RESUMEN
Biohydrometallurgy is generally considered as a green technology for the recycling of industrial solid waste. In this study, an indigenous fungal strain named Y5 with the ability of high-yielding organic acids was isolated and applied in bioleaching of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs). The strain Y5 was identified as Penicillium chrysogenum by morphological and molecular identification. Meanwhile, we investigated that an optimal set of culturing conditions for the fungal growth and acids secretion was 15 g/L glucose with initial pH 5.0, temperature 25°C and shaking speed 120 rpm in shaken flasks culture. Moreover, three bioleaching processes such as one-step, two-step and spent medium processes were conducted to extract copper from waste PCBs. Spent medium bioleaching showed higher copper extraction percentage and it was 47% under 5%(w/v) pulp density. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation combining with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) showed that the leached metal ions did not obviously damage the hypha cells. All above results indicated that P.chrysogenum strain Y5 has the tolerance to metal ions, suggesting its potential in recycling of metals from waste PCBs in industry.
Asunto(s)
Cobre/farmacocinética , Residuos Electrónicos , Residuos Industriales , Penicillium chrysogenum/aislamiento & purificación , Penicillium chrysogenum/metabolismo , Reciclaje/métodos , Biodegradación Ambiental , Cobre/análisis , Cobre/aislamiento & purificación , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Metalurgia/métodos , Metales Pesados/química , Metales Pesados/aislamiento & purificación , Metales Pesados/farmacocinética , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Penicillium chrysogenum/citología , Contaminantes del Suelo/química , Contaminantes del Suelo/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminantes del Suelo/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
To study the effect of heavy metal pollution on microbial communities, microbial diversity and community structure of soils near Qingshuitang industrial district in Zhuzhou, China, were analyzed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. In this study, the microbial diversity and community relative abundance decreased with increased heavy metal pollution level. Proteobacteria (49.56%) were the most abundant phylum in all samples, followed by Chloroflexi (13.07%) and Acidobacteria (8.77%). The microbial community structures of all samples were similar. The overlap of OTUs was 52.64%, and the structures of the abundant OTUs subcommunities were more similar than the rare OTUs community structures were. Heavy metals caused increases in Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi and decreases in Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae. According to Spearman's correlation, Proteobacteria was significantly negatively correlated with Cr, whereas Chloroflexi was positively correlated with Cr. Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were significantly negatively correlated with Nitrospirae. These results showed that heavy metal pollution is an important factor affecting the soil microbial structure in the soil of the Qingshuitang industrial district.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/clasificación , Metales Pesados/análisis , Microbiota , Microbiología del Suelo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , China , IndustriasRESUMEN
To seek a feasible technique for processing waste printed circuit boards (PCBs), pretreatment of PCBs by table separation and further bioleached by moderate thermophiles in a stirred tank reactor were investigated. The shaking table separation, conducted after grinding and sieving of PCBs, produced two fractions: metal-rich parts (RPCBs), which is more suitable for pyrometallurgy process than untreated PCBs, and metal-poor parts (PPCBs) with only 8.83% metals was then bioleached by a mixed culture of moderate thermophiles effectively. After adaptation, the mixed culture could tolerate 80 g/L PPCBs. The bioleaching results showed that metals recovery was 85.23% Zn, 76.59% Cu and 70.16% Al in only 7 days. Trace Pb and Sn were detected in the leachate because of precipitating. The microorganism community structure was analyzed by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Two moderately thermophilic bacteria species were identified as Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Acidithiobacillus caldus. Furthermore, uncultured Thermoplasmatales archaeon was also detected in the leaching system. It was also shown that moderate thermophiles revealed best bioleaching ability when compared with mesophiles and the mixture of mesophiles and moderate thermophiles. Finally, we designed a two-stage process model according to the present study to achieve semi-industrial waste PCBs recycling and economic feasibility analysis indicated that the process was profitable.
Asunto(s)
Acidithiobacillus/metabolismo , Reactores Biológicos/microbiología , Residuos Electrónicos , Metales/metabolismo , Reciclaje , Temperatura , Metales/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
One new coumarin, dryofracoumarin A (1), and eight known compounds 2-9 were isolated from Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analyses and comparison with reported spectroscopic data. The new compound 1 was determined to be 8-hydroxyl-4-isopropyl-7-methyl-6-methyl-2H-benzopyran-2-one. Two dimers, trans- and cis-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphen-yl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene (compounds 8 and 9), were isolated from the Dryopteris genus for the first time. The other six were esculetin (2), isoscopoletin (3), methylphlorbutyrophenone (4), aspidinol (5), albicanol (6) and (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphen-yl)but-3-en-1-ol (7). All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects by the MTT assay. Compounds 2, 3, 8 and 9 showed significantly cytotoxic effects against three cell lines (A549, MCF7 and HepG2), 1 and 5 against two cell lines (A549 and MCF7), and 6 against one cell line (MCF7). Their IC50 values ranged between 2.73 ± 0.86 µM and 24.14 ± 3.12 µM. These active compounds might be promising lead compounds for the treatment of cancer.
Asunto(s)
Dryopteris/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Estructura Molecular , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear BiomolecularRESUMEN
One new sesquiterpene and six known compounds were isolated from Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schot. They were identified as 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosylalbicanol- 11-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1), dihydroconiferylalcohol (2), (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid (3), esculetin (4), 5,7-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethylchromone (5), eriodictyol (6) and isoorientin (7) by UV, MS, 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The antifungal activities of the seven isolated compounds were screened. Compounds 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed obvious activities against Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton floccosum.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Dryopteris/química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura Molecular , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms was enriched from acid mine drainage samples collected from several chalcopyrite mines in China. Such mixed culture can be used to effectively extract copper from chalcopyrite. Furthermore, after being adapted to gradually increased concentration of chalcopyrite concentrate, the tolerance of the mixed culture to chalcopyrite concentrate was brought up to 80 g/L. The effects of several leaching parameters on copper recovery in stirred tank reactor also had been investigated. The results of the investigation show that it was possible to achieve a copper extraction rate of 75% in 44 days at a pulp density of 8%. The leaching rate of chalcopyrite concentrate tended to increase with dissolved total iron concentration. At low pH ranges, more microscopic counts of microorganisms were found in the solution. Furthermore, the analysis of leached residues indicates that the passivation of chalcopyrite concentrate was mainly due to a mass of jarosite and PbSO(4) on the mineral surface, other than the elemental sulphur layer. The bacterial community composition was analyzed by using Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis. Two moderately thermophilic bacteria species were identified as Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Acidithiobacillus caldus with abundance of 67% and 33% in the bio-pulp, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Archaea/metabolismo , Reactores Biológicos/microbiología , Cobre/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Minería , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , RotaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of long-term estrogen replacement treatment on blood pressure and expressions of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 ( IRS-1) in myocardium. METHODS: Fifty female SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. And then sham ( n = 16), ovariectomy (OVX, n = 17), and estrogen replacement treatment group (OVX + E2, n = 17) were established. Systolic blood pressure of tail artery was determined by tail-cuff technique before the operation and on week 12 after the operation. The expressions of IR and IRS-1 were measured by RT-PCR in myocardium of SD rats. RESULTS: Blood pressure [ (118.75+/-2.77) mmHg] in OVX was significantly higher than that in the sham [ ( 103.86+/-1.84) mmHg, P < 0.05 ] and OVX + E2 [( 107.83+/-3.24) mmHg, P < 0.05 ] rats. Expression of IRS-1 in OVX group was significantly lower ( 1.2588+/-0.1045)than that in the sham(2.2089+/-0.0988, P <0.05) and OVX + E2 groups ( 1.9100+/-0.1230, P <0.05 ). However, there was no difference on blood pressure and expression of IRS-1 between sham and OVX + E2 groups (P > 0.05 ). The difference of IR expression has no statistical significance among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: Long-term estrogen replacement treatment might protect cardiovascular system through decreasing the blood pressure and inducing the expression of IRS-1 in myocardium. However, plasma estrogen level doesn't significantly influence the IR expression.
Asunto(s)
Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Terapia de Reemplazo de Estrógeno , Miocardio/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/biosíntesis , Receptor de Insulina/biosíntesis , Animales , Estradiol/farmacología , Femenino , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina , Ovariectomía , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptor de Insulina/genética , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Insulin receptor substrate-2(IRS-2) belongs to a family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins, which link insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1), and cytokine receptor tyrosine kinases to signaling pathways regulating metabolism, growth, differentiation, reproduction, and homestasis. Deficiency of IRS-2 in mice causes type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), suggesting that abnormal structure and dysfunction of the IRS-2 gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of T2DM. Variations in the open reading frame (ORF) and promoter region of IRS-2 gene in patients with T2DM have been reported over the past few years. These genetic variations are from ethnically different patients, confounding any analysis of the contribution of IRS-2 gene variations to the development of T2DM. The 3'-untranslated region(3'-UTR) of IRS-2 gene variation may be contribute to the T2DM. So far, the relationship between 3'-UTR of IRS-2 gene variations and T2DM have not been investigated. Based on the 3'-UTR of eukaryotic gene plays an important role in the eukaryotic gene regulation, we investigated abnormalities of IRS-2 gene 3'-UTR and their relation with T2DM in the Chinese population. Genomic DNA was extracted from leukocyte of 128 patients with T2DM and 125 control subjects in Hunan, China. A segment of IRS-2 gene 3'-UTR was scanned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). All PCR products with abnormal DHPLC pattern were submitted to DNA sequence analysis. A T-->C mutation at 4064 bp of IRS-2 gene 3'-UTR was found in 18 patients with T2DM, while it was only found in 5 control subjects. The incidence of the mutation in patients with T2DM were much higher than that in contol subjects (14.1% vs 4.0%, x2 = 7.748, P = 0.005). These results indicate that the T4064-->C in IRS-2 gene 3'-UTR may be related to Chinese patients with T2DM.
Asunto(s)
Región de Flanqueo 3'/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Secuencia de Bases , China , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , ADN/química , ADN/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patología , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Variación Genética , Humanos , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) in detecting single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of insulin receptor substrate-2(IRS-2) gene 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). METHODS: We detected the SNPs and mutation of IRS-2 gene 3'-UTR sequence, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DHPLC, single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and DNA sequence analysis respectively in 30 Type 2 diabetic subjects and 30 healthy controls. RESULTS: The SNPs of IRS-2 gene 3'-UTR in 4 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus were detected by PCR-DHPLC and were identified by DNA sequencing. CONCLUSION: DHPLC is a rapid and automated technology, which is simpler and more accurate for detecting longer fragment of DNA than SSCP. The present method lays a foundation for further studying the relationship between the mutation of IRS-2 gene 3'-UTR and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Asunto(s)
Regiones no Traducidas 3'/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Mutación Puntual , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Humanos , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular , Desnaturalización de Ácido Nucleico , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Polimorfismo Conformacional Retorcido-SimpleRESUMEN
To study the genetic variation in 5'-regulatory region of aldose reductase (AR) gene that might influence expression and the relationship between variations and diabetic complication (DC), PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) was used to screen the 5'-regulatory region of AR gene in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A novel mutation, C(-167) --> A substitution which created a new CCAAT box was found only in two diabetic patients. These two patients have no retinopathy, and the AR activity of their erythrocytes was within low range in patients without DC. The DNA segments of AR wild type and mutant were subcloned into pCAT reporter vector, and CAT assays were performed to assess promoter activity. The interaction between the DNA segments and nuclear proteins was determined by using competitive gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The transcriptional activity of mutant (5.7% +/-2.9%) was lower than that of wild type (15.7% +/- 4.1%) (P<0.01), and the mobility shift of mutant was also slower than that of wild type. The results indicated the mutation C(-167) -->A in AR gene might prevent or delay the development of DC by repressing the expression of AR gene.
Asunto(s)
Aldehído Reductasa/genética , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Mutación , Secuencias Reguladoras de Ácidos Nucleicos/genética , Región de Flanqueo 5'/genética , Adulto , Aldehído Reductasa/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , ADN/química , ADN/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/enzimología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Retinopatía Diabética/etiología , Ensayo de Cambio de Movilidad Electroforética , Eritrocitos/enzimología , Femenino , Células HeLa , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo Conformacional Retorcido-Simple , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the mutation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) gene 3'untranslated region and Type 2 diabetes in the Chinese. METHODS: Samples were obtained from 120 Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes and 120 control subjects. The 3'untranslated region sequence of IRS-1 gene was screened by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. All SSCP variations were submitted to DNA sequence analysis. RESULTS: The SSCP analysis showed false positive results. No gene mutation was found in any of the subjects. CONCLUSION: Mutation in the IRS-1 gene 3'untranslated region is not an important genetic factor for Type 2 diabetes in the Chinese.
Asunto(s)
Regiones no Traducidas 3'/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Mutación , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Pueblo Asiatico , Femenino , Humanos , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
1. Many clinical studies have suggested a relationship between oestrogen and insulin sensitivity. In the present study, HepG2 cells were divided into four groups: (i) control, incubated with 1 nmol/L insulin; (ii) the HI group, which was incubated with 100 nmol/L insulin to induce insulin resistance; (iii) the E2 group, in which control cells were incubated with 1 nmol/L insulin plus 1 nmol/L oestradiol; and (iv) the HI + E2 group, in which insulin-resistant cells were incubated with 100 nmol/L insulin + 1 nmol/L oestradiol. 2. A high concentration of insulin decreased the activity of phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and glycogen synthase (GS), as well as decreasing the expression of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2). High insulin had no effect on glucose transport or the expression of insulin receptor-1 (IRS-1). 3. The addition of oestradiol to control cells increased glucose transport, the activity of PFK, PDH and GS and the expression of IRS-1 and IRS-2, but had no effect on the expression of IR. 4. Treatment of insulin-resistant HepG2 cells with oestradiol attenuated HI-induced decreases, except for IR, and the expression of IRS-1 was significantly higher than control, attaining levels seen in group 3. The expression of IRS-2 was significant higher than in insulin-resistant cells, but did not reach control levels. Changes in the activity of PFK, PDH and GS were the same as the changes seen in the expression of IRS-2. 5. These results suggest that high concentrations of insulin induce insulin resistance in HepG2 cells, whereas oestradiol improves glucose metabolism and insulin signal transduction of cells by enhancing the activity of key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and the expression of IRS-1 and IRS-2.
Asunto(s)
Estradiol/farmacología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Insulina/fisiología , Fosfoproteínas/biosíntesis , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular , Fosfoproteínas/agonistas , Receptor de Insulina/agonistas , Receptor de Insulina/biosíntesis , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the frequency distribution of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) mutant alleles in 28 populations originating from 24 ethnic minorities in Yunnan of China. METHODS: FMO3 genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: The average frequencies of FMO3/Stop(148), FMO3/Lys(158) and FMO3/Gly(308) were 0.395(0.174-0.803), 0.208 (0.056-0.414), 0.046(0-0.217), respectively. The frequencies of FMO3/Gly(308) in Blang, Huayaodai, Shuidai, Zhuang, De'ang, Jingpo, Nu and Hui populations were null. CONCLUSION: It was found that the frequencies of FMO3 mutant alleles varied not only in different ethnic groups, but also in different populations that stemmed from the same ethnic group.
Asunto(s)
Mutación , Oxigenasas/genética , Alelos , China , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequencies distribution of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes in 24 Yunnan populations. METHODS: GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes were analyzed by PCR procedure. RESULTS: The range of frequencies for GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes in the populations were 0.188-0.633 and 0.400-0.745, respectively, and in the districts were 0.286-0.583, 0.433-0.745 respectively. There was significant relationship between GSTT1 frequencies and populations. CONCLUSION: The frequencies of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes in 24 Yunnan populations were different, but they were almost the same in different districts of Yunnan.