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Luculia yunnanensis is a vulnerable species endemic to Yunnan Province, Southwestern China, which has high ornamental value. Its wild population has not been fully protected and utilized for a long time, which is not conducive to the long-term stable development of this species. Genetic diversity assessment is the basis and prerequisite for the conservation of rare species. In this study, 21 phenotypic traits and 17 highly polymorphic EST-SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 164 individuals from six L. yunnanensis populations. The coefficient of variation of 21 phenotypic traits ranged from 11.76% to 52.58% (mean=21.72%), and the coefficient of variation of 18 traits was less than 30%. The average values of Ne, I, Ho and He were 1.710, 0.619, 0.384, and 0.352, respectively. The genetic diversity of LLO (Ho = 0.476 and He = 0.426) and LCM (Ho = 0.424 and He = 0.381) populations in Lushui County was highest. The GDX populations (Ho = 0.335 and He = 0.269) isolated by Gaoligong Mountain had the lowest genetic diversity. The AMOVA results showed that 13.04% of the genetic variation was among populations and 86.96% was within populations. The average phenotypic differentiation coefficient of phenotypic traits among populations was 18.69%. The results of phenotypic and genetic variation analysis were consistent, indicating that the most of variation exists within population. Genetic structure, UPGMA clustering and PCA analysis results showed that the populations of L. yunnanensis had obvious geographical divisions, and the populations distributed in the southern region and distributed in the northern region of the Nujiang River clustered into one group respectively. Combining the results of phenotypic and molecular markers, we recommend that give priority to the protection of LLO, LCM and GDX population, in order to ensure the sustainable utilization of L. yunnanensis germplasm resources.

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In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved 29 small molecule drugs. These newly approved small molecule drugs possess the distinct scaffolds, thereby exhibiting diverse mechanisms of action and binding modalities. Moreover, the marketed drugs have always been an important source of new drug development and creative inspiration, thereby fostering analogous endeavors in drug discovery that potentially extend to the diverse clinical indications. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive evaluation of drug approval experience and associated information will facilitate the expedited identification of highly potent drug molecules. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the relevant information regarding the clinical applications, mechanisms of action and chemical synthesis of 29 small molecule drugs, with the aim of providing a promising structural basis and design inspiration for pharmaceutical chemists.

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BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation initiated by inflammatory monocytes underlies the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, approaches that can effectively resolve chronic low-grade inflammation targeting monocytes are not readily available. The small chemical compound 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) exhibits broad anti-inflammatory effects in reducing atherosclerosis. Selective delivery of 4-PBA reprogrammed monocytes may hold novel potential in providing targeted and precision therapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis. METHODS: Systems analyses integrating single-cell RNA sequencing and complementary immunologic approaches characterized key resolving characteristics as well as defining markers of reprogrammed monocytes trained by 4-PBA. Molecular mechanisms responsible for monocyte reprogramming were assessed by integrated biochemical and genetic approaches. The intercellular propagation of homeostasis resolution was evaluated by coculture assays with donor monocytes trained by 4-PBA and recipient naive monocytes. The in vivo effects of monocyte resolution and atherosclerosis prevention by 4-PBA were assessed with the high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mouse model with IP 4-PBA administration. Furthermore, the selective efficacy of 4-PBA-trained monocytes was examined by IV transfusion of ex vivo trained monocytes by 4-PBA into recipient high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice. RESULTS: In this study, we found that monocytes can be potently reprogrammed by 4-PBA into an immune-resolving state characterized by reduced adhesion and enhanced expression of anti-inflammatory mediator CD24. Mechanistically, 4-PBA reduced the expression of ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) via reducing peroxisome stress and attenuating SYK (spleen tyrosine kinase)-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling. Concurrently, 4-PBA enhanced the expression of resolving mediator CD24 through promoting PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) neddylation mediated by TOLLIP (toll-interacting protein). 4-PBA-trained monocytes can effectively propagate anti-inflammation activity to neighboring monocytes through CD24. Our data further demonstrated that 4-PBA-trained monocytes effectively reduce atherosclerosis pathogenesis when administered in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our study describes a robust and effective approach to generate resolving monocytes, characterizes novel mechanisms for targeted monocyte reprogramming, and offers a precision therapeutics for atherosclerosis based on delivering reprogrammed resolving monocytes.

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Osteoporosis is a common metabolic disease of elderly and postmenopausal women, with no obvious symptoms during its early stages. In the latter stages of this condition, the patients are prone to fractures, and this can seriously affect their health and quality of life. The worldwide increase in life expectancy has made osteoporosis a global concern. The Xiaoyao pills were previously used in the treatment of depression. In addition, the drug appeared to have estrogen-like activity, which affected the expression of ALP, an early osteoblast-specific marker, and COL-1, a major component of bone extracellular matrix. Xiaoyao pills were assessed for their effects on postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOM) in mice. The target information of each herbal component of Xiaoyao pills was accessed through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. Information from GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGkb, TTD, DrugBank, and other websites was used to construct the regulatory network of the herbal complex through Cytoscape and String network to assess the protein interactions. Mice were ovariectomized, and treated with high and low doses of Xiaoyao pills and these were compared to controls. Their symptoms were assessed by immunocytochemistry of bone tissues. The results suggested that Xiaoyao pills had the ability to alleviate the symptoms of PMOM in ovariectomized mice through the IL-17 signaling pathway. This drug has the potential to become a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized pathologically by extracellular deposition of ß-amyloid (Aß) into senile plaques and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) as neurofibrillary tangles. Clinically, AD patients show memory deterioration with varying cognitive dysfunctions. The exact molecular mechanisms underlying AD are still not fully understood, and there are no efficient drugs to stop or reverse the disease progression. In this review, we first provide an update on how the risk factors, including APOE variants, infections and inflammation, contribute to AD; how Aß and tau become abnormally accumulated and how this accumulation plays a role in AD neurodegeneration. Then we summarize the commonly used experimental models, diagnostic and prediction strategies, and advances in periphery biomarkers from high-risk populations for AD. Finally, we introduce current status of development of disease-modifying drugs, including the newly officially approved Aß vaccines, as well as novel and promising strategies to target the abnormal pTau. Together, this paper was aimed to update AD research progress from fundamental mechanisms to the clinical diagnosis and therapies.

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In the field of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), traditional subject-specific decoding methods suffer from the limitations of long calibration time and low cross-subject generalizability, which restricts the promotion and application of BCI systems in daily life and clinic. To address the above dilemma, this study proposes a novel deep transfer learning approach that combines the revised inception-residual network (rIRN) model and the model-based transfer learning (TL) strategy, referred to as TL-rIRN. This study performed cross-subject recognition experiments on mental arithmetic (MA) and mental singing (MS) tasks to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the TL-rIRN approach. The results show that the TL-rIRN significantly shortens the calibration time, reduces the training time of the target model and the consumption of computational resources, and dramatically enhances the cross-subject decoding performance compared to subject-specific decoding methods and other deep transfer learning methods. To sum up, this study provides a basis for the selection of cross-subject, cross-task, and real-time decoding algorithms for fNIRS-BCI systems, which has potential applications in constructing a convenient and universal BCI system.

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Sepsis is an infection-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Immune regulation plays a crucial role in sepsis. We looked into the link between immune effector-related proteins and sepsis in this study by using both univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. We accessed and collected data from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit's Open About Sepsis genome-wide association study database. The 6 immune effector-associated proteins each contained 10,534,735 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from 3301 samples. Using the weighted median, MR-Egger, simplex, inverse-variance weighting, and weighted mode methods, univariate MR then investigated the link between complement factor H-related protein-5 (CFHR5), Fc epsilon receptor II (FCER2), granzyme B (GZMB), major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha (HLA-DQA2), mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2), or myeloperoxidase (MPO) and sepsis. In the inverse-variance weighted results, the P values of all 6 immune effector-related proteins were <0.05, suggesting a possible causal relationship between them and sepsis. MBL2 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.046) was a risk factor for sepsis, while the other proteins (FCER2: OR = 0.922; GZMB: OR = 0.908; CFHR5: OR = 0.858; HLA-DQA2: OR = 0.896; MPO: OR = 0.875) were safety factors. By revealing a causal link between sepsis and CFHR5, FCER2, GZMB, HLA-DQA2, MBL2, or MPO, our study offers an essential resource for additional investigations on the subject.

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Numerous barriers hinder the entry of drugs into cells, limiting the effectiveness of tumor pharmacotherapy. Effective penetration into tumor tissue and facilitated cellular uptake are crucial for the efficacy of nanotherapeutics. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach for tumor suppression. In this study, we developed a size-adjustable porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (COF), further modified with hyaluronic acid (HA), to sequentially deliver drugs for combined chemo-photodynamic tumor therapy. A larger COF (P-COF, approximately 500 nm) was loaded with the antifibrotic drug losartan (LST) to create LST/P-COF@HA (LCH), which accumulates at tumor sites. After injection, LCH releases LST, downregulating tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) component levels and decreasing collagen density, thus reducing tumor solid stress. Additionally, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from LCH under 660 nm laser irradiation induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. Owing to its larger particle size, LCH primarily functions extracellularly, paving the way for subsequent treatments. Following intravenous administration, the smaller COF (p-COF, approximately 200 nm) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and modified with HA (DOX/p-COF@HA, DCH) readily enters cells in the altered microenvironment. Within tumor cells, ROS generated from DCH facilitates PDT, while the released DOX targets cancer cells via chemotherapy, triggered by disulfide bond cleavage in the presence of elevated glutathione (GSH) levels. This depletion of GSH further enhances the PDT effect. Leveraging the size-tunable properties of the porphyrin COF, this platform achieves a multifunctional delivery system that overcomes specific barriers at optimal times, leading to improved outcomes in chemo-photodynamic multimodal tumor therapy in vivo.

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Utilizing metal luminescence enhancement to design fluorescent probes is a very sensible strategy. Herein, a fluorescent probe based on europium (III)-functionalized silver nanoparticles-conjugated homocysteine (AgNPs-Hcy-Eu3+) was proposed for the selective and sensitive detection of tetracycline (TC). In this probe, Eu(III) was employed as the detection signal unit for TC, while AgNPs-Hcy was used as the ligand of fluorescence enhancement. When TC exists, it can bind to Eu3+ immobilized in AgNPs-Hcy, leading to an enhanced fluorescence signal from Eu3+ through energy transfer. Under optimal conditions, the fluorescence intensity of AgNPs-Hcy-Eu3+ increased linearly with increasing TC concentration in the range of 0.1-30 µM (R2 = 0.9964). The fluorescent probe own fluorescence enhancement, paving the way for sensitive detection with a low detection limit of 0.083 µM. It also has good selectivity for common antibiotics and anions. This work can be applied to the determination of TC in tap water and milk with recoveries of 94-98.5%. We expect AgNPs-Hcy-Eu3+ to have potential applications in environmental testing and food safety.

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M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs) are closely correlated with metastasis and poor clinical outcomes in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Previous studies have demonstrated that STAT6 is an important signaling molecule involved in the polarization of M2-TAMs, EMT is the main way for TAMs to promote tumor progression. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of STAT6 inhibition on LUSC, and it is difficult to achieve an ideal gene silencing effect in immune cells using traditional gene transfection methods. Here, we investigated the optimal concentration of 12-myristic 13-acetate (PMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for the induction of THP-1 into M1-TAMs and M2-TAMs. The expression of pSTAT6 and STAT6 was confirmed in three types of macrophages, and it was demonstrated that pSTAT6 can be used as a specific target of M2-TAMs derived from THP-1. Ultrasound-mediated nanobubble destruction (UMND) is a non-invasive and safe gene delivery technology. We also synthesized PLGA-PEI nanobubbles (NBs) to load and deliver STAT6 small interfering RNA (siRNA) into M2-TAMs via UMND. The results show that the NBs could effectively load with siRNA and had good biocompatibility. We found that UMND enhanced the transfection efficiency of siRNA, as well as the silencing effect of pSTAT6 and the inhibition of M2-TAMs. Simultaneously, when STAT6 siRNA entered M2-TAMs by UMND, proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in LUSC cells could be inhibited via the transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) pathway. Therefore, our results confirm that UMND is an ideal siRNA delivery strategy, revealing its potential to inhibit M2-TAMs polarization and ultimately treat LUSC.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and practical application of ultrasound (US) super-resolution imaging (SRI) in evaluating microvasculature and measuring renal allograft function. Methods: Sixteen consecutive patients who received kidney transplants were prospectively enrolled. The patients were assigned as: normal allograft function (n = 6), and allograft malfunction (n = 10). Localizing each potential contrast signal resulted in super-resolution images (SRI). SRI was utilized to assess micro-vessel density (MVD) and microvascular flow rate, whereas contrast-enhanced (CE) US images were statistically processed to get the time to peak (TTP) and peak intensity. Logistic regression was utilized to evaluate their relationship. Results: US SRI may be utilized effectively on allografts to show microvasculature with significantly higher resolution than typical color Doppler flow and CEUS pictures. In the multivariate analysis, MVD and TTP were significant US markers of renal allograft failure (p = 0.031 and p = 0.045). The combination of MVD and TTP produced an AUC of 0.783 (p < 0.05) for allograft dysfunction. Conclusions: SRI can accurately portray the microvasculature of renal allografts, while MVD and TTP are appropriate US markers for assessing renal allograft failure.

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Background: Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a novel comprehensive inflammatory marker. Inflammation is associated with impaired lung function. We aimed to explore the possible relationship between SII and lung function to examine the potential of SII in predicting lung function decline. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the data of the NHANES from 2007 to 2012. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the linear relationship between SII and pulmonary functions. Sensitivity analyses, subgroup analyses, and interaction tests were used to examine the robustness of this relationship across populations. Fitted smooth curves and threshold effect analysis were used to describe the nonlinear relationships. Results: A total of 10,125 patients were included in this study. After adjusting for all covariates, multiple linear regression model analysis showed that high Log2-SII level was significantly associated with decreased FVC(ß, -23.4061; 95% CI, -42.2805- -4.5317), FEV1(ß, -46.7730; 95% CI, -63.3371- -30.2089), FEV1%(ß, -0.7923; 95% CI, -1.1635- -0.4211), FEV1/FVC(ß, -0.6366; 95% CI, -0.8328- -0.4404) and PEF(ß, -121.4468; 95% CI,-164.1939- -78.6998). The negative correlation between Log2-SII and pulmonary function indexes remained stable in trend test and stratified analysis. Inverted U-shaped relationships between Log2-SII and FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, and PEF were observed, while a negative linear correlation existed between FEV1/FVC and Log2-SII. The cutoff values of the nonlinear relationship between Log2-SII and FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, PEF were 8.3736, 8.0688, 8.3745, and 8.5255, respectively. When SII exceeded the critical value, the lung function decreased significantly. Conclusion: This study found a close correlation between SII and pulmonary function indicators. This study investigated the SII threshold when lung functions began to decline in the overall population. SII may become a promising serological indicator for predicting lung function decline. However, prospective studies were needed further to establish the causal relationship between these two factors.

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Asparagus by-products are the promising resource that urgently need to be re-valorized. This study investigated the dynamic changes in physicochemical properties, organic acids, free amino acids, volatile flavor compounds, microbial succession, and their correlations during 7-day spontaneous fermentation of asparagus by-products. Dominant organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid) and free amino acids (Ser, Glu, and Ala) increased with fermentation time, with lactic acid reaching 7.73 ± 0.05 mg/mL and Ser increasing 56-fold after 7 days. A total of 58 volatile flavor compounds were identified using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPEM/GC-MS), with esters, alcohols and acids as the main volatile flavor compounds. Fourteen volatile flavor compounds had odor activity value >1. High-throughput sequencing showed Firmicutes and Proteobacteria as the main bacterial phyla, dominated by lactic acid bacteria (Levilactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Weissella). Correlation analysis revealed that five bacterial genera (Levilactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Enterobacter, Pediococcus and Acetobacter) were highly correlated with organic acids, free amino acids, and volatile flavor compounds, indicating their pivotal role in forming the characteristic flavor of fermented asparagus by-products (FAPS). This study provides new insights into the flavor and microbial profile of FAPS, offering a strategy for value-added processing and industrial production.

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PURPOSE: Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) is the most common surgical treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) plays a critical role in precisely localizing the epileptogenic zone (EZ). This study aimed to explore the effect of SEEG on the long-term outcomes of different side ATL. METHODS: From March 2012 to February 2020, a retrospective analysis was conducted on 231 TLE patients who underwent standard ATL surgery. According to the surgical sides and the utilization of SEEG during preoperative evaluation, the patients were categorized into four groups, with a follow-up period exceeding two years. RESULTS: Among the 231 TLE patients, the probability of being seizure-free two years after the surgery was 80.52%, which decreased to 65.65% after five years. There was no significant difference in outcomes between SEEG and non-SEEG patients. For overall and non-SEEG patients, there was no significant difference in short-term outcomes between different surgical sides. However, the long-term outcomes of right ATL patients were significantly better than left. Interestingly, for patients who underwent SEEG, there was no significant difference in both short-term and long-term outcomes between different surgical sides. CONCLUSION: Some TLE patients encounter challenges in localizing the EZ through non-invasive evaluation, necessitating the use of SEEG for precise localization. Furthermore, their seizure outcomes after surgery can be the same with the patients who have a clear epileptogenic zone in non-invasive evaluation. And SEEG patients can achieve a more stable long-term prognosis than non-SSEEG patients.

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Energy crops play a vital role in meeting future energy and chemical demands while addressing climate change. However, the idealization of low-carbon workflows and careful consideration of cost-benefit equations are crucial for their more sustainable implementation. Here, we propose tobacco as a promising energy crop because of its exceptional water solubility, mainly attributed to a high proportion of water-soluble carbohydrates and nitrogen, less lignocellulose, and the presence of acids. We then designed a strategy that maximizes biomass conversion into bio-based products while minimizing energy and material inputs. By autoclaving tobacco leaves in water, we obtained a nutrient-rich medium capable of supporting the growth of microorganisms and the production of bioproducts without the need for extensive pretreatment, hydrolysis, or additional supplements. Additionally, cultivating tobacco on barren lands can generate sufficient biomass to produce approximately 573 billion gallons of ethanol per year. This approach also leads to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 76% compared to traditional corn stover during biorefinery processes. Therefore, our study presents a novel and direct strategy that could significantly contribute to the goal of reducing carbon emissions and global sustainable development compared to traditional methods.

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Objective: To identify distinct trajectories of psychological resilience among Chinese patients with maintenance hemodialysis, explore influencing factors and inform the formulation of corresponding interventions. Methods: This was a multi-center longitudinal study with a 6-month follow-up. With convenience sampling, a total of 231 patients with maintenance hemodialysis were recruited between September 2020 and July 2021. Patients' characteristics, including sociodemographic information, social support and family resilience was collected through structured questionnaires as potential baseline influencing factors of psychological resilience trajectories. Psychological resilience was evaluated using the 25-item Chinese version of the Conner and Davidson resilience scale. Latent class growth modeling was conducted to identify homogeneous subgroups with distinct trajectories of psychological resilience. Univariable and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used to examine whether baseline influencing factors were associated with trajectories in patients with maintenance hemodialysis. Results: Five distinct psychological resilience trajectory groups were identified: declining group (n = 20, 8.7 %), rising group (n = 17, 7.4 %), moderate-stable group (n = 128, 55.4 %), high-stable group (n = 7, 3.0 %) and low-stable group (n = 59, 25.5 %). High-stable group and moderate-stable group were combined into the well-psychological resilience group for multinomial logistic regression analysis. The multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that influencing factors associated with trajectories of psychological resilience were age, religion, monthly household income per capita, and baseline family resilience. Conclusions: The results highlight the heterogeneity in the development of psychological resilience among Chinese patients with maintenance hemodialysis. There is a need for healthcare professionals to screen for trajectories of psychological resilience in Chinese maintenance hemodialysis patients and prepare individual mental healthcare interventions.

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BACKGROUND: Saffron petals are usually considered as waste after saffron harvest. However, saffron petals contain many important phytochemical components (e.g. quercetin and kaempferol), which may alleviate oxidative damage in human cells. RESULTS: The contents of flavonoids and crocin in different parts of saffron were analyzed. The protective effects of flavonoids from saffron on oxidative damage of B16 cells were investigated. Saffron stigma contained high contents of crocin and picrocrocin, whereas flavonoid content (quercetin, 4.03 ± 0.33 mg g-1 DW; kaempferol, 47.80 ± 0.60 mg g-1 DW) was higher in saffron petals than in other parts. Incubation of B16 cells with quercetin (10-30 µmol L-1) and kaempferol (20-30 µmol L-1) obtained from saffron extracts could significantly increase the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the activity of NADPH:dehydrogenase quinone-1 (NQO1) to alleviate H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Quercetin was better than kaempferol in increasing NQO1 activity and T-AOC. Quercetin extracted from saffron petals could induce NQO1 expression through regulating kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 signaling pathway to protect B16 cells from oxidative damage. CONCLUSION: The content of kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside and quercetin-3-O-sophoroside was higher in saffron petals than in other parts of saffron. The kaempferol and quercetin obtained from saffron petals could enhance the activity of antioxidant enzyme NQO1 and T-AOC in B16 cells. This indicated that saffron petals, as a potential functional food, may prevent diseases caused by oxidative stress. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Background: Gleason grade group (GG) upgrading is associated with increased biochemical recurrence (BCR), local progression, and decreased cancer-specific survival (CSS) in prostate cancer (PCa). However, descriptions of the risk factors of GG upgrading are scarce. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors and establish a model to predict GG upgrading. Methods: There were 361 patients with PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy between May 2011 and February 2022 enrolled. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were identified and nomogram further narrowed down the contributing factors in GG upgrading. The correction curve and decision curve were used to assess the model. Results: In the overall cohort, 141 patients had GG upgrading. But the subgroup cohort (GG ≤2) showed that 68 patients had GG upgrading. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that in the overall cohort, total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA) ≥10 ng/mL, systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) >379.50, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) >2.13, the GG of biopsy ≥3, the number of positive cores >3 were independent risk factors in GG upgrading. In the cohort of biopsy GG ≤2, multivariate logistic regression showed that the tPSA ≥10 ng/mL, SII >379.50 and the number of positive cores >3 were independent risk factors in GG upgrading. A novel model predicting GG upgrading was established based on these three parameters. The area under the curve (AUC) of the prediction model was 0.759. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.768. The calibration curves of the model showed good predictive performance. Clinical decision curves indicated clinical benefit in the interval of 20% to 90% of threshold probability and good clinical utility. Conclusions: Combined levels of tPSA, SII and the positive biopsy cores distinguish patients with high-risk GG upgrading in the group of biopsy GG ≤2 and are helpful in the decision of treatment plans.

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Mitochondria serve as the primary site for aerobic respiration within cells, playing a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. To maintain homeostasis and meet the diverse demands of the cells, mitochondria have evolved intricate systems of quality control, mainly including mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) and mitochondrial biogenesis. The kidney, characterized by its high energy requirements, is particularly abundant in mitochondria. Interestingly, the mitochondria display complex behaviors and functions. When the kidney is suffered from obstructive, ischemic, hypoxic, oxidative, or metabolic insults, the dysfunctional mitochondrial derived from the defects in the mitochondrial quality control system contribute to cellular inflammation, cellular senescence, and cell death, posing a threat to the kidney. However, in addition to causing injury to the kidney in several cases, mitochondria also exhibit protective effect on the kidney. In recent years, accumulating evidence indicated that mitochondria play a crucial role in adaptive repair following kidney diseases caused by various etiologies. In this article, we comprehensively reviewed the current understanding about the multifaceted effects of mitochondria on kidney diseases and their therapeutic potential.