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The removal of algal organic matter (AOM) through water treatment processes is a major approach of reducing the formation of disinfection by-products (DBP). Here, the formation of DBP from AOM in karst water under different combination of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was investigated. The effect of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) on DBP formation was traced by AOM chemistry variations. For DBP formation after KMnO4 preoxidation, total carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) decreased by 12.9% but nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs) increased by 18.8%. Conversely, the C-DBPs further increased by 3.3% but N-DBPs reduced by 10.7% after the addition of PACl besides KMnO4 preoxidation. The variations of aromatic protein-like, soluble microbial products-like compounds and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) were highly correlated with the formation of DBPs, which suggest aromatic substances strongly affect DBP behaviors at different treatment conditions. In the presence of divalent ions (Ca2+ = 135.86 mg/L, Mg2+ = 18.51 mg/L), the combination of KMnO4 and PACl was more effective in controlling DBP formation compared to the situation without Ca2+ and Mg2+. Specifically, trichloromethane formation was largely inhibited compared to the other tested DBPs, which may refer to complexation of electron-donating groups via divalent ions. While Ca2+ and Mg2+ may not affect the nature of α-carbon and amine groups, so the variation of haloacetonitriles (HANs) was not obvious. The study enhances the understanding of the DBP formation patterns, transformation of carbon and nitrogen by preoxidation-coagulation (KMnO4-PACl) treatment in algae-laden karst water.

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Eutrophication triggered by internal phosphorus (P) poses a substantial threat to the biodiversity of organisms in freshwater ecosystems. However, little is known about the linkages between P resource partitioning and microbial succession, especially in karst sediments. Here, we studied the diversity patterns and assembly processes of bacterial and archaeal communities in sediment cores from two historically hyper-eutrophicated karst lakes, Hongfeng Lake and Aha Lake, and investigated the relative contribution of P fractions to them. Our null and neutral models consistently indicated that bacterial and archaeal community assembly was judged to be deterministic rather than stochastic. We found a monotonically decreasing pattern for bacterial Shannon diversity toward deep sediments in Aha Lake, but U- or hump-shaped patterns for archaea in Hongfeng and Aha Lakes. Intriguingly, the community dissimilarity Bray-Curtis of bacteria and archaea consistently increased with increasing depth distance, with slopes of 0.0080 and 0.0069 in Hongfeng Lake and 0.0078 and 0.0087 in Aha Lake, respectively. Such cross-taxon congruence was well-supported by equivalent ecological processes (i.e., environmental selection). For bacteria and archaea, Shannon diversity was primarily affected by the total P (TP) fractions such as the loosely adsorbed TP or calcium-bound TP and sediment TP. Their community composition was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by calcium-bound inorganic P (Pi), loosely adsorbed Pi and reductant-soluble Pi. Although sediment properties were important, bacterial and archaeal diversity or community composition were well-explained by the Pi fractions, with high direct or indirect effects. In particular, Pi fractions exhibited stronger effects on bacterial and archaeal characteristics than organic P fractions. Taken together, our study provides novel insights into the ecological importance of P resource partitioning to microbial succession, which has crucial implications for disentangling the biogeochemical processes of P cycling in aquatic ecosystems.

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Low-molecular-weight (LMW, <1000 Da) dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a significant role in metal/organic pollutant complexation, as well as photochemical/microbiological processes in freshwater ecosystems. The micro size and high reactivity of LMW-DOM hinder its precise characterization. In this study, Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), a commonly used reference material for aquatic DOM, was applied to examine the optical features and molecular composition of LMW-DOM by combining membrane separation, ultraviolet-visible absorption and Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) characterization. The 100-500 Da molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membrane had a better performance in regard to separating the tested LMW-DOM relative to the 500-1000 Da MWCO membrane. The ultraviolet-visible absorbance decreased dramatically for the retentates, whereas it increased for the dialysates. Specifically, carbohydrates, lipids and peptides exhibited high selectivity to the 100-500 Da MWCO membrane in early dialysis. Lignins, tannins and condensed aromatic molecules displayed high permeability to the 500-1000 Da MWCO membrane in late dialysis. Overall, the retentates were dominated by aromatic rings and phenolic hydroxyls with high O/Cwa (weighted average of O/C) and low H/Cwa. Conversely, such dialysates had numerous aliphatic chains with high H/Cwa and low O/Cwa compared to SRFA. In particular, LMW-DOM below 200 Da was identified by Orbitrap MS. This work provides an operational program for identifying LMW-DOM based on the SRFA standard and MS analysis.

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African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or treatments available to combat ASFV infection in pigs. The primary means of controlling the spread of the disease is through rapid detection and subsequent elimination of infected pig. Recently, a lower virulent ASFV isolate with a deleted EP402R gene (CD2v-deleted) has been reported in China, which further complicates the control of ASFV infection in pig farms. Furthermore, an EP402R-deleted ASFV variant has been developed as a potential live attenuated vaccine candidate strain. Therefore, it is crucial to develop detection methods that can distinguish wild-type and EP402R-deleted ASFV infections. In this study, two recombinant ASFV-p72 and -CD2v proteins were expressed using a prokaryotic system and used to immunize Bactrian camels. Subsequently, eight nanobodies against ASFV-p72 and ten nanobodies against ASFV-CD2v were screened. Following the production of these nanobodies with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) fusion proteins, the ASFV-p72-Nb2-HRP and ASFV-CD2v-Nb22-HRP fusions were selected for the development of two competitive ELISAs (cELISAs) to detect anti-ASFV antibodies. The two cELISAs exhibited high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability, and stability. The coincidence rate between the two cELISAs and commercial ELISA kits was 98.6% and 97.6%, respectively. Collectively, the two cELISA for detecting antibodies against ASFV demonstrated ease of operation, a low cost, and a simple production process. The two cELISAs could determine whether pigs were infected with wild-type or CD2v-deleted ASFV, and could play an important role in monitoring ASFV infections in pig farms.

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We describe the application of an AI-driven system to autonomously align complex x-ray-focusing mirror systems, including mirrors systems with variable focus spot sizes. The system has been developed and studied on a digital twin of nanofocusing X-ray beamlines, built using advanced optical simulation tools calibrated with wavefront sensing data collected at the beamline.We experimentally demonstrated that the system is reliably capable of positioning a focused beam on the sample, both by simulating the variation of a beamline with random perturbations due to typical changes in the light source and optical elements over time, and by conducting similar tests on an actual focusing mirror system.

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Both community variation and phosphorus (P) fractions have been extensively studied in aquatic ecosystems, but how P fractions affect the mechanism underlying microbial beta diversity remains elusive, especially in sediment cores. Here, we obtained two sediment cores to examine bacterial and archaeal beta diversity from mesotrophic lakes Hongfeng Lake and Aha Lake, having historically experienced severe eutrophication. Utilizing the Baselga's framework, we partitioned bacterial and archaeal total beta diversity into two components: species turnover and nestedness, and then examined their sediment-depth patterns and the effects of P fractions on them. We found that total beta diversity, species turnover or nestedness consistently increased with deeper sediment layers regarding bacteria and archaea. Notably, there were parallel patterns between bacteria and archaea for total beta diversity and species turnover, which is largely underlain by equivalent processes such as environmental selection. For both microbial taxa, total beta diversity and species turnover were primarily constrained by metal oxide-bound inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) and sediment total phosphorus (STP) in Hongfeng Lake, while largely affected by reductant-soluble total P or calcium-bound inorganic P in Aha Lake. Moreover, NaOH-Pi and STP could influence bacterial total beta diversity by driving species nestedness in Hongfeng Lake. The joint effects of organic P (Po), inorganic P (Pi) and total P fractions indicated that P fractions are important to bacterial and archaeal beta diversity. Compared to Po fractions, Pi fractions had greater pure effects on bacterial beta diversity. Intriguingly, for total beta diversity and species turnover, archaea rather than bacteria are well-explained by Po fractions in both lakes, implying that the archaeal community may be involved in Po mineralization. Overall, our study reveals the importance of P fractions to the mechanism underlying bacterial and archaeal beta diversity in sediments, and provides theoretical underpinnings for controlling P sources in biodiversity conservation.

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The fabrication of bioinspired structures has recently gained an increasing popularity: mimicking the way in which nature develops structures is a vital prerequisite in soft robotics to achieve multiple benefits. Stiff structures connected by soft joints (recalling, for instance, human bones connected by cartilage) are highly appealing: several prototypes have been manufactured and tested, demonstrating their full potential. In the present research, the material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing technology has been used to manufacture stiff-soft bioinspired structures activated by shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. First, three commercially available stiff composite plastic materials were investigated and linked to different 3D printing infills. Surprisingly, we found that the "gyroid" infill was correlated to the mechanical properties, demonstrating that it produces better results in terms of Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) than the widely studied "lines" infill. The primary focus of the research is an experimental study aimed at improving the adhesion at the interface between stiff and soft materials using an inexpensive method (i.e., MEX). Three different variables that have significant effects on the interface bonding were studied: (1) the interface geometry between stiff and soft parts, (2) the mesh overlapping process parameter, and (3) the annealing post-treatment. By optimizing the three variables, a Young's modulus of 48.8 MPa and a UTS of 3.8 MPa were achieved, when nylon+glass fiber (a stiff material) and thermoplastic polyurethane (a soft material) were 3D printed together. In particular, the 3.8 MPa UTS is 48% higher than the highest adhesion between the soft and stiff material (thermoplastic polyurethane [TPU] and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) reported in literature. Finally, taking advantage of the improved stiff-soft adhesion, a bioinspired robotic finger has been fabricated and tested using an SMA actuator, showing an enormous potential for the proposed additive manufacturing approach in realizing bioinspired systems.

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Microbial beta diversity has been recently studied along the water depth in aquatic ecosystems, however its turnover and nestedness components remain elusive especially for multiple taxonomic groups. Based on the beta diversity partitioning developed by Baselga and Local Contributions to Beta Diversity (LCBD) partitioning by Legendre, we examined the water-depth variations in beta diversity components of bacteria, archaea and fungi in surface sediments of Hulun Lake, a semi-arid lake in northern China, and further explored the relative importance of environmental drivers underlying their patterns. We found that the relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeota, and Rozellomycota increased toward deep water, while Acidobacteria, Parvarchaeota, and Chytridiomycota decreased. For bacteria and archaea, there were significant (p < 0.05) decreasing water-depth patterns for LCBD and LCBDRepl (i.e., species replacement), while increasing patterns for total beta diversity and turnover, implying that total beta diversity and LCBD were dominated by species turnover or LCBDRepl. Further, bacteria showed a strong correlation with archaea regarding LCBD, total beta diversity and turnover. Such parallel patterns among bacteria and archaea were underpinned by similar ecological processes like environmental selection. Total beta diversity and turnover were largely affected by sediment total nitrogen, while LCBD and LCBDRepl were mainly constrained by water NO2 --N and NO3 --N. For fungal community variation, no significant patterns were observed, which may be due to different drivers like water nitrogen or phosphorus. Taken together, our findings provide compelling evidences for disentangling the underlying mechanisms of community variation in multiple aquatic microbial taxonomic groups.

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In this study, disinfection by-products (DBP) formation from dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its fractions, including both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, were investigated at a typical karst surface water. The subsequent DBP formation potential was evaluated by deducing chemical characteristics of DOM fractions and representative algal organic matter (Chlorella sp. AOM) under the influence of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) via spectra analysis. Both terrigenous and autochthonous DOM performed as critical DBP precursors, and DBP formation patterns were tightly correlated to organic matter chemical variations. DBP formation was significantly higher in drought period compared to that in wet period (P < 0.05). Particularly, trichloromethane (TCM) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) showed distinct formation patterns compared to the scenarios in non-karst water. For DOM fractions, hydrophobic components showed higher DBP formation compared to hydrophilic counterparts, hydrophilic neutral enriched more reactive organic nitrogen for N-DBPs production. It was preferable to enrich humic-like substances after Ca2+ and Mg2+complexation in Chlorella sp. AOM, TCM formation increased whereas DCAN production remained unchanged in the presence of divalent ions. This study innovatively provided a linkage between chemical characteristics of DOM and understanding of DBP formation in karst surface water.

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The ballistic performance of edge-clamped monolithic polyimide aerogel blocks (12 mm thickness) has been studied through a series of impact tests using a helium-filled gas gun connected to a vacuum chamber and a spherical steel projectile (approximately 3 mm diameter) with an impact velocity range of 150-1300 m s-1. The aerogels had an average bulk density of 0.17 g cm-3 with high porosity of approximately 88%. The ballistic limit velocity of the aerogels was estimated to be in the range of 175-179 m s-1. Moreover, the aerogels showed a robust ballistic energy absorption performance (e.g., at the impact velocity of 1283 m s-1 at least 18% of the impact energy was absorbed). At low impact velocities, the aerogels failed by ductile hole enlargement followed by a tensile failure. By contrast, at high impact velocities, the aerogels failed through an adiabatic shearing process. Given the substantially robust ballistic performance, the polyimide aerogels have a potential to combat multiple constraints such as cost, weight, and volume restrictions in aeronautical and aerospace applications with high blast resistance and ballistic performance requirements such as in stuffed Whipple shields for orbital debris containment application.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution pattern, pollution status and potential ecological risk of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Sb, and Pb in soils and dominant plants around an abandoned red mud (RM) slag yard in Southwestern China. Soils exhibited representative enrichment and combination characteristics of these metals compared to the background values, ascribed to the leaching of long-term acid rain on the RM dump. The soil was moderately to severely polluted with As and Sb. Cd also posed a moderate ecological risk. Asteraceae species predominated in the RM slag yard, followed by Coriaria sinica and Robinia pseudoacacia. No plants were identified as hyperaccumulators because of low bioconcentration values, whereas Cosmos bipinnata can act as a potential phytostabilizer of heavy metals based on the translocation factor. The results provided effective decision support for reducing heavy metal pollution by phytoremediation RM stacking fields.

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The intestinal barrier has always been the rate-limiting step in the oral administration process. To overcome the intestinal barrier, researchers have widely adopted nanocarriers, especially active-targeting nanocarriers strategies. However, most of these strategies focus on the ligand decoration of nanocarriers targeting specific receptors, so their applications are confined to specific receptors or specific cell types. In this study, we tried to investigate more common strategies in the field of transmembrane transport enhancement. Trans-Golgi network (TGN) is the sorting center of biosynthetic route which could achieve polarized localization of proteins in polarized epithelial cells, and the basolateral plasma membrane is where all transcytotic cargos have to pass through. Thus, it is expected that guiding nanocarriers to TGN or basolateral plasma membrane may improve the transcytosis. Hence, we choose sorting signal peptide to modify micelles to guide micelles to TGN (named as BAC decorated micelles, BAC-M) or to basolateral plasma membrane (named as STX decorated micelles, STX-M). By incorporating coumarin-6 (C6) or Cy5-PEG-PCL in the micelles to indicate the behavior of micelles, the effects of these two strategies on the transcytosis were investigated. To our surprise, BAC-M and STX-M behaved quite differently when crossing biological barriers. BAC-M showed significant superiority in colocalization with TGN, transmembrane transport and even in vivo absorption, while STX-M had no significant difference from blank micelles. Further investigation revealed that the strategy of directly guiding nanocarriers to the basolateral plasma membrane (STX-M) only caused the stack of vesicles near the basolateral plasma membrane. So, we concluded that guiding nanocarriers to TGN which related to secretion may contribute to the transmembrane transport. This common strategy based on the physiological function of TGN in polarized epithelial cells will have broad application prospects in overcoming biological barrier.

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Human activities have greatly altered terrestrial carbon (C) dynamics associated with vegetation cover and land use changes, thereby influencing the C sink in downstream ecosystems. However, the transport and preservation of organic C from soils that experience serious erosion in the karst area are scarce, particularly at catchment scales. In this study, chemical characteristics of organic matter (OM) isolated from the topsoil, overlying water, and lake sediments, as well as subsequent source identification, were inferred from the molecular, spectroscopic, and carbon isotopic (δ13C) signatures in a typical karst catchment, Southwestern China. The results indicated that the elemental compositions of the calcareous soil and paddy soil significantly differed from the yellow soil. High similarities existed in the fluorescence spectra of humic substances (HS) extracted from the front two soil types with those of lake sediments, indicating the homogeneous nature of OM molecular structure. The C/N ratios of six dissolved OM fractions and sedimentary HS along with δ13C values consistently reflected the primary terrestrial source. It was estimated to account for 60% of total organic C in sedimentary OM by end-member mixing modeling in accordance with soil erosion intensity and large recharge coefficient of this catchment. The evolution of soil loss and lake productivity can be well deduced from sediment records of organic C content, C/N ratio, and the specific information of HS. This research highlighted that the composition, source, and fate of OM in the karst lake was mainly dominated by the terrestrial C flux, rather than in-lake production. Furthermore, soil type and erosion intensity have significant effects on the nature of eroded OM and ultimate preservation.

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Template-directed assembly has been shown to yield a broad diversity of highly ordered mesostructures1,2, which in a few cases exhibit symmetries not present in the native material3-5. However, this technique has not yet been applied to eutectic materials, which underpin many modern technologies ranging from high-performance turbine blades to solder alloys. Here we use directional solidification of a simple AgCl-KCl lamellar eutectic material within a pillar template to show that interactions of the material with the template lead to the emergence of a set of microstructures that are distinct from the eutectic's native lamellar structure and the template's hexagonal lattice structure. By modifying the solidification rate of this material-template system, trefoil, quatrefoil, cinquefoil and hexafoil mesostructures with submicrometre-size features are realized. Phase-field simulations suggest that these mesostructures appear owing to constraints imposed on diffusion by the hexagonally arrayed pillar template. We note that the trefoil and hexafoil patterns resemble Archimedean honeycomb and square-hexagonal-dodecagonal lattices6, respectively. We also find that by using monolayer colloidal crystals as templates, a variety of eutectic mesostructures including trefoil and hexafoil are observed, the former resembling the Archimedean kagome lattice. Potential emerging applications for the structures provided by templated eutectics include non-reciprocal metasurfaces7, magnetic spin-ice systems8,9, and micro- and nano-lattices with enhanced mechanical properties10,11.

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Accurate measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of dissolved phosphate (δ18OP) of different phosphorus (P) fractions in lacustrine sediments is very difficult because of the influence of large amounts of impurities. In this study, we developed a five-step method for obtaining high purity Ag3PO4 sample for the analysis of δ18OP of different P fractions in freshwater sediments. Sedimentary P was divided into NaHCO3-P, NaOH-P and HCl-P by chemical sequential extraction. Pretreatment procedures for different sedimentary P fractions were improved in the following respects: 1) abandonment of the magnesium-induced coprecipitation method to avoid the introduction of impurity ions, such as Mg2+ and Cl-, and reduce the loss of P; 2) use of a small amount of non-phosphate activated carbon powder to efficiently remove organic matter in extracts of NaHCO3-P and NaOH-P, and reduce the loss of P; 3) adjustment of the HCl-P extract pH to 4 in order to form Fe(OH)3-PO43- coprecipitate, thereby removing most of metals and Cl-. This method reduces the pretreatment steps, simplifies the operation and increases the recovery of phosphate (90.98%-96.69%). The high purity Ag3PO4 sample can be obtained and the repeatability and accuracy of measured δ18OP is better than 0.3‰, demonstrating high reliability and accuracy. This new method was used to analyze the δ18OP of different P fractions in sediments of a eutrophic lake in southwestern China. The preliminary results indicated that the δ18OP in the sediments can be used to identify different P sources, and provide new insights into sedimentary P cycling. The method established in this study provides a powerful tool for investigating the sources and biogeochemical cycle of P in freshwater sediments.

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Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are considered promising alternatives to lithium ion batteries for grid-scale and other energy storage applications because of the broad geographical distribution and low cost of sodium relative to lithium. Here, fabrication and characterization of high gravimetric and volumetric capacity 3D Ni-supported Sb2 O3 anodes for SIBs are presented. The electrodes are prepared by colloidal templating and pulsed electrodeposition followed by heat treatment. The colloidal template is optimized to provide large pore interconnects in the 3D scaffold to enable a high active materials loading and accommodate a large volume expansion during cycling. An electrodeposited loading of 1.1 g cm-3 is chosen to enable a combined high gravimetric and volumetric capacity. At this loading, the electrodes exhibit a specific capacity of ≈445 mA h g-1 and a volumetric capacity of ≈488 mA h cm-3 with a capacity retention of 89% after 200 cycles at 200 mA g-1 . The stable cycling performance can be attributed to the 3D metal scaffold, which supports active materials undergoing large volume changes, and an initial heat treatment appears to improve the adhesion of the Sb2 O3 to the metal scaffold.

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The continuous release of nutrients from sediment is a major barrier to the remediation of black odorous rivers. This study used a long-term laboratory incubation experiment to investigate the effectiveness of sediment dredging, intermittent aeration, and in situ inactivation with modified clays to reduce the internal loading of sediment from a seriously polluted river. The results indicated that intermittent aeration and in situ inactivation were effective in reducing the TN and NH4+ concentrations in the water column. However, sediment dredging did not consistently reduce the TN and NH4+ concentrations in the water column. In contrast, the three methods were all effective in controlling the TP and PO43- concentrations in the water column. Except for dredging, >30% of NH4+ and 40% of PO43- fluxes from sediment were reduced when compared with a control sample after 120 days of remediation. Dredging induced a significant release of NH4+ from sediment. Dredging and aeration made nearly no change to the amount of extractable nitrogen in the sediment. However, inactivation may increase sediment-extractable ammonium in deep sediment layers with time due to vertical transportation of clay by intensive bioturbation. Dredging is the most effective way to reduce surface mobile phosphorus over time while the transported clays can reduce a large percentage of the mobile phosphorus in deeper sediment. The relative abundance of Nitrospira in the surface sediment increased significantly with each remediation measure, creating favorable conditions for the reduction of the ammonium released from sediment. Altogether, the results of this study indicated that clay inactivation is the best method for controlling the internal loading of both phosphorus and nitrogen in seriously polluted river sediment.

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This paper describes a nickel-based cellular material, which has the strength of titanium and the density of water. The material's strength arises from size-dependent strengthening of load-bearing nickel struts whose diameter is as small as 17 nm and whose 8 GPa yield strength exceeds that of bulk nickel by up to 4X. The mechanical properties of this material can be controlled by varying the nanometer-scale geometry, with strength varying over the range 90-880 MPa, modulus varying over the range 14-116 GPa, and density varying over the range 880-14500 kg/m3. We refer to this material as a "metallic wood," because it has the high mechanical strength and chemical stability of metal, as well as a density close to that of natural materials such as wood.

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Formation of thick, high energy density, flexible solid supercapacitors is challenging because of difficulties infilling gel electrolytes into porous electrodes. Incomplete infilling results in a low capacitance and poor mechanical properties. Here we report a bottom-up infilling method to overcome these challenges. Electrodes up to 500 µm thick, formed from multi-walled carbon nanotubes and a composite of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are successfully infilled with a polyvinyl alcohol/phosphoric acid gel electrolyte. The exceptional mechanical properties of the multi-walled carbon nanotube-based electrode enable it to be rolled into a radius of curvature as small as 0.5 mm without cracking and retain 95% of its initial capacitance after 5000 bending cycles. The areal capacitance of our 500 µm thick poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate, multi-walled carbon nanotube-based flexible solid supercapacitor is 2662 mF cm-2 at 2 mV s-1, at least five times greater than current flexible supercapacitors.