RESUMEN
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (eg, hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia). We studied 50 obese patients (body mass index [BMI]: 43.5 ± 9.2 kg/m(2)) and 36 normal weight participants (BMI: 22.6 ± 1.9 kg/m(2)). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L) was 88% among obese patients and 31% among nonobese individuals; 25(OH)D levels were lower in the obese group (27.3 ± 13.7 vs 64.6 ± 21.3 nmol/L; P < .001). There was a negative correlation between vitamin D level and anthropometric indicators of obesity: BMI (r = -0.64; P < .001), waist circumference (r = -0.59; P < .001), and body fat percentage (r = -0.64; P < .001) as well as with fasting plasma insulin (r = -0.35; P < .001) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = -0.35; P < .001). In conclusion, we observed a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among obese participants and this was associated with a proatherogenic cardiometabolic risk profile.
Asunto(s)
Aterosclerosis/epidemiología , Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología , Adiposidad , Adulto , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/análisis , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Insulina/sangre , Resistencia a la Insulina , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/sangre , Síndrome Metabólico/diagnóstico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Serbia/epidemiología , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/diagnóstico , Circunferencia de la CinturaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Phthalates are synthetic industrial compounds capable of disrupting endocrine system. Effects of phthalates depend on dosage, duration of action and stage of development of the individual, thus making the fetus, newborn, and children at puberty the most vulnerable groups. METABOLISM OF PHTHALATES: Metabolism of these compounds consists of at least two steps: hydrolysis and conjugation. They are mainly excreted in urine, with a low percent being excreted through feces. EXPOSURE TO PHTHALATES: Exposure to the effects of phthalates begins at the intrauterine stage since the phthalates pass through the placental barrier. Phthalates may be found in plastic products, toys, medical equipment, industrial materials, food, and clothes. DETERMINATION OF PHTHALATE LEVELS IN HUMANS: Urine is the best sample for evaluating phthalate levels in humans because of rapid phthalate metabolism and high concentrations of metabolites in the urine. FETAL TESTICULAR DYSGENESIS SYNDROME: Fetal testicular dysgenesis syndrome involves disorders of male genital tract such as shortened anogenital distance, hypospadia, cryptorchidism, malformations of seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis and it results from the harmful effects of phthalates. OTHER EFFECTS OF PHTHALATES ON HEALTH: Negative effects of phthalates on female health are mostly reflected in anovulation, premature puberty, changes in duration of pregnancy. There is a possible effect on neurocognitive development, occurrence of allergies, asthma, testicular carcinoma, hepatic and renal damages, insulin resistance and obesity, thyroid dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Further studies are needed to establish the safe phthalate concentration in certain products and to determine more negative consequences of exposure to phthalate.
Asunto(s)
Disruptores Endocrinos , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Feto/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Ftálicos/toxicidad , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Exposición Materna , Intercambio Materno-Fetal , Embarazo , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Testículo/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: INTRODUCTION. Menopausal osteoporosis is a disease of older age, and its development is related to the cessation of ovarian function together with a number of risk factors. Monthly dosing regimens are welcomed by women because of higher satisfaction and better adherence. This study was aimed at assessing the therapeutic effect of ibandronate given once a month to women with postmenopausal osteoporosis on the basis of biochemical bone markers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 168 patients of 268 patients in AD-HERO study. RocheDiagnostics, Elecsys beta-CrossLaps and beta-N-MID-Osteocalcin were used to measure beta-crosslaps before the therapy and 3 months after the therapy had been introduced as well as osteocalcin, which was measured in 12 patients. RESULTS: The value of beta-crosslaps before treatment was 0.5264 +/- 0.2926, that being above the upper limit of normal values for women in generative period, indicating an average of slightly increased bone resorption. Betacross-laps decreased and reached normal values for women in generative period 0.2277 +/- 0.1863 three months after the introduction of monthly ibandronat at a dose of 150 mg orally. This difference was highly statistically significant (t = 13.648, p < or = 0.0001). In 18 patients osteocalcin was measured before and three months after the introduction of the therapy. Osteocalcin was 31.3056 +/- 14.8209 before the treatment, which is normal for women of childbearing period. Osteocalcin decreased to 22.1822 +/- 6.9943 after three months, which is also within the normal range for women in the childbearing period of life. This difference was statistically significant (t =2.951, p < or = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Monthly ibandronat suppresses bone resorption three months after the introduction of therapy. Biochemical bone markers quickly confirm the effect of medication, and they can be used in the assessment of effects on bone mineral density and future fracture risk.
Asunto(s)
Conservadores de la Densidad Ósea/uso terapéutico , Difosfonatos/uso terapéutico , Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Resorción Ósea/patología , Colágeno/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Ácido Ibandrónico , Cumplimiento de la Medicación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteocalcina/sangre , Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica/patología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/sangreRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Iodine, as a trace element, is a necessary and limiting substrate for thyroid gland hormone synthesis. It is an essential element that enables the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones and Iodine Metabolism. Three iodine molecules are added to make triiodothyronine, and four for thyroxine - the two key hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency The proper daily amount of iodine is required for optimal thyroid function. Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, developmental brain disorders and goiter. Iodine deficiency is the single most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. It also decreases child survival, causes goiters, and impairs growth and development. Iodine deficiency disorders in pregnant women cause miscarriages, stillbirths, and other complications. Children with iodine deficiency disorders can grow up stunted, apathetic, mentally retarded, and incapable of normal movements, speech or hearing. Excessive Iodine Intake. Excessive iodine intake, which can trigger a utoimmune thyroid disease and dysfunction. is on the other side. Iodine use in Case of Nuclear Catastrophe. In addition to other severe consuquences of radioactivity, high amount of radioactive iodine causes significant increase in incidence of thyroid gland carcinoma after some of the nuclear catastrophes (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl, Fukushima). The incidence of thyroid carcinoma was increased mostly in children. This paper was aimed at clarifying some of the possibilities of prevention according to the recommendations given by the World Health Organization.