RESUMEN
The addition of carbohydrate (CHO) to an acute creatine (Cr) loading regimen has been shown to increase muscle total creatine content significantly beyond that achieved through creatine loading alone. However, the potential ergogenic effects of combined Cr and CHO loading have not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to compare swimming performance, assessed as mean swimming velocity over repeated maximal intervals, in high-performance swimmers before and after an acute loading regimen of either creatine alone (Cr) or combined creatine and carbohydrate (Cr + CHO). Ten swimmers (mean +/- SD of age and body mass: 17.8 +/- 1.8 years and 72.3 +/- 6.8 kg, respectively) of international caliber were recruited and were randomized to 1 of 2 groups. Each swimmer ingested five 5 g doses of creatine for 4 days, with the Cr + CHO group also ingesting approximately 100 g of simple CHO 30 minutes after each dose of creatine. Performance was measured on 5 separate occasions: twice at "baseline" (prior to intervention, to assess the repeatability of the performance test), within 48 hours after intervention, and then 2 and 4 weeks later. All subjects swam faster after either dietary loading regimen (p < 0.01, both regimens); however, there was no difference in the extent of improvement of performance between groups. In addition, all swimmers continued to produce faster swim times for up to 4 weeks after intervention. Our findings suggest that no performance advantage was gained from the addition of carbohydrate to a creatine-loading regimen in these high-caliber swimmers.
Asunto(s)
Creatina/administración & dosificación , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Natación/fisiología , Análisis y Desempeño de Tareas , Adolescente , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Over the past 20 years, there have been a growing number of reports of low bone mineral density (BMD) or premature bone loss in individuals with a high physical activity level. These skeletal problems have been documented mainly in underweight women with amenorrhea and have often been linked to a sex hormone deficiency. However, sex hormone treatment has been shown to have limited efficacy for the prevention or treatment of low BMD in such women. Studies of bone turnover in women with sustained exercise-associated amenorrhea using metabolic markers of osteoblast activities and collagen synthesis have demonstrated an apparent reduction of bone formation that is associated with a low body mass index (BMI) and with endocrine disturbances that are characteristic of energy deficit. Comparable metabolic and endocrine disturbances have been observed in anorexic women that reverse with weight gain. Furthermore, increases of BMD accompany weight gain in both groups of women, even without a return of menses. Collectively, these observations suggest an important link between energy balance and the balance of bone turnover in women with exercise and/or diet-associated amenorrhea. Although there have been few studies that have explored relations between bone turnover, BMD, and energy balance in physically active men, there is evidence for a link between reduced bone formation and an abrupt, short-term energy deficit. Interestingly, the presence of low BMD in physically active men has not been associated with a sex hormone deficiency. This review evaluates the evidence that underlies the hypothesis that an energy deficit is instrumental in the disturbance of bone turnover that has been observed in physically active individuals.
Asunto(s)
Remodelación Ósea , Huesos/fisiología , Metabolismo Energético , Adulto , Densidad Ósea , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Humanos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Leptina/sangre , Masculino , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Nutrición , OsteoporosisRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To link annual changes of bone mineral density (BMD) over 12 consecutive years to pharmacological intervention and to fluctuations of body mass and body composition in an amenorrheic athlete. METHODS: BMD of the lumbar spine (LS) and total proximal femur (PF) were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), every 11-13 months between ages 24.8 and 36.9 yr. Body composition was assessed every 3-4 yr from a whole body DXA scan. Body mass was recorded every 3 months. For the first 5 yr of study, the subject used oral contraceptives (OC). For the subsequent 7 yr, she used estradiol skin patches (EP) with oral norethisterone. RESULTS: The first DXA scan (age 24.8 yr) revealed a low BMD at both LS and PF, with T-scores of -1.4 and -2.8, respectively. During the next 5 yr, while adhering to OC, the BMD of her LS and PF declined by 9.8% and 12.1%, respectively. Concomitantly, her body mass fell from 45.1 to 41.4 kg, her body mass index (BMI) from 16.4 to 15.0 kg.m-2, and her percent body fat from 8.3 to <4.0%. While treated with EP and norethisterone (age 29.8-33.5 yr), her LS BMD gradually increased by 9.4%, despite a further 0.8 kg decline of body mass. From age 33.8 to 36.9 yr, voluntary weight gain (2-3 kg.yr-1; total: 8.1 kg) was accompanied by an increase of her PF BMD (16.9%), with no further increase at the LS. CONCLUSION: Changes of BMD at the total proximal femur reflected changes of body mass in this subject. At the lumbar spine, BMD declined with weight loss but increased in association with transdermal estradiol treatment in the absence of weight gain.