test and Y-maze test were used for the behavioral test. After that, brain samples were collected for analysis. RESULTS: Firstly, isofraxidin significantly improved scopolamine-induced behavioral impairments and cognition deficits in Morris water maze and Y-maze test. Then, isofraxidin facilitated cholinergic activity via inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Besides, isofraxidin decreased lipid peroxidation level but enhanced levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Moreover, isofraxidin suppressed the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Further investigations showed that isofraxidin up-regulated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and promoted phosphorylation of tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that isofraxidin ameliorated scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory impairments, possibly through regulating AChE activity, suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and modulating BDNF-CREB-ERK pathways.
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Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo , Escopolamina , Animales , Ratones , Escopolamina/farmacología , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/efectos adversos , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Donepezilo/farmacología , Donepezilo/uso terapéutico , Memoria , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Trastornos de la Memoria/inducido químicamente , Trastornos de la Memoria/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos de la Memoria/metabolismo , Cumarinas/farmacología , Cumarinas/uso terapéutico , Aprendizaje por Laberinto , Transducción de Señal , CogniciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Adiponectin is an adipocyte-secreted cytokine that enhances insulin sensitivity and attenuates inflammation. Although circulating adiponectin level is often inversely associated with several malignancies, its role in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. Here, we investigated the clinical association between circulating adiponectin level and NPC, and examined the impact of adiponectin, as well as the underlying mechanisms, on NPC growth both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The association between circulating adiponectin level and the risk of developing NPC was assessed in two different cohorts, including a hospital-based case-control study with 152 cases and 132 controls, and a nested case-control study with 71 cases and 142 controls within a community-based NPC screening cohort. Tumor xenograft model, cell proliferation and cycle assays were applied to confirm the effects of adiponectin on NPC growth in cultured cells and in xenograft models. We also investigated the underlying signaling mechanisms with various specific pharmacological inhibitors and biochemistry analysis. RESULTS: High adiponectin levels were associated with a monotonic decreased trend of NPC risk among males in both the hospital-based case-control study and a nested case-control study. In vitro, recombinant human full-length adiponectin significantly inhibited NPC cell growth and arrested cell cycle, which were dependent on AMPK signaling pathway. The growth of xenograft of NPC tumor was sharply accelerated in the nude mice carrying genetic adiponectin deficiency. An adiponectin receptor agonist, AdipoRon, displayed strong anti-tumor activity in human xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated for the first time that circulating adiponectin is not only inversely associated with NPC, but also controls the development of NPC via AMPK signaling pathway. Stimulation of adiponectin function may become a novel therapeutic modality for NPC.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Adiponectina/farmacología , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/genética , Transducción de Señal , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Fabry disease (FD) is a progressive multisystemic disease characterized by lysosomal enzyme deficiency. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is one of the most significant advancements and breakthroughs in treating FD. However, limited resources and the high cost of ERT might prevent patients from receiving prompt and effective therapy, thereby resulting in severe complications. Future progress in ERT can uncover promising treatment options. In this study, we developed and validated a recombinant enzyme (Lanzyme) based on a CHO-S cell system to provide a new potential option for FD therapy. Our results indicated that Lanzyme was heavily glycosylated, and its highest activity was similar to a commercial enzyme (Fabrazyme®). Our pharmacokinetic assessment revealed that the half-life of Lanzyme was up to 11 min, which is nearly twice that of the commercial enzyme. In vivo experiments revealed that Lanzyme treatment sharply decreased the accumulation levels of Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 in various tissues of FD model mice, with superior or comparable therapeutic effects to Fabrazyme®. Based on these data, Lanzyme may represent a new and promising treatment approach for FD. Building this enzyme production system for ERT can offer additional choice, potentially with enhanced efficacy, for the benefit of patients with FD.
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Terapia de Reemplazo Enzimático , Enfermedad de Fabry , Proteínas Recombinantes , alfa-Galactosidasa , Animales , Ratones , alfa-Galactosidasa/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad de Fabry/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Patients with asthenozoospermia often present multiple defects in sperm functions apart from a decrease in sperm motility. However, the etiological factors underlying these multifaceted defects remain mostly unexplored, which may lead to unnecessary treatment and unsatisfactory assisted reproductive technologies (ART) outcome. Here, we show that the protein levels of CD147 were lowered in sperm obtained from asthenozoospermic infertile patients exhibiting defects in both sperm motility and the acrosome reaction. Whereas CD147 maintained sperm motility before capacitation, female tract-derived soluble CD147 interacted with sperm-bound CD147 to induce an acrosome reaction in capacitated sperm. Soluble CD147 treatment restored the acrosome reaction and improved the fertility of sperm from patients with asthenozoospermia. Mechanistically, CD147 promotes sperm motility and acrosome reaction (AR) by eliciting Ca2+ influx through soluble CD147 binding to sperm-bound CD147. Notably, the level of soluble CD147 in seminal plasma was positively correlated with the fertilization rate and pregnancy outcome in infertile couples undergoing in vitro fertilization. Our study has identified a marker for the diagnosis and a therapeutic target for the defective AR capability in asthenozoospermia and a candidate for the prediction of in vitro fertilization outcomes for male infertile patients that facilitates the development of precision medicine in ART.
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The role and mechanisms for upregulating complement factor B (CFB) expression in podocyte dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are not fully understood. Here, analyzing Gene Expression Omnibus GSE30528 data, we identified genes enriched in mTORC1 signaling, CFB, and complement alternative pathways in podocytes from patients with DKD. In mouse models, podocyte mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling activation was induced, while blockade of mTORC1 signaling reduced CFB upregulation, alternative complement pathway activation, and podocyte injury in the glomeruli. Knocking down CFB remarkably alleviated alternative complement pathway activation and DKD in diabetic mice. In cultured podocytes, high glucose treatment activated mTORC1 signaling, stimulated STAT1 phosphorylation, and upregulated CFB expression, while blockade of mTORC1 or STAT1 signaling abolished high glucose-upregulated CFB expression. Additionally, high glucose levels downregulated protein phosphatase 2Acα (PP2Acα) expression, while PP2Acα deficiency enhanced high glucose-induced mTORC1/STAT1 activation, CFB induction, and podocyte injury. Taken together, these findings uncover a mechanism by which CFB mediates podocyte injury in DKD.
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Factor B del Complemento/genética , Nefropatías Diabéticas/genética , Hiperglucemia/genética , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina/metabolismo , Podocitos/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismo , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Factor B del Complemento/metabolismo , Vía Alternativa del Complemento , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Nefropatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/patología , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Glucosa/farmacología , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/metabolismo , Hiperglucemia/patología , Riñón/metabolismo , Riñón/patología , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ratones , Podocitos/ultraestructura , Proteína Fosfatasa 2C/genética , Proteína Fosfatasa 2C/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Proteins from food-grade expression systems can be used in food products and medical applications. Herein, we describe a one-step method of constructing an expression vector in Kluyveromyces lactis by combining a URA3-deficient strain and a plasmid vector with no drug-resistant selection. Adjacent DNA elements of the vector were assembled in a targeted manner through a reaction with a special recombinase to form a plasmid vector using a one-step reaction. The unnecessary fragments containing the pUC origin and the ampicillin resistance gene were removed, and the vector was isolated and purified before transformation. A single transformation of the vector can produce a URA3-deficient strain. PCR assay, sequencing, and western blot analysis all indicated that the method of vector construction and target protein expression (mCherry and human serum albumin) were successful. This method may potentially be applied to any species containing the URA3 gene; this system has the potential to become a safe and powerful tool for promoting protein expression in food-safe species.
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Kluyveromyces , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Kluyveromyces/genética , Plásmidos/genética , Transformación GenéticaRESUMEN
NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What is the protective benefit of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on liver fibrosis and what are the relevant signalling pathways in a transgenic mouse model overexpressing the mfat-1 enzyme? What is the main finding and its importance? n-3 PUFA elevation strongly prevented carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced hepatic damage and inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells. n-3 PUFAs suppressed CCl4 -induced activation of mTOR, elevated Bcl-2 expression, and reduced Bax level, suggesting that n-3 PUFAs can render strong protective effects against liver fibrosis and point to the potential of mfat-1 gene therapy as a treatment modality. ABSTRACT: Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound healing response with excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. It is a globally prevalent disease with ultimately severe pathological consequences. However, very few current clinical therapeutic options are available. Nutritional addition of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can delay and lessen the development of liver fibrosis. Herein, this study examined the protective benefit of n-3 PUFAs on liver fibrosis and the relevant signalling pathways using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing the mfat-1 enzyme that converts n-6 to n-3 PUFAs. Male C57BL/6 wild-type and mfat-1 transgenic mice were administered carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) or control corn oil by intraperitoneal injection. Blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were subsequently measured. CCl4 -induced hepatic damage and fibrosis were assessed using haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Western blot assays were used to detect and quantify fibrosis-related proteins and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) signalling components. The direct effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was also investigated in a co-culture experiment. n-3 PUFAs, as a result of mfat-1 activity, had a strong protective effect on liver fibrosis. The elevation of ALT and AST induced by CCl4 was significantly lessened in the mfat-1 mice. Histological determination revealed the protective effects of n-3 PUFAs on liver inflammation and collagen deposition. Co-incubation with DHA reduced the expression of profibrogenic factors in the primary HSCs. Moreover, mfat-1 transgenic mice showed significant reduction of proteins that are involved in mTOR and Bcl-2/Bax signalling pathways. Collectively, these results suggest that n-3 PUFA elevation strongly prevents CCl4 -induced hepatic damage by directly inhibiting the activation of HSCs and regulating the basal activity of the mTOR and Bcl-2/Bax signalling pathways. Gene therapy applying mfat-1 and elevating n-3 PUFAs represents a promising treatment strategy to prevent liver fibrosis.
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Tetracloruro de Carbono , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Animales , Tetracloruro de Carbono/efectos adversos , Tetracloruro de Carbono/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Hígado/metabolismo , Cirrosis Hepática/inducido químicamente , Cirrosis Hepática/tratamiento farmacológico , Cirrosis Hepática/prevención & control , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Abnormal lipid/lipoprotein metabolism induced by obesity may affect spermatogenesis by inhibiting testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells. It is crucial to determine which components of lipoproteins inhibit testosterone synthesis. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), the oxidized form of LDL, has been reported to be an independent risk factor for decreased serum testosterone levels. However, whether oxLDL has a damaging effect on Leydig cell function and the detailed mechanisms have been rarely studied. This study first showed the specific localization of oxLDL and mitochondrial structural damage in testicular Leydig cells of high-fat diet-fed mice in vivo. We also found that oxLDL reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by disrupting electron transport chain and inhibited testosterone synthesis-related proteins and enzymes (StAR, P450scc, and 3ßHSD), which ultimately led to mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells. Further experiments demonstrated that oxLDL promoted lipid uptake and mitochondrial dysfunction by inducing CD36 transcription. Meanwhile, oxLDL facilitated COX2 expression through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in Leydig cells. Blockade of COX-2 attenuated the oxLDL-induced decrease in StAR and P450scc. Our clinical results clarified that the increased serum oxLDL level was associated with a decline in circulating testosterone levels. Our findings amplify the damaging effects of oxLDL and provide the first evidence that oxLDL is a novel metabolic biomarker of male-acquired hypogonadism caused by abnormal lipid metabolism.
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Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Células Intersticiales del Testículo/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas LDL/toxicidad , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Testosterona/biosíntesis , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , 3-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasas/metabolismo , Adulto , Animales , Antígenos CD36/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Enzima de Desdoblamiento de la Cadena Lateral del Colesterol/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa/farmacología , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Humanos , Células Intersticiales del Testículo/efectos de los fármacos , Células Intersticiales del Testículo/ultraestructura , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/ultraestructura , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Semen/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Testículo/efectos de los fármacos , Testículo/patología , Testículo/ultraestructura , Testosterona/sangre , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb1), a small GTPase, plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and survival. However, the role and mechanisms for Rheb1 in tubular cell survival and acute kidney injury (AKI) remain unexplored. Here we found that Rheb1 signaling was activated in kidney tubule of AKI patients and cisplatin-treated mice. A mouse model of tubule-specific deletion of Rheb1 (Tubule-Rheb1-/-) was generated. Compared to control littermates, Tubule-Rheb1-/- mice were phenotypically normal within 2 months after birth but developed more severe kidney dysfunction, tubular cell death including apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis, mitochondrial defect and less PGC-1α expression after cisplatin injection. In primary cultured tubular cells, Rheb1 ablation exacerbated cisplatin-induced cell death and mitochondrial defect. Furthermore, haploinsufficiency for Tsc1 in tubular cells led to Rheb1 activation and mitigated cisplatin-induced cell death, mitochondrial defect and AKI. Together, this study uncovers that Rheb1 may protect against cisplatin-induced tubular cell death and AKI through maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Lesión Renal Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Homóloga de Ras Enriquecida en el Cerebro/metabolismo , Lesión Renal Aguda/metabolismo , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/fisiología , Cisplatino/farmacología , Homeostasis/fisiología , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Túbulos Renales/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Testicular germ cell tumors are the most frequent malignancies found in men between 15 and 44 years old. Although cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) was demonstrated to be upregulated in breast cancer and colon cancer, the expression of CAS in the human testis and testicular germ cell tumors remained elusive. In the present study, CAS-positive signals were detected in the normal testicular tissues, cancer adjacent normal testicular tissues, seminoma, yolk sac tumor, and teratoma. Interestingly, the expression level of CAS in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) (but not seminoma) was significantly lower than that of human testicular tissues and cancer adjacent normal testicular tissues, suggesting that decreased CAS contributed to the progression of TGCTs. Notably, the expression of CAS in seminoma was significantly higher than that of in the non-seminomas, consistent with the results from TCGA database. Furthermore, the localization of CAS is mainly restricted in the nucleus in the lesions of normal human testicular tissue and cancer adjacent normal testicular tissue. Although the expression of CAS was not significantly different between normal testicular tissue and seminoma, CAS was more enriched in cytoplasm in seminoma compared to the normal, cancer adjacent tissue and other types of TGCTs. The current results demonstrated reduced expression of CAS in the human testicular germ cell tumors and the CAS translocation from the nuclear to cytoplasm in seminoma, thereby supporting a possible role in normal testis function and in the development of seminoma.
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Proteína de Susceptibilidad a Apoptosis Celular/biosíntesis , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/metabolismo , Neoplasias Testiculares/metabolismo , Testículo/metabolismo , Carcinoma Embrionario/metabolismo , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Tumor del Seno Endodérmico/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Seminoma/metabolismo , Teratoma/metabolismo , Análisis de Matrices TisularesRESUMEN
Kidney fibroblasts play a crucial role in dictating tubular cell fate and the outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI). The underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Here, we found that mTOR signaling was activated in fibroblasts from mouse kidneys with ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Ablation of fibroblast Rheb or Rictor promoted, while ablation of fibroblast Tsc1 protected against tubular cell death and IRI in mice. In tubular cells cultured with conditioned media (CM) from Rheb-/- or Rictor-/- fibroblasts, less hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-met signaling activation or staurosporine-induced cell apoptosis was observed. While CM from Tsc1-/- fibroblasts promoted tubular cell c-met signaling activation and inhibited staurosporine-induced cell apoptosis. In kidney fibroblasts, blocking mTOR signaling downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and HGF. Downregulating fibroblast HGF expression or blocking tubular cell c-met signaling facilitated tubular cell apoptosis. Notably, renal PPARγ and HGF expression was less in mice with fibroblast Rheb or Rictor ablation, but more in mice with fibroblast Tsc1 ablation than their littermate controls, respectively. Together, these data suggest that mTOR signaling activation in kidney fibroblasts protects against tubular cell death and dictates the outcome of AKI through stimulating PPARγ and HGF expression.
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Lesión Renal Aguda/genética , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Animales , Muerte Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratones , Ratones TransgénicosRESUMEN
Morus alba is commonly called white mulberry, which is native to China and is the tender branch of mulberry as a herbal medicine in China. In this study, we presented and annotated the complete chloroplast genome of M. alba. The whole chloroplast genome is 159,050 bp in size, exhibiting a large single copy region (87,762 bp), a small single-copy region (19,876 bp) and a pair of inverted-repeat regions (25,706 bp). The overall nucleotide composition is: 31.4% of A, 32.4% of T, 18.4% C, and 17.8% G, with a total A + T content of the chloroplast genome 63.8% and G + C content of 36.2%. The whole chloroplast genome of M. alba contains 126 genes, including 82 protein-coding genes (PCG), 36 transfer RNA (tRNAs), and 8 ribosome RNA (rRNAs). Phylogenetic Maximum-Likelihood (ML) tree based on 15 species chloroplast genomes that Morus alba is closely related to Morus cathayana. This complete chloroplast genomes can be used for medicinal value and clinical drug development that also can have a great significance for future to continue research.
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Despite the benefit of insulin, blockade of autoimmune attack and regeneration of pancreatic islets are ultimate goals for the complete cure of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Long-term consumption of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is known to suppress inflammatory processes, making these fatty acids candidates for the prevention and amelioration of autoimmune diseases. Here, we explored the preventative and therapeutic effects of ω-3 PUFAs on T1D. In NOD mice, dietary intervention with ω-3 PUFAs sharply reduced the incidence of T1D, modulated the differentiation of Th cells and Tregs, and decreased the levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α. ω-3 PUFAs exerted similar effects on the differentiation of CD4+ T cells isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The regulation of CD4+ T cell differentiation was mediated at least in part through ω-3 PUFA eicosanoid derivatives and by mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibition. Importantly, therapeutic intervention in NOD mice through nutritional supplementation or lentivirus-mediated expression of an ω-3 fatty acid desaturase, mfat-1, normalized blood glucose and insulin levels for at least 182 days, blocked the development of autoimmunity, prevented lymphocyte infiltration into regenerated islets, and sharply elevated the expression of the ß cell markers pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) and paired box 4 (Pax4). The findings suggest that ω-3 PUFAs could potentially serve as a therapeutic modality for T1D.
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Autoinmunidad/efectos de los fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Animales , Autoinmunidad/genética , Glucemia/genética , Glucemia/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/patología , Cadherinas/genética , Cadherinas/inmunología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inmunología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/inmunología , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodominio/inmunología , Humanos , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Complejos Multiproteicos/genética , Complejos Multiproteicos/inmunología , Factores de Transcripción Paired Box/genética , Factores de Transcripción Paired Box/inmunología , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/inmunología , Transactivadores/genética , Transactivadores/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that stimulates insulin secretion and acts as a neuropeptide to control glucose homeostasis, but little is known whether intestinal GLP-1 has any effect in the control of hepatic glucose production (HGP). Here we found that intraduodenal infusion of GLP-1 activated duodenal PKC-δ, lowered HGP and was accompanied by a decrease in hepatic expression of gluconeogenic enzymes and an increase in hepatic insulin signaling in rats. However, gut co-infusion of either the GLP-1 receptor antagonist Ex-9, or the PKC-δ inhibitor rottlerin with GLP-1, negated the ability of gut GLP-1 to lower HGP and to increase hepatic insulin signaling during clamps. The metabolic and molecular signal effects of duodenal GLP-1 were also negated by co-infusion with tetracaine, pharmacologic inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors within the dorsalvagal complex, or hepatic vagotomy in rats. In summary, we identified a neural glucoregulatory function of gut GLP-1 signaling.
Asunto(s)
Duodeno/metabolismo , Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa C-delta/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Animales , Receptor del Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón/metabolismo , Homeostasis/fisiología , Insulina/metabolismo , Ratas , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismoRESUMEN
To address the limitations of traditional drug delivery, TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) are recognized as a promising material for localized drug delivery systems. With regard to the excellent biocompatibility and physicochemical properties, TNTs prepared by a facile electrochemical anodizing process have been used to fabricate new drug-releasing implants for localized drug delivery. This review discusses the development of TNTs applied in localized drug delivery systems, focusing on several approaches to control drug release, including the regulation of the dimensions of TNTs, modification of internal chemical characteristics, adjusting pore openings by biopolymer coatings, and employing polymeric micelles as drug nanocarriers. Furthermore, rational strategies on external conditions-triggered stimuli-responsive drug release for localized drug delivery systems are highlighted. Finally, the review concludes with the recent advances on TNTs for controlled drug delivery and corresponding prospects in the future.