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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity prevalence in Mexican children has increased rapidly and is among the highest in the world. We aimed to estimate the longitudinal association between nonessential energy-dense food (NEDF) consumption and body mass index (BMI) in school-aged children 5 to 11 years, using a cohort study with 6 years of follow-up. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We studied the offspring of women in the Prenatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, child growth, and development (POSGRAD) cohort study. NEDF was classified into four main groups: chips and popcorn, sweet bakery products, non-cereal based sweets, and ready-to-eat cereals. We fitted fixed effects models to assess the association between change in NEDF consumption and changes in BMI. RESULTS: Between 5 and 11 years, children increased their consumption of NEDF by 225 kJ/day (53.9 kcal/day). In fully adjusted models, we found that change in total NEDF was not associated with change in children's BMI (0.033 kg/m2, [p = 0.246]). However, BMI increased 0.078 kg/m2 for every 418.6 kJ/day (100 kcal/day) of sweet bakery products (p = 0.035) in fully adjusted models. For chips and popcorn, BMI increased 0.208 kg/m2 (p = 0.035), yet, the association was attenuated after adjustment (p = 0.303). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in total NEDF consumption were not associated with changes in BMI in children. However, increases in the consumption of sweet bakery products were associated with BMI gain. NEDF are widely recognized as providing poor nutrition yet, their impact in Mexican children BMI seems to be heterogeneous.

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BACKGROUND: Cartoon characters on processed food packaging increase the perception of product preference among children, but their effect among adults has rarely been examined. We evaluated the effect of a cartoon character on breakfast cereals on beliefs about buying them for children, as well as whether demographic characteristics modified this effect. METHODS: An experimental study was conducted with adults from online consumer panels in Mexico (n = 3755). Participants were randomly assigned to a "cartoon" condition (n = 1789), in which they viewed a breakfast cereal box with a Minion character on the front of the package, or the "control" condition (n = 1966), in which the same cereal box was displayed with no character on the package. Participants were asked: "Is this a good cereal to buy children?" with the response options "Yes", "No", or "Don't know". Multinomial adjusted logistic models regressed responses to this question (Yes = 0, No = 1, 2 = Don't know) on experimental condition. Differences in the effect of the cartoon character across demographic characteristics were tested by introducing multiplicative interaction terms. RESULTS: The adjusted model showed that participants in the "cartoon character" condition were 1.67 (1.45-1.94) times more likely to consider the cereal as being "Not good to buy for children" than those in the control condition (p < 0.001). This effect was smaller among parents (RRR = 1.39, 1.13-1.72) compared to those without children (RRR = 2.01, 1.63-2.47). No differences were observed in the proportion of participants answering "Don't know" across experimental groups. CONCLUSION: Among this sample of Mexican adults, a cereal with a cartoon character on the packaging was more often perceived as "not good to buy for children" compared to a cereal without it. This effect was smaller among parents, potentially due to children influences of parental decisions during food purchasing.

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Background: Consumption of foods high in energy, sugar, fat, and salt contributes to the increase in body mass index and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children. Mexico implemented an 8% tax to non-essential energy-dense foods (NEDF) in 2014 as part of a national strategy to reduce obesity. Objective: We modeled the potential effect of the NEDF tax on body mass index and overweight and obesity in Mexican children (6-17 years). Materials and Methods: We used the Dynamic Childhood Growth and Obesity Model calibrated to Mexican children to simulate the potential 1-year effect of the NEDF tax on body weight. Inputs for the model included NEDF consumption, weight, and height, obtained from the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey. To project the potential impact of the tax, we ran a first simulation without intervention and another reducing the caloric intake from NEDF in the proportion observed in the Mexican population after the tax (-5.1%). The tax effect was defined as the absolute difference in body mass index and prevalence of overweight and obesity between both models. Results: The tax on NEDF should lead to a mean reduction of 4.1 g or 17.4 kcal/day of NEDF at the population level. One year after the tax, mean body weight and body mass index should decrease 0.40 kg and 0.19 kg/m2; this translates into -1.7 and -0.4% points in overweight and obesity, respectively. Conclusions: The use of fiscal instruments to discourage the consumption of NEDF could help to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children.

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Enantiopure 3-((R)- and 3-((S)-1-phenylethyl)-4-oxazoline-2-ones were evaluated as chiral building blocks for the divergent construction of heterocycles with stereogenic quaternary centers. The N-(R)- or N-(S)-1-phenylethyl group of these compounds proved to be an efficient chiral auxiliary for the asymmetric induction of the 4- and 5-positions of the 4-oxazolin-2-one ring through thermal and MW-promoted nucleophilic conjugated addition to Michael acceptors and alkyl halides. The resulting adducts were transformed via a cascade process into fused six-membered carbo- and heterocycles. The structure of the reaction products depended on the electrophiles and reaction conditions used. Alternative isomeric 4-methylene-2-oxazolidinones served as chiral precursors for a versatile and divergent approach to highly substituted cyclic carbamates. DFT quantum calculations showed that the formation of bicyclic pyranyl compounds was generated by a diastereoselective concerted hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition.

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It has been proposed that, in the Mexican culture, family support can be a factor that contributes to protect the maternal and child health of pregnant adolescents. There may be complex associations between family support and the circumstances of a pregnancy during adolescence. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between the family support network (FSN) characteristic and the maternal and neonatal outcomes in Mexican adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and 352 pregnant adolescents participated; their FSN during pregnancy was assessed. The gestational weight gain and birth weight/length of newborns were registered. The size of the FSN was described and divided into quartiles; the main members for each quartile were identified. Then, sociodemographic and clinical variables were compared by FSN quartiles. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the association of FSN size and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Our results indicate that the mean age was 15 ± 1 year old. The primary support member in the FSN was the mother of the adolescent in each quartile, except for quartile 3, where the primary support was the mother-in-law. In quartile 3 there was a significantly lower gestational weight gain compared to quartile 4 (11.8 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 5 kg, p = 0.054). According to the regression model, a higher risk of small for gestational age (OR 2.99, CI 95% 1.25⁻7.15) newborns was found in quartile 3. We conclude that the maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ between quartiles of FSN size, except for quartile 3. Small for gestational age newborns were observed when a non-blood relative was present in the FSN. The quality rather than the network size might be more important for improving pregnancy outcomes.

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Interventions in children with adiposity decrease less than 0.2 the body mass index (BMI) z-score less than 0.2 and only in 21⁻23% of cases. Experts recommend focusing on the habits of a healthy lifestyle (HLS) but considering the sociocultural context of children and their parents. Our objective was to achieve a higher percentage of success in lowering the BMI z-score in children with adiposity and their parents through a pilot program "Sacbe" based on HLS, sensitive to the sociocultural context previously explored and with the active participation of parents. This is a pilot study in children aged 8 to 18 years with adiposity according to the BMI z-score. The program consisted of two workshops on HLS and nutrition given by the pediatric endocrinologist in group sessions with 3⁻5 families and reinforcements in each visit by registered dietitians. We recorded lifestyle habits and anthropometric characteristics of children and their parents at the baseline visit and every month for 3⁻4 months. Forty-nine families, 55 children and 64 parents participated, 60% of the children were female, the average age was 13.95 ± 3.3 years, 72.7% and 86.7% lowered the z score of the BMI due to intention to treat and protocol analysis (p < 0.001), respectively; BMI z-score decreased by 0.22 ± 0.21, from 2.13 ± 0.57 to 1.91 ± 0.58 (p < 0.001). In total, 83% of the parents involved were mothers, the average age was 45.8 ± 9.4 years, 77% lost weight and body fat (p < 0.001), the frequency of unhealthy habits decreased. The results of "Sacbe" exceeded expectations by combining the active participation of parents, sessions in groups, and the education on various components of an HLS inside sociocultural context. The main challenge will be to standardize and reproduce this type of complex interventions, as well as to assure long-term success.

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We describe the one-pot synthesis of twenty polyheterocyclic pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones via a cascade process (Ugi-3CR/aza Diels-Alder/N-acylation/aromatization) in 20 to 95% overall yields, as well as four pharmacologically promising analogues via an improved cascade process (Ugi-3CR/aza Diels-Alder/N-acylation/aromatization/SN2): two piperazine-linked pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones in 33 and 34%, and a couple of Falipamil aza-analogues in 30 and 35% overall yields. It is worth highlighting the good substrate scope found, because final products are furnished with alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic substituents. The use of chain-ring tautomerizable isocyanides (as key reagents for the Ugi-type three component reaction) allowed for a rapid and efficient assembly of the polysubstituted oxindoles, which were used in situ toward the complex products, conferring features like robustness, sustainability, and the one-pot approach to this synthetic methodology.

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Abstract: Objective: The level of agreement between two blood pressure (BP) reading methods, auscultatory vs oscillometric, was examined using a mercury sphygmomanometer and an electronic device in children and adolescents with different levels of obesity. The readings were compared to determine their impact on the diagnosis of pre-hypertension/hypertension. Methods: Blood pressure readings were taken in children with obesity (body mass index ≥ 95th percentile) and severe obesity (≥120% 95th percentile). Bland-Altman analysis and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to determine the agreement between measurements. Results: The mercury sphygmomanometer readings were lower than those obtained with the electronic device for both systolic and diastolic BP (P = .01 and P = .001, respectively). The mean systolic and diastolic BP differences between the oscillometric vs first mercury reading were 4.2/10.2 mm Hg, respectively. A large difference was observed between the BP measurement methods. The ICC showed regular to moderate reliability for the systolic BP (.595), but poor for the diastolic BP (.330). Screening using the first of three mercury measurements showed that 10.4% of the children and adolescents had BPs within the pre-hypertension/hypertension range. This was reduced to 5.2% when the mean of three mercury readings was used. Conclusions: Large discrepancies were observed in both the systolic and diastolic BP. These differences are not clinically acceptable as to consider the two instruments interchangeable. The electronic device readings were higher, and they overestimated the diagnosis of hypertension. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Published by Masson Doyma Mèxico S.A. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Resumen: Objetivo: Para conocer el grado de concordancia entre 2 métodos de medición de presión arterial (PA), auscultatorio vs oscilométrico se utilizó un esfigmomanómetro de mercurio y un dispositivo electrónico en niños y adolescentes con diferentes grados de obesidad. Las lecturas fueron comparadas para conocer su impacto en el diagnóstico de prehipertensión/hipertensión. Método: Se midió la PA a niños con obesidad (percentil 95 del índice masa corporal) y obesidad severa (120% del percentil 95). Utilizamos análisis de Bland-Altman y Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (CCI) para conocer acuerdo entre mediciones. Resultados: Las lecturas con esfigmomanómetro de mercurio fueron más bajas que con el electrónico para la PA sistólica y diastólica (p = 0.01 y 0.001, respectivamente). El promedio de las diferencias en sistólica y diastólica entre oscilométrico vs. primera medición con mercurio fue de 4.2/10.2 mm Hg respectivamente. Se observó una gran diferencia de las mediciones entre los métodos de medición de PA. El CCI mostró una confiabilidad regular a moderada para la sistólica (0.595) pero pobre para la diastólica (0.330). El tamizaje con una medición mediante mercurio mostró que el 10.4% de los niños y adolescentes tenían PA en el rango de prehipertensión/hipertensión, pero se redujo a un 5.2% con el promedio de 3 mediciones. Conclusiones: Se observaron grandes discrepancias en la PA sistólica y diastólica. Tales diferencias no son clínicamente aceptables como para considerar equivalentes los 2 instrumentos. Las mediciones realizadas en este estudio con dispositivo electrónico fueron más altas y sobre estimaron el diagnóstico de hipertensión. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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OBJECTIVE: The level of agreement between two blood pressure (BP) reading methods, auscultatory vs oscillometric, was examined using a mercury sphygmomanometer and an electronic device in children and adolescents with different levels of obesity. The readings were compared to determine their impact on the diagnosis of pre-hypertension/hypertension. METHODS: Blood pressure readings were taken in children with obesity (body mass index ≥ 95th percentile) and severe obesity (≥120% 95th percentile). Bland-Altman analysis and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to determine the agreement between measurements. RESULTS: The mercury sphygmomanometer readings were lower than those obtained with the electronic device for both systolic and diastolic BP (P=.01 and P=.001, respectively). The mean systolic and diastolic BP differences between the oscillometric vs first mercury reading were 4.2/10.2mmHg, respectively. A large difference was observed between the BP measurement methods. The ICC showed regular to moderate reliability for the systolic BP (.595), but poor for the diastolic BP (.330). Screening using the first of three mercury measurements showed that 10.4% of the children and adolescents had BPs within the pre-hypertension/hypertension range. This was reduced to 5.2% when the mean of three mercury readings was used. CONCLUSIONS: Large discrepancies were observed in both the systolic and diastolic BP. These differences are not clinically acceptable as to consider the two instruments interchangeable. The electronic device readings were higher, and they overestimated the diagnosis of hypertension.

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Introduccion: Acinetobacter baumannii es un bacilo Gram negativo oportunista, clasificado por la Sociedad Americana de Enfermedades Infecciosas como uno de los seis más importantes microorganismos multirresistentes alrededor del mundo. En Colombia, según informes del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, dentro de los microorganismos multirresistente aislados en unidades de cuidados intensivos del país en el año 2014, A. baumannii representó el 3,1%. Objetivo: revisar los aspectos relevantes en la epidemiología, hábitat natural, factores de riesgo y virulencia para la infección por A. baumannii, sus manifestaciones clínicas y diferentes mecanismos de resistencia frente a múltiples fármacos, las estrategias de manejo actual y en desarrollo para enfrentar este microorganismo y mecanismos encaminados a prevenir y controlar la aparicion del mismo. Metodologia de búsqueda: se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Imbiomed, Cochrane, Clinicalkey, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, de 890 articulos se seleccionaron 254. Resultados: las especies de Acinetobacter pueden ser aisladas de objetos animados e inanimados. Crecen en casi todas las muestras de suelos y agua fresca. En el medio hospitalario, estos microorganismos han sido aislados de humidificadores, equipos de ventilación, hojas de laringoscopio, cortinas, piel del personal de salud, colchones, cojines y otros equipos. Sus factores de virulencia no han sido dilucidados en totalidad, entre ellos se encuentran proteína de membrana externa OmpaA, lipopolisacáridos y polisacáridos capsulares, vesículas de membrana externa, fosfolipasa C y D y alteración de las proteínas de unión de penicilina. Las manifestaciones clínicas son variadas, principalmente en entorno asociado a cuidado de la salud. Sus mecanismo de resistencia son múltiples, los cuales se agrupan en tres categorías: enzimas inactivadoras de antimicrobianos, limitación del acceso a las dianas bacterianas y mutaciones que alteran las dianas o funciones celulares. Los carbapenémicos aún son considerados como agentes de elección para las infecciones graves por A. Baumannii, con opciones terapeuticas adicionales como sulbactam, tobramicina, amikacina, tigeciclina, minociclina, doxiciclina y colistina. Investigadores han reportado interrupción de la transmisión de A. baumannii posterior al reforzamiento de medidas para prevención y control de infecciones, tales como higiene de manos, uso de métodos de barrera (tapabocas, guantes, entre otros) y exhaustiva limpieza y desinfección del ambiente hospitalario. En otros casos la transmisión es más difícil de interrumpir, requiriendo aislamiento de pacientes, asignación de personal asistencial para vigilancia, cultivos de vigilancia activa y cierre de las unidades. Conclusiones: consideramos primordial el manejo de los pacientes de acuerdo a la localización de la infección y el patrón de resistencia presente en las cepas de la unidad en particular. Es importante la creación de protocolos institucionales con escalones terapéuticos, considerando el sitio de la infección, gravedad del paciente, sensibilidad de la cepa propia de cada institución y el uso previo de antibióticos. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):113-35.

Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic gram-negative bacillus, classified by the American Society of Infectious Diseases as one of the six major multiresistant microorganisms worldwide. In Colombia, according to reports from the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, within the MDR microorganisms isolated in intensive care units in the country in 2014, A. baumannii accounted for 3.1%. Objective: to review the relevant aspects of the epidemiology, natural habitat and virulence risk factors for infection by A. baumannii, its clinical manifestations and different mechanisms of multidrug resistance, current management strategies and developing to address this microorganism and mechanisms to prevent and control the appearance of it. Methodology: search in the LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Imbiomed, Cochrane, ClinicalKey, Virtual Health Library of 890 data items were selected 254. Results: Acinetobacter species can be isolated from animate and inanimate objects. They grow in almost any soil samples and fresh water. In the hospital environment, these microorganisms have been isolated from humidifiers, ventilation equipment, laryngoscope blades, curtains, skin health personnel, mattresses, cushions and other equipment. Virulence factors have not been elucidated at all, including OmpaA outer membrane protein, lipopolysaccharides and capsular polysaccharides, outer membrane vesicles, phospholipase C and D and alteration of penicillin binding proteins are. The clinical manifestations are varied, mainly in environment associated with health care. Its mechanism of resistance are many, which are grouped into three categories: antimicrobial-inactivating enzymes, limiting access to bacterial and mutations that alter cell functions targets or targets. Carbapenems are still regarded as agents of choice for serious infections by A. baumannii, with additional therapeutic options such as sulbactam, tobramycin, amikacin, tigecycline, minocycline, doxycycline and colistin. Researchers have reported outage of A. Baumannii after the strengthening of measures for prevention and control of infections, such as hand hygiene, use of barrier methods (masks, gloves, etc.) and thorough cleaning and disinfection of the hospital environment. In other cases the transfer is more difficult to terminate, requiring isolation of patients, caregivers allocation for surveillance, active surveillance cultures and closing units. Conclusions: in the primary treatment of patients according to the location of the infection and the resistance pattern present in the strains of the particular unit. It is important to create institutional protocols for therapeutic steps, considering the site of infection, severity of the patient's own strain sensitivity of each institution and previous use of antibiotics. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):113-35.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in the rate of stillbirths at or after 21 weeks' gestation in Mexico from 2000 to 2013, identify factors associated with stillbirths and estimate subnational variability in stillbirth rates and the proportion of deaths occurring intrapartum. METHODS: This population-based, ecological study involved data from a national database on 263 475 stillbirths in 29 Mexican states and maternal sociodemographic factors. Subnational variability in the stillbirth rate in 2012 was investigated and stillbirths in 2013 were categorized as intrapartum or antepartum according to the fetus' skin condition. FINDINGS: The national stillbirth rate declined from 9.2 to 7.2 per 1000 births between 2000 and 2013 (i.e. -1.9% per year). The prevalence of stillbirths varied 3.9-fold between states. Stillbirths were associated, in particular, with: residence in Mexico City (odds ratio, OR: 1.71; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.68-1.73) or central Mexico (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.34-1.38); maternal education of 9 years or less (OR:1.10; 95% CI: 1.08-1.11) or 10 to 12 years (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.14-1.18); mothers younger than 15 years (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.55-1.72) or older than 34 years (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.66-1.70); and male fetal sex (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.19-1.21). Overall, 51% (7348/14 344) of fetal deaths occurred intrapartum. CONCLUSION: In Mexico, the total stillbirth rate declined between 2000 and 2013, however geographical variations were observed. Stillbirths were associated with sociodemographic factors. The proportion of intrapartum stillbirths was relatively high, suggesting that health system performance could be improved, especially at places of delivery.

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BACKGROUND: Plain water (PW) should be the main beverage consumed by the population. However, consumption of caloric beverages (CB) has increased considerably worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the association between CB and PW intake in Mexican adults with a low socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: In a cross-sectional design, beverage consumption was evaluated with a 24-h beverages recall using the five-step multiple-pass method recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Physical activity, anthropometric and sociodemographic information were obtained. CB was defined as those beverages that provide energy, with the exception of low-fat milk and beverages with noncaloric sweeteners. Participants were classified into five groups according to their PW consumption (nondrinkers and four quartiles). Differences between groups were evaluated with ANOVA and Bonferroni tests for multiple comparisons among quartiles. A two-stage Heckman regression model was designed with robust standard errors, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 1108 adults between 21 and 59 years of age were evaluated. A negative association was noted between PW intake and CB consumption (p <0.001) with the exception of natural juice, which was positive (p <0.01) and sodas that no differences were found between quartiles. Specifically, for every milliliter of PW, the intake of CB was 3.4, 1.3, 0.68 and 0.38 mL in each quartile, respectively (p <0.001). In Heckman's model, PW consumers were 0.5 times less likely to consume CB (p = 0.029). This probability increased to 0.9 for low-fat milk, skim milk and beverages without added sugar (LFM-BWAS) consumers (p <0.001). Also, for every 100 mL of PW consumption, CB intake diminished by 20 mL (p <0.001). In turn, for every 100 mL of LFM-BWAS consumption, a reduction of 47 mL in CB was observed (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher PW consumption was associated with lower CB consumption. This association suggests that future studies are warranted to determine if increasing PW intake in a low SES Mexican population can reduce intake of CB.

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Introducción: El Reflujo Faringolaríngeo (RFL) es la presencia de contenido gástrico a nivel de laringe, faringe y nasofaringe. Ésta enfermedad se asocia a múltiples patologías otorrinolaringológicas, entre ellas la disfunción tubárica; debido a esto ha tomado gran importancia en la actualidad. La pHmetría en 24 horas es el estudio preferido para su diagnóstico, pero se trata de una técnica invasora con poca sensibilidad en nasofaringe. Por esto es necesario medir el pH en la nasofaringe para asociarlo a RFL y fue elegida la mucosa del rodete tubárico específicamente por ser la vía de entrada a oído medio. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación del pH de la mucosa del rodete tubárico en pacientes con reflujo faringolaríngeo. Diseño: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico. 30 pacientes de ambos sexos entre 18 y 60 años, fueron evaluados con el Índice de Síntomas de Reflujo por medio del cuestionario de Belafsky dividiéndolos en pacientes con y sin RFL, midiéndoles posteriormente pH en mucosa del rodete tubárico. Resultados: Se encontró un pH 7.18 ± 0.40 en grupo sin RFL y de 6.57 ± 0.64 en grupo con RFL. El test t de Student, muestra cambios significativos entre ambos grupos (p = 0.005), con una correlación entre pH y RFL baja (r de Pearson = 0.25). Conclusión: Sí observamos cambios significativos en los valores de pH entre ambos grupos, pero su correlación con el RFL fue baja.

Background: Pharyngolaryngeal reflux (LPR) is the presence of gastric contents level of the larynx, pharynx and nasopharynx. This condition is associated with multiple ENT diseases, including tubal dysfunction, because of this has taken great importance today. pH monitoring in 24 hours is the study of choice for diagnosis, but it is an invasive technique with low sensitivity to nasopharynx. Therefore it is necessary to measure the pH in the nasopharynx to associate with RFL and was chosen specifically tubal mucosa impeller for being the gateway to the middle ear. Objective: Determine the association of pH in the mucosal at the opening eustachian tube in patients with reflux pharyngolaringeal. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Study analytical cross. 30 patients of both sexes between 18 and 60 years, were evaluated with the Reflux Symptom Index questionnaire of Belafsky by dividing in patients with and without RFL, thereafter measuring the pH in mucosa of tubal opening. Results: We found a pH 7.18 ± 0.40 in group without RFL and 6.57 ± 0.64 in group RFL. The Student t test shows significant changes between the two groups (p = 0.005), with a correlation between low pH and RFL (Pearson r = 0.25). Conclusion: We did observe significant changes in pH values between the two groups, but the correlation with the RFL was low.

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En el mundo físico, se han descubierto leyes que rigen los fenómenos del Universo y se manifiestan como constantes; así tenemos las leyes que rigen la gravedad, la velocidad de la luz, etc; y en el campo de la biologí, se han podido descubrir que los factores del crecimiento, siguen un patrón, en ocasiones logarítmico. Sorprendentemente, un factor matemático que originalmente se utilizó en la geometría, arquitectura, y después en las artes, se ha aplicado a los seres vivos con fines Biométricos y corresponde a la cifra 1.618. Por sus maravillosas proporciones, fué denominado "Sección Dorada", "Regla de Oro" y "Divina Proporción". Resulta de dividir un espacio cualquiera, en dos proporciones desiguales, pero estéticamente agradables. Se estudian los aspectos históricos y se describe el método, aplicándolo a decenas de especímenes orgánicos, y se muestran los resultados, los cuales, todos son concordantes con las proporciones de la Regla de Oro, desde un virus hasta el hombre.

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