RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the state-level enteric disease workforce and routine enteric disease surveillance and outbreak investigation activities in the western United States. DESIGN AND SETTING: Key informant interviews conducted using bidirectional video from March to April 2022. PARTICIPANTS: Enteric disease epidemiologists at state public health agencies in the western states served by the Colorado and Washington Integrated Food Safety Centers of Excellence. MAIN OUTCOMES: Key themes were identified using grounded theory. RESULTS: Nine themes were identified including excessive workload, shifts in local and state responsibilities, challenges with retention and hiring, importance of student teams, laboratory supplies shortages, changes to case and outbreak investigation priorities, transitioning back to enterics, adoption of new methods and technology, and current and future needs. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic response had a substantial impact on state-level enteric disease activities in western states, with many staff members diverted from routine responsibilities and a de-prioritization of enteric disease work. There is a need for sustainable solutions to address staffing shortages, prioritize employee mental health, and effectively manage routine workloads when responding to emergencies.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Salud Pública , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Salud Pública/métodos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Colorado/epidemiología , Recursos Humanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Washingtón/epidemiología , Fuerza Laboral en Salud/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: With the recent occurrence of locally transmitted Aedes-borne viruses in the continental United States and Europe, and a lack of effective vaccines, new approaches to control Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are needed. In sub-tropical urban settings in the US, Ae. albopictus is a dominant nuisance and arbovirus vector species. Unfortunately, the vector control toolbox against Ae. albopictus is not as well developed as for Ae. aegypti. Here, we evaluate the efficacy, longevity, and range of protectiveness of a novel passive metofluthrin emanator (10% active ingredient in a polyethylene mesh) against Ae. albopictus indoors and outdoors. METHODS: Four studies were conducted comparing the presence of the metofluthrin emanator to a control lacking emanator with interest in quantifying efficacy by human landing counts. Studies evaluated the effect of an emanator at varying distances from one or more human volunteers indoors and outdoors. Efficacy of emanators over time since activation was also evaluated. RESULTS: Mixed-effects models determined that sitting in close proximity to an emanator reduced landings by 89.5% outdoors and by 74.6% indoors. The emanator was determined protective when located immediately next to a human volunteer outdoors but not uniformly protective when located further away. The emanator was protective at all tested distances from the device indoors. Mortality of mosquitoes exposed to metofluthrin emanators was ~2x higher than those who were not exposed in indoor conditions. Finally, a Generalized Additive Model determined that emanators used continuously outdoors lost their effect after 2.5 weeks and stopped inducing paralysis in mosquitoes after 3.8 weeks of use. CONCLUSIONS: We show strong and lasting efficacy of 10% metofluthrin emanators against field Ae. albopictus both in indoor and outdoor conditions. Metofluthrin emanators can protect people from Ae. albopictus bites, representing a viable option for reducing human-mosquito contacts at home and beyond.
Asunto(s)
Aedes , Insecticidas , Aedes/fisiología , Animales , Ciclopropanos , Fluorobencenos , Humanos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Control de Mosquitos , Mosquitos VectoresRESUMEN
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic necessitated rapid local public health response, but studies examining the impact of social distancing policies on SARS-CoV-2 transmission have struggled to capture regional-level dynamics. We developed a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered transmission model, parameterized to Colorado, USAâspecific data, to estimate the impact of coronavirus diseaseârelated policy measures on mobility and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in real time. During MarchâJune 2020, we estimated unknown parameter values and generated scenario-based projections of future clinical care needs. Early coronavirus disease policy measures, including a stay-at-home order, were accompanied by substantial decreases in mobility and reduced the effective reproductive number well below 1. When some restrictions were eased in late April, mobility increased to near baseline levels, but transmission remained low (effective reproductive number <1) through early June. Over time, our model parameters were adjusted to more closely reflect reality in Colorado, leading to modest changes in estimates of intervention effects and more conservative long-term projections.