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Objective To determine the optimal cut-off value for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to predict the outcome of microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Subjects and methods We included a total number of 180 patients with NOA. The serum level of FSH was determined and all the subjects underwent micro-TESE. We determined the optimal cut-off value for FSH and assessed whether the test could be effectively used as a successful predictor of sperm retrieval by calculating the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) area under the curve. Results Overall we included a total number of 171 patients with mean age of 34.3 ± 8.6 years. The micro-TESE was considered to be successful in 79 (43.8%) while it failed in 92 (56.2%) patients. We found that the mean level of serum FSH was significantly higher in group those with failed micro-TEST compared to successful group (p < 0.001). The cut-off value for FSH was calculated to be 14.6 mIU/mL to predictive the outcome of micro-TESE with a sensitivity of 83.5% [73.5%-90.9%] and a specificity of 80.3% [69.5%-88.5%]. At this value, the other parameters were calculated to be PPV, 81.5%; NPV, 82.4; LR+, 4.23; and LR-, 0.21. Conclusions The results of the current study indicate that FSH plasma levels above 14.6 mIU/mL can be considered to be the failure predictor of the micro-TESE in NOA patients.

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ABSTRACT Objective To determine the optimal cut-off value for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to predict the outcome of microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Subjects and methods We included a total number of 180 patients with NOA. The serum level of FSH was determined and all the subjects underwent micro-TESE. We determined the optimal cut-off value for FSH and assessed whether the test could be effectively used as a successful predictor of sperm retrieval by calculating the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) area under the curve. Results Overall we included a total number of 171 patients with mean age of 34.3 ± 8.6 years. The micro-TESE was considered to be successful in 79 (43.8%) while it failed in 92 (56.2%) patients. We found that the mean level of serum FSH was significantly higher in group those with failed micro-TEST compared to successful group (p < 0.001). The cut-off value for FSH was calculated to be 14.6 mIU/mL to predictive the outcome of micro-TESE with a sensitivity of 83.5% [73.5%-90.9%] and a specificity of 80.3% [69.5%-88.5%]. At this value, the other parameters were calculated to be PPV, 81.5%; NPV, 82.4; LR+, 4.23; and LR-, 0.21. Conclusions The results of the current study indicate that FSH plasma levels above 14.6 mIU/mL can be considered to be the failure predictor of the micro-TESE in NOA patients.

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PURPOSE: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men worldwide. In the past 10 years in Iran, prostate cancer has increased and become more common among hormone-related cancers. As the percentage of seniors in the population increases, the economic burden of this cancer will likely increase significantly. This study aims to estimate direct and indirect costs of treatment at different stages of prostate cancer in Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 263 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer who were referred to prostate treatment centers in 2016. Data on direct medical costs were collected by face-to-face interviews with patients and from health care files and medical and financial documents available in the educational or referral centers. Direct nonmedical costs and indirect costs were based on self-reports by patients through face-to-face interview. FINDINGS: The results indicate that mean (SD) direct medical costs for low-risk metastatic prostate cancer, local nonmetastatic prostate cancer, local regionalized nonmetastatic prostate cancer nonresistant metastatic prostate cancer, and resistant metastatic prostate cancer were $102.79 ($33.03), US$2673.43 ($87.42), $2210.51 ($306.92), $4133.15 ($650.87), and $7747.89 ($455.80), respectively. The results indicate that mean (SD) direct nonmedical costs for low-risk, local, local regionalized, nonresistant, and resistant cancers were $97.06 ($45.00), $339.71 ($58.02), $485.29 ($36.77), $776.47 ($99.25), and $1067.65 ($600.92), respectively, and mean (SD) indirect costs for these categories were $23.85 ($20.44), $83.49 ($65.06), $119.27 ($32.59), $238.54 ($87.35), and $357.81 ($73.00), respectively. IMPLICATIONS: The findings of this research indicate that patients diagnosed with prostate cancer must bear high costs at advanced stages of the disease, whereas in the early stages of the disease, the medical costs are relatively low. The health system of Iran should work to prevent patients from reaching the metastatic stages of the disease by implementing a suitable screening system for timely diagnosis of the disease and its effective treatment.

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BACKGROUND: Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) is the most common treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Urinary tract catheter is inserted post-operatively which results in catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) in many patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the preventive effect of hyoscine N-butyl bromide on CRBD caused by a urinary tract catheter after TURP surgery in patients with BPH. METHODS: Twenty-four and twenty-six patients in the treatment and control groups were enrolled, respectively. At the end of the surgery, slow intravenous injection of 20 mg hyoscine N-butyl bromide was administered to the patients of treatment group. The severity of CRBD was followed up at five different time periods and up to 2 h after surgery. RESULTS: On arrival to PACU and after 30 min of injection, statistically significant less CRBD was seen in the treatment group comparing to the control group (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.007). The total utilized meperidine dose during PACU stay and the time to discharge for the intervention group were significantly lower than those for the control group (P ≤ 0.0001) with no significant difference in adverse effects (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hyoscine N-butyl bromide could reduce the severity of CRBD related to TURP in patients with BPH and their need for analgesic consumption either. It shortened the length of stay in the recovery room. Regarding its availability and low cost, it can be an effective pain relief drug for CRBD discomfort related to TURP in BPH patients.

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BACKGROUND: Prostate is an important male reproductive system gland and its disorders can affect men's quality of life and health. Prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate adenocarcinoma are major disorders that can be found in all men in different ages. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of diet with serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level as well as prostate volume. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 950 men older than 40 years of age who had attended our clinic for a screening program for prostate cancer were enrolled. Data was extracted from the program database. The eligible cases included all noncancerous subjects with available data concerning serum PSA level and prostate volume; the patients had completed a 50-item self-administered food frequency questionnaire about their diet during the preceding two year. RESULTS: No overall association was found between the consumption of foods and prostate volume as well as serum PSA level. There was a significant correlations between age and serum PSA level (r = 0.24) as well as with prostate volume (r = 0.22) (P < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant correlation between serum PSA level and prostate volume (r = 0.41 and P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirmed the previous reports regarding the serum PSA level correlation with prostate volume. There was no evidence that dietary patterns might have any important effect on prostate volume and serum PSA in this Iranian population.