RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: We estimated the prevalence and time trends of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in Guatemala and explored its occurrence based on socio-demographic factors. STUDY DESIGN: This was a secondary data analysis using information from four Demographic and Health Surveys covering the period 1998-2015. METHODS: The unit of analysis was the household within which information was gathered from women 18-49 years and their children, 6-59 months. The main outcome was the prevalence of any DBM in the household (co-existence of undernutrition and overnutrition in a woman, her children or both). We estimated the prevalence of any DBM by survey and analysed time trends. Stepwise logistic regression was used to explore the occurrence of DBM and socio-demographic factors. RESULTS: We analysed 39,749 households across all surveys. The prevalence of any DBM was 25.3% (95%CI: 22.1-28.7) in 1998-99, 23.8% (22.0-25.8) in 2002, 25.9% (24.3-27.5) in 2008-09 and 24.2% (22.9-25.5) in 2014-15, with no significant change over time (P = 0.782). Characteristics associated with lower odds of any DBM were rural residence, female-headed household, wealth and women's secondary education. Higher odds were seen for households with electricity, women >25y, indigenous and with >2 children. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that a quarter of Guatemala's households suffer from DBM, which has remained unchanged for 17 years. Interventions should prioritise urban areas, households of lower socio-economic status and those less educated. To increase awareness of policymakers of this pressing public health concern, further research on DBM could be strengthened by prospective study designs, integrating all household members and expanding the types of malnutrition.

Asunto(s)

Desnutrición , Estado Nutricional , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Guatemala/epidemiología , Análisis de Datos Secundarios , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Encuestas Epidemiológicas

RESUMEN

The prevalence of mental health concerns is growing worldwide, along with lack of access to and receipt of needed treatment. Current gaps in treatment provision have led to exploring alternative methods of prevention, with research linking nutrition and mental health, of particular relevance in low- and middle-income countries, with a high prevalence of undernutrition. To examine whether exposure to a protein-energy nutritional supplement during the first 1000 d of life decreased odds of mental distress in adulthood among men and women in Guatemala compared with receiving a low energy-no protein supplement or supplementation outside the 1000-d window. Data from participants (n = 1249) in a longitudinal cohort protein-energy supplementation trial (early-life, supplementation data from 1969 to 1977, ages 0­7 y; life course, outcome data from 2017­2018 follow-up, ages 40­57 y) were analyzed for associations between nutrition in the first 1000 d and mental distress in adulthood (WHO Self- Reporting Questionnaire 20 [SRQ-20]), controlling for early-life variables and current life stress; life course variables (e.g. education) were examined as potential mediators of this relation. Generalized linear mixed models and zero-inflated Poisson generalized linear mixed models were utilized. Both partial and full supplementation with Atole during the first 1000 d were associated with 63% (95% CI: 0.16, 0.87) and 56% (95% CI: 0.19, 1.03) lower odds, respectively, of experiencing mental distress in adulthood. Did not differ by sex. These inverse relations remained relatively unchanged (partial OR = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.14, 0.83]; full OR = 0.38 [95% CI: 0.16, 0.92]) after controlling for early-life and life course variables, including life stress. Protein-energy supplementation during the first 1000 d of life in Guatemala, where undernutrition is prevalent, may reduce the prevalence of later mental distress in adulthood. This effect appears to occur directly, rather than indirectly, through pathways of life course variables such as education, wealth, and marital status. Keywords: early childhood nutrition, protein-energy

Asunto(s)

Desnutrición , Estrés Psicológico , Suplementos Dietéticos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante

RESUMEN

Ultraprocessed products (UPPs), associated with obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are becoming predominant on the global market and a target for market-driven fortification initiatives. The aim of this article is to describe the implications of adding micronutrients to UPPs with excessive amounts of critical nutrients associated with NCDs and provide recommendations for legislation and policies. UPPs with added micronutrients such as breakfast cereals, sugarsweetened beverages, powder beverages, fruit juices, sauces, and bouillon cubes, among others, are commonly available and heavily promoted in Latin American countries. Misleading advertising of UPPs with added micronutrients and with excessive content of sugar, fat, and salt might increase the consumption of such products, giving them a "health halo effect" that leads consumers to overestimate their nutritional quality and healthfulness. Although international collections of standards such as the Codex Alimentarius provide some guidelines on this matter, countries need to implement national legislations, through a food systems approach, to regulate the marketing and labeling of UPPs. Lastly, there is still the need to foster research to close knowledge gaps and help countries to guide the process of food fortification strategies from a regulatory standpoint.

Asunto(s)

Micronutrientes , Enfermedades no Transmisibles , Obesidad

RESUMEN

Background: Parity has been associated with both short- and long-term weight gain in women. However, it is not clear if timing of parity across the reproductive age has different associations with BMI. Methods: To prospectively assess the association between age at childbirth and maternal change in BMI, we analyzed data from the ongoing INCAP Longitudinal Study, which started in 1969 in four villages in Guatemala. Cohort women (n=778) provided information on reproductive history and anthropometric measures were measured in 1988-89 (adolescence, 15 to 25y), 2002-04 (early adulthood, 26 to 36y) and 2015-17 (mid adulthood, 37 to 55y). We evaluated the associations of number of live births in the period preceding each study wave (1969-77 to 1988-89, 1988-89 to 2002-04 and 2002-04 to 2015-17) with BMI change in the same period using multivariable linear regression models. Results: Number of live births between 1988 and 89 and 2002-04 was positively associated with increased BMI, while there was not an association between number of live births and BMI in the other intervals. Women who had one, two, or three or more children between 1988 and 89 and 2002-04 had 0.90 (kg/m2, 95% CI: -0.55, 2.35), 2.39 (kg/m2, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.70) and 2.54 (kg/m2, 95% CI: 1.26, 3.82) higher BMI, respectively, than women who did not give birth in the same period. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that women who had three or more children during early adulthood gained more weight compared to women who had no children in the same period. In contrast, women who had children earlier or later in their reproductive lives did not gain additional weight compared to those who did not have children during that period. Childbirth may have different

Asunto(s)

Paridad , Pesos y Medidas , Aumento de Peso , Estudios Longitudinales , Obesidad

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: There are no data on the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in general population samples in Guatemala or in other Central American countries. The prevalence and distribution of NAFLD and its associated risk factors were evaluated in a population-based sample of adults in Guatemala. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 411 men and women 40 years of age or older residing in urban and rural areas of Guatemala. Metabolic outcomes included obesity, central obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Liver disease outcomes included elevated liver enzymes, elevated Fatty Liver Index (FLI), and elevated FIB-4 score. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of obesity, central obesity, diabetes, and MetS were 30.9, 74.3, 21.6, and 64.2%, respectively. The fully-adjusted prevalence ratios (95% CI) for obesity, central obesity, diabetes, and MetS comparing women to men were 2.83 (1.86-4.30), 1.72 (1.46-2.02), 1.18 (1.03-1.34), and 1.87 (1.53-2.29), respectively. The overall prevalence of elevated liver enzymes (ALT or AST), elevated FLI, and elevated FIB-4 scores were 38.4, 60.1, and 4.1%, respectively. The fully-adjusted prevalence ratios (95% CI) for elevated liver enzymes (either ALT or AST) and elevated FLI score comparing women to men were 2.99 (1.84-4.86) and 1.47 (1.18-1.84), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of metabolic abnormalities and liver outcomes in this general population study was very high. The prevalence of metabolic and liver abnormalities was particularly high among women, an observation that could explain the atypical 1:1 male to female ratio of liver cancer in Guatemala.

Asunto(s)

Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/epidemiología , Adulto , Pruebas Enzimáticas Clínicas , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Femenino , Guatemala/epidemiología , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/diagnóstico , Hipercolesterolemia/epidemiología , Pruebas de Función Hepática , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/diagnóstico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/diagnóstico , Obesidad Abdominal/diagnóstico , Obesidad Abdominal/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Salud Rural , Salud Urbana

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may play a role in the etiology of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the study was to examine the associations of adipose tissue PUFA biomarkers with MetS among parents and children in Mesoamerica. METHOD AND RESULTS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 468 parents and 201 children aged 7-12 y from the capital cities of Guatemala, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, and Belize, and Tuxtla Gutiérrez in Mexico. We measured PUFA biomarkers in gluteal adipose tissue by gas chromatography. In adults, MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III definition. In children, we created an age- and sex-standardized metabolic risk score using abdominal circumference, the homeostasis model of insulin resistance, blood pressure, serum HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. We estimated prevalence ratios of MetS and mean differences in metabolic score across quartiles of PUFA using multivariable-adjusted Poisson and linear regression models, respectively. Among adults, MetS was associated with low alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and low gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). It was linearly, positively associated with dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and estimated Δ6-desaturase (D6D) activity. Among children, the metabolic score was positively associated with docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), DGLA, and D6D activity. CONCLUSIONS: Among Mesoamerican adults, MetS prevalence is inversely associated with adipose tissue ALA and GLA, and positively associated with EPA, DGLA, and the D6D index. Among children, metabolic risk score is positively associated with DPA, DGLA, and the D6D index.

Asunto(s)

Tejido Adiposo/química , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/análisis , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Nalgas , América Central/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , República Dominicana/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiología , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rapidly increasing among Latin American children, posing challenges for current healthcare systems and increasing the risk for a wide range of diseases. To understand the factors contributing to childhood obesity in Latin America, this paper reviews the current nutrition status and physical activity situation, the disparities between and within countries and the potential challenges for ensuring adequate nutrition and physical activity. Across the region, children face a dual burden of undernutrition and excess weight. While efforts to address undernutrition have made marked improvements, childhood obesity is on the rise as a result of diets that favour energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle. Over the last decade, changes in socioeconomic conditions, urbanization, retail foods and public transportation have all contributed to childhood obesity in the region. Additional research and research capacity are needed to address this growing epidemic, particularly with respect to designing, implementing and evaluating the impact of evidence-based obesity prevention interventions.

Asunto(s)

Dieta , Ejercicio Físico , Estado Nutricional , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Delgadez/epidemiología , Adolescente , Niño , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/etiología , Obesidad Infantil/etiología , Prevalencia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Delgadez/etiología

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate prevalence of cardiovascular risk among adults 40 years and older using population-based samples from six Central American countries. METHODS: Risk factors were derived from a multi-national cross-sectional survey implemented in 2003-2006, which included a sample of 4 202 participants aged 40 years and older. Charts produced by the World Health Organization and the International Society of Hypertension for the Region of the Americas sub-region B were used to predict risk on the basis of factors including age, sex, blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, smoking status, and diabetes status. RESULTS: Overall, 85.9% of the population was classified as having < 10% risk for cardiovascular events during the following ten years. The likelihood of being in this risk group decreased with age in both males and females. Four percent of respondents were identified as having > 20% risk. More than 75% of those with a 30-40% risk had previously been identified by health services, and an additional 23% were identified during the study, suggesting they could be diagnosed by opportunistic screening for diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Results of bivariate analysis showed that respondents who were male, older, obese and/or less educated had higher risk for cardiovascular events, but a multivariate analysis including education indicated highest risks for older, obese, and less educated females. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring cardiovascular disease risk identifies most cases of (or at risk for) diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among adults 40 years and older. This strategy can facilitate implementation of control programs and decrease disabilities and premature mortality.

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RESUMEN OBJETIVO:Evaluar la prevalencia del riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares en adultos de 40 años de edad o mayores mediante el uso de muestras poblacionales obtenidas de seis países de América Central. MÉTODOS: Se tomaron los factores de riesgo de una encuesta transversal multinacional realizada entre 2003 y 2006, que incluyó una muestra de 4 202 participantes de 40 años de edad o mayores. Se usaron gráficos producidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Sociedad Internacional para la Hipertensión de la Región de las Américas, subregión B, para predecir el riesgo sobre la base de factores como la edad, el sexo, la presión arterial, las concentraciones totales de colesterol sérico, y la situación con respecto al tabaquismo y la diabetes. RESULTADOS: En términos generales, 85,9% de la población quedó clasificada en el grupo con un riesgo menor de 10% de sufrir episodios cardiovasculares en el transcurso de los 10 años siguientes. La probabilidad de pertenecer a este grupo de riesgo disminuyó con la edad, tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres. Se determinó que 4% de los encues-tados tenían un riesgo mayor de 20%. Más de 75% de los que tenían un riesgo de 30% a 40% ya habían sido identificados por los servicios de salud y otro 23% fue identificado durante el estudio, lo cual indica que los diagnósticos pueden hacerse mediante un tami-zaje oportunista para la detección de diabetes, hipertensión e hipercolesterolemia. Según los resultados del análisis bivariado, los entrevistados de sexo masculino, de edad más avanzada, obesos o con poca escolaridad tenían un mayor riesgo de sufrir episodios cardiovasculares, pero un análisis multivariado que abarcó el nivel educativo reveló que los riesgos más altos los tienen las mujeres mayores, obesas y con poca instrucción. CONCLUSIONES: El cálculo del riesgo cardiovascular permite identificar la mayoría de los casos (o personas con riesgo de presentar) diabetes, hipertensión e hipercolesterolemia en adultos de 40 años de edad o mayores. Esta estrategia puede facilitar la puesta en práctica de los programas de control, así como reducir la discapacidad y la mortalidad prematura.

Asunto(s)

Sistema Cardiovascular , Enfermedad Crónica/terapia , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

Objective. To evaluate prevalence of cardiovascular risk among adults 40 years and older using population-based samples from six Central American countries. Methods. Risk factors were derived from a multi-national cross-sectional survey implemented in 2003–2006, which included a sample of 4 202 participants aged 40 years and older. Charts produced by the World Health Organization and the International Society of Hypertension for the Region of the Americas sub-region B were used to predict risk on the basis of factors including age, sex, blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, smoking status, and diabetes status. Results. Overall, 85.9% of the population was classified as having < 10% risk for cardiovascular events during the following ten years. The likelihood of being in this risk group decreased with age in both males and females. Four percent of respondents were identified as having > 20% risk. More than 75% of those with a 30–40% risk had previously been identified by health services, and an additional 23% were identified during the study, suggesting they could be diagnosed by opportunistic screening for diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Results of bivariate analysis showed that respondents who were male, older, obese and/or less educated had higher risk for cardiovascular events, but a multivariate analysis including education indicated highest risks for older, obese, and less educated females. Conclusions. Measuring cardiovascular disease risk identifies most cases of (or at risk for) diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among adults 40 years and older. This strategy can facilitate implementation of control programs and decrease disabilities and premature mortality.

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Objetivo. Evaluar la prevalencia del riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares en adultos de 40 años de edad o mayores mediante el uso de muestras poblacionales obtenidas de seis países de América Central. Métodos. Se tomaron los factores de riesgo de una encuesta transversal multinacional realizada entre 2003 y 2006, que incluyó una muestra de 4 202 participantes de 40 años de edad o mayores. Se usaron gráficos producidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Sociedad Internacional para la Hipertensión de la Región de las Américas, subregión B, para predecir el riesgo sobre la base de factores como la edad, el sexo, la presión arterial, las concentraciones totales de colesterol sérico, y la situación con respecto al tabaquismo y la diabetes. Resultados. En términos generales, 85,9% de la población quedó clasificada en el grupo con un riesgo menor de 10% de sufrir episodios cardiovasculares en el transcurso de los 10 años siguientes. La probabilidad de pertenecer a este grupo de riesgo disminuyó con la edad, tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres. Se determinó que 4% de los encuestados tenían un riesgo mayor de 20%. Más de 75% de los que tenían un riesgo de 30% a 40% ya habían sido identificados por los servicios de salud y otro 23% fue identificado durante el estudio, lo cual indica que los diagnósticos pueden hacerse mediante un tamizaje oportunista para la detección de diabetes, hipertensión e hipercolesterolemia. Según los resultados del análisis bivariado, los entrevistados de sexo masculino, de edad más avanzada, obesos o con poca escolaridad tenían un mayor riesgo de sufrir episodios cardiovasculares, pero un análisis multivariado que abarcó el nivel educativo reveló que los riesgos más altos los tienen las mujeres mayores, obesas y con poca instrucción. Conclusiones. El cálculo del riesgo cardiovascular permite identificar la mayoría de los casos (o personas con riesgo de presentar) diabetes, hipertensión e hipercolesterolemia en adultos de 40 años de edad o mayores. Esta estrategia puede facilitar la puesta en práctica de los programas de control, así como reducir la discapacidad y la mortalidad prematura.

Asunto(s)

Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus , Población , Obesidad , América Central , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Población , Obesidad , América Central

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prevalence of cardiovascular risk among adults 40 years and older using population-based samples from six Central American countries. METHODS: Risk factors were derived from a multi-national cross-sectional survey implemented in 2003-2006, which included a sample of 4 202 participants aged 40 years and older. Charts produced by the World Health Organization and the International Society of Hypertension for the Region of the Americas sub-region B were used to predict risk on the basis of factors including age, sex, blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, smoking status, and diabetes status. RESULTS: Overall, 85.9% of the population was classified as having < 10% risk for cardiovascular events during the following ten years. The likelihood of being in this risk group decreased with age in both males and females. Four percent of respondents were identified as having > 20% risk. More than 75% of those with a 30-40% risk had previously been identified by health services, and an additional 23% were identified during the study, suggesting they could be diagnosed by opportunistic screening for diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Results of bivariate analysis showed that respondents who were male, older, obese and/or less educated had higher risk for cardiovascular events, but a multivariate analysis including education indicated highest risks for older, obese, and less educated females. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring cardiovascular disease risk identifies most cases of (or at risk for) diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among adults 40 years and older. This strategy can facilitate implementation of control programs and decrease disabilities and premature mortality.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Adulto , América Central , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Fumar/epidemiología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Physical activity and exploration in infancy affect physical and cognitive development. Nutritional supplementation improves activity in severely malnourished infants, but the evidence in mild-to-moderately malnourished and nutritionally at-risk infants is equivocal. We tested the effect of multiple-micronutrient supplementation on physical activity and exploration in Mexican infants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Using a quasi experimental design, we analyzed data from a supplementation study that lacked a placebo-control group. We compared infants between 8 and 12 months measured at baseline who had received no supplementation (comparison group, n=78), with infants 8-12 months measured after 4 months of daily supplementation (treatment group, n=109). The treatment consisted of three supplement types: micronutrient powder, syrup (each containing only micronutrients) and a milk-based, fortified-food supplement (FFS; containing micronutrients and macronutrients). We formed the micronutrient-only group (MM) by combining the micronutrient powder and syrup groups. We measured activity and exploration by direct observation and used cluster analysis to form and characterize activity and exploration clusters. We performed logistic regression with activity or exploration cluster as the outcome variable and treatment versus comparison and MM or FFS versus comparison as the predictor variables. RESULTS: Treatment versus comparison increased the odds of being in the high activity (odds ratio (OR)=2.35, P<0.05) and high exploration (OR=1.87, P<0.05) cluster. MM increased the odds of being in the high activity (OR=2.64, P<0.05) cluster and FFS increased the odds (OR=3.16, P<0.05) of being in the high exploration cluster. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional supplementation benefited activity and exploration in this sample of Mexican infants.

Asunto(s)

Suplementos Dietéticos , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta del Lactante/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Lactante/tratamiento farmacológico , Micronutrientes/farmacología , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Análisis por Conglomerados , Alimentos Fortificados , Humanos , Lactante , Modelos Logísticos , México , Micronutrientes/uso terapéutico , Oportunidad Relativa

RESUMEN

Se utilizó un rebaño de 82 llamas con sus respectivas crías para evaluar el área de la grupa y el volumen del muslo de la cría, y el tamaño de la glándula mamaria de las madres como posibles indicadores para la selección temprana de llamas para producción de carne. En las crías se evaluó el desarrollo del área de la grupa y el volumen del muslo a los 2, 8 y 15 meses de edad, así como la correlación de estas medidas con el peso corporal y el perímetro torácico. En las madres se evaluó la relación entre el tamaño de la ubre y el peso de la cría al destete. El tamaño de la grupa se calculó como una figura geométrica y su área se determinó con el software Autocad, y el tamaño del muslo se expresó como el volumen de un cono truncado. El incremento porcentual desde los 2 hasta los 15 meses de edad fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) en el peso corporal (65.3%), área de la grupa (51.5%) y volumen del muslo (53.2%) que en el perímetro torácico (32.9%). Las diferencias establecidas en la clasificación por tamaño de la grupa a los dos meses de edad se mantuvieron en las mediciones realizadas a los 8 y 15 meses de edad (p<0.05), y estas diferencias se mantuvieron en las otras variables bajo estudio (volumen de muslo, perímetro torácico y peso corporal), lo cual indica que la tasa de incremento fue similar en ambos grupos. Los coeficientes de correlación entre el área de la grupa, volumen del muslo, peso corporal, perímetro torácico y edad desde los 2 a los 15 meses de edad fueron altos (p<0.001). Las correlaciones entre las medidas de la ubre de las madres y el peso corporal de las crías al destete fueron bajas, excepto para la relación de distancia entre pezones anteriores con peso de la cría al destete (0.46). Los ...

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A flock of 82 llamas with their calves was used to evaluate the hip area and thigh volume of the young and the size of the mammary gland of the dam as possible indicators for early selection of llamas for meat production. In the young, the development of hips and thighs at 2, 8, and 15 months of age and the correlation of these measurements with body weight and chest circumference were evaluated, whereas in the dams, the relation between size of the mammary gland and body weight at weaning of the calf was evaluated. Size of hip was calculated as a geometric figure using the Autocad software, and the size of the thigh was expressed as the volume of a truncated cone. The increase of body weight (65.3%), hip area (51.5%), thigh volume (53.2%) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the increase in chest circumference (32.9%). Animals were distributed into two groups according to hip area at 2 months of age and the differences in biometric measurements were kept at 8 and 15 months of age. These differences were also kept in the other variables (thigh volume, chest circumference and body weight), indicating that body development was similar in both groups. Correlation coefficients between hip area, thigh volume, chest circumference, body weight and age were significant (p<0.001). Coefficient correlations between udder measurements and body weight at weaning were small, with the exception of distance among anterior udder teats and body weight at weaning (0.46). Results ...

Asunto(s)

Animales , Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo/genética , Carne , Muslo , Glándulas Mamarias Animales , Pesos y Medidas , Fenotipo , Indicadores y Reactivos , Peso Corporal

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Pre-natal and post-natal growth are associated with adult body composition, but the relative importance of growth in different periods of childhood is still unclear, particularly in stunted populations. METHODS: We studied 358 women and 352 men measured as children in 1969-77 in four villages in Guatemala, and re-measured as adults in 2002-04 (mean age 32.7 years). We determined the associations of body mass index (BMI) and length at birth, and changes in BMI and length during infancy (0-1.0 year) and early (1.0-3.0 years) and later (3.0-7.0 years) childhood, with adult BMI ((a)BMI), percentage of body fat ((a)PBF), abdominal circumference ((a)AC) and fat-free mass ((a)FFM). RESULTS: Prevalence of stunting was high (64% at 3 years; HAZ < -2SD). Obesity (WHZ > 2SD) prevalence in childhood was <2%, while overweight prevalence in adulthood was 52%. BMI at birth was positively associated with (a)BMI and (a)FFM while length at birth was positively associated with (a)AC and (a)FFM. Increased BMI in infancy and later childhood were positively associated with all four adult body composition measures; associations in later childhood with fatness and abdominal fatness were stronger than those with (a)FFM. Change in length during infancy and early childhood was positively associated with all four adult body composition outcomes; the associations with (a)FFM were stronger than those with fat mass. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in BMI between 3.0 and 7.0 years had stronger associations with adult fat mass and abdominal fat than with (a)FFM; increases in length prior to age 3.0 years were most strongly associated with increases in (a)FFM.

Asunto(s)

Envejecimiento/fisiología , Peso al Nacer , Composición Corporal , Trastornos del Crecimiento/epidemiología , Crecimiento , Adulto , Antropometría/métodos , Índice de Masa Corporal , Desarrollo Infantil , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Guatemala/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/etiología

RESUMEN

This is an exploratory study that investigated factors influencing the psychosocial adjustment of Central American immigrants with disabilities. The relationships between stress, and perception of disability severity and (a) depression and (b) anxiety were assessed. Furthermore, this study investigated whether social support moderated the impact of stress and severity of disability on depression and anxiety. Stress, severity of disability, and social support explained a high percentage (54%) of the variance in depression. High levels of stress, increased perceptions of severity of disability, and low social support were associated with increased depression. The interactions between support and stress and between support and disability severity did not significantly add to the original model which predicted depression. Main effects were found for stress, disability severity, and the interaction between support and disability severity. Stress and social support significantly accounted for 31% of the variance in anxiety. Increased stress and decreased social support were associated with greater levels of anxiety. The interaction between support and stress did not significantly predict anxiety. Implications of the study in terms of future research and intervention programs targeting mental health outcomes for Latino immigrants with disabilities are discussed.

Asunto(s)

Personas con Discapacidad/psicología , Emigración e Inmigración , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Aculturación , Adaptación Psicológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Ansiedad/psicología , América Central/etnología , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inventario de Personalidad , Rol del Enfermo , Apoyo Social

Asunto(s)

Transferencia de Energía , Evaluación Nutricional , Necesidades Nutricionales , Esfuerzo Físico

RESUMEN

In this study, we investigated the perceptions of the life situations, experiences, psychosocial characteristics, and environments of 94 street youth in Bogotá, Columbia. We outlined the implications of our results for developmental theory, psychosocial competence theory, future research, public policy formation, program development, and direct intervention.

Asunto(s)

Personas con Mala Vivienda/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Colombia , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicología Infantil , Política Pública , Condiciones Sociales

Asunto(s)

Auxiliares Dentales , Mercurio/análisis , Colombia , Colorimetría , Humanos

RESUMEN

Los pacientes con conexión atrioventricular univentricular pueden beneficiarse hoy día de diversos procedimientos quirúrgicos paliativos. La indicación quirúrgica óptima debe estar basada en un diagnóstico anatómico y funcional exactos. Para valorar hasta qué punto la ecocardiografía, puede contribuir al diagnóstico revisamos 45 pacientes operados con conexión atrioventricular tipo univentricular. Las técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas fueron las siguientes: banding de la arteria pulmonar en 10 pacientes, de los cuales en 8 se asoció la técnica de Blalock-Hanlon; fístula sistémico-pulmonar en 34 casos, de los que en 6 se realizó también atrioseptectomía de Blalock-Hanlong; anastomosis atriopulmonar modificada (técnica de Kreutzer) en 4 enfermos. La ecocardiografía, fue satisfactoria para el diagnóstico de la malformación y el estado del septo interatrial, el foramen interventrículo-cameral y las válvulas atrioventriculares y semilunares. También fue útil para conocer las características funcionales de las cámaras ventriculares. Sin embargo, la información que facilitó la ecocardiografía, en lo referente al arco aórtico y a las ramas de la arteria pulmonar, fue inexacta y no fiable. En conclusión: 1) El tratamiento quirúrgicos de los pacientes con conexión atrioventricular univentricular está justificado, pues con él se consigue mejorar la calidad de vida del enfermo y de su entorno y, a largo plazo, reducir los costos de la asistencia médica. 2) La ecocardiografía, proporciona una parte muy sustancial de la información que necesitamos para realizar un diagnóstico preoperatorio correcto (AU)

Asunto(s)

Preescolar , Niño , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Defectos del Tabique Interventricular , Ecocardiografía

RESUMEN

Los pacientes con conexión atrioventricular univentricular pueden beneficiarse hoy día de diversos procedimientos quirúrgicos paliativos. La indicación quirúrgica óptima debe estar basada en un diagnóstico anatómico y funcional exactos. Para valorar hasta qué punto la ecocardiografía, puede contribuir al diagnóstico revisamos 45 pacientes operados con conexión atrioventricular tipo univentricular. Las técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas fueron las siguientes: banding de la arteria pulmonar en 10 pacientes, de los cuales en 8 se asoció la técnica de Blalock-Hanlon; fístula sistémico-pulmonar en 34 casos, de los que en 6 se realizó también atrioseptectomía de Blalock-Hanlong; anastomosis atriopulmonar modificada (técnica de Kreutzer) en 4 enfermos. La ecocardiografía, fue satisfactoria para el diagnóstico de la malformación y el estado del septo interatrial, el foramen interventrículo-cameral y las válvulas atrioventriculares y semilunares. También fue útil para conocer las características funcionales de las cámaras ventriculares. Sin embargo, la información que facilitó la ecocardiografía, en lo referente al arco aórtico y a las ramas de la arteria pulmonar, fue inexacta y no fiable. En conclusión: 1) El tratamiento quirúrgicos de los pacientes con conexión atrioventricular univentricular está justificado, pues con él se consigue mejorar la calidad de vida del enfermo y de su entorno y, a largo plazo, reducir los costos de la asistencia médica. 2) La ecocardiografía, proporciona una parte muy sustancial de la información que necesitamos para realizar un diagnóstico preoperatorio correcto

Asunto(s)

Preescolar , Niño , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Ecocardiografía , Defectos del Tabique Interventricular

Asunto(s)

Permeabilidad Dental , Bebidas Gaseosas , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas